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Pakistan Studies Notes (SSC I)

IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF PAKISTAN
Short Question Answers (exercise)

i) What is meant by Touheed?

Ans. Touheed (Oneness of Allah) means that Allah is the Creator and Master of the entire universe. No one is
His partner and nothing is beyond His knowledge.
OR
The belief in the total submission to one and only God, the most Merciful and Almighty Allah is called
Touheed.

ii) Write the translations of ………….

Ans. It means that “Allah hath power over all things”.

iii) What do you know by the faith in prophethood?

Ans. Faith in prophethood means that Allah has sent messengers for the guidance of humanity. This process
started with Hazrat Adam(AS) and ended up with Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W). This belief demands that the
Holy Qur’an and the noble life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W) must be acknowledged as the source of guidance.

iv) What is meant by the Ideology of Pakistan?

Ans. The Ideology of Pakistan is the name of practical efforts for establishing the rule of Islam and
strengthening the unity among Muslims, without losing the national (Milli) identity.

v) While inaugurating the State Bank of Pakistan, what did the Quaid-e-Azam say?
Ans. On 1st July 1948, the Quaid-e-Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan. On this occasion, he said:
“The economic system of the west has created insoluble problems for humanity. It has
failed to do justice between man and man. We must present to the world an economic system based on
true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice”.

vi) What did Allama M. Iqbal say about the foundation of Muslim Millat?
Ans. He said,” Don’t presume that your nation is like the nation of the West, the people who believe in
the Prophet (S.A.W.W) have distinctive formation of the nation. The western community depends upon
territorial and racial basis whereas your(Islamic) community is strengthened by the force of the
religion”.

vii) What is the saying of the Prophet (S.A.W.W) about brotherhood?

Ans. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W) said that each Muslim is a brother to be very other Muslim. He should
not commit breach of trust. He taught to refrain from maliciousness, malignance and enviousness. Therefore,
the Muslims should live united and help one another.

viii) What did the Quaid-e-Azam say about Nationalism?

Ans. On 21st March 1948, the Quaid-e-Azam addressed the people of Dhaka. He said,
” what we want is not to talk about Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pathan and so on.
We are nothing but Pakistani. Now it is our duty to act like Pakistani”.

ix) What is meant by Two Nation Theory in the historical perspective of the subcontinent?
Ans. In the perspective of the Subcontinent, Two Nation Theory means that two major nations, the Muslims
and the Hindus, were settled there. The two nations were entirely different from each other in their religious
ideas, the way of living and collective thinking. The Indian Muslims fought the war of freedom based on Two-
Nation-Theory and after accepting this theory as a historical fact, two separate states, Pakistan and India, came
into existence. This theory is the basis of Pakistan Ideology.
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x) What did the Quaid-e-Azam say about the security of minorities?

Ans. The Quaid-e-Azam said very clearly that the rights of minorities will be fully protected in Pakistan.
Islam does not allow that life, property, dignity and religious traditions of the minorities in Pakistan go
unprotected.

xi) What did Allama Iqbal mention in his famous Allahabad address?
Ans: Allama Iqbal mentioned in his famous Allahabad address (1930) very clearly,
“The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny
of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. The life of Islam as a cultural force in this living country
very largely depends upon its centralization in a specific territory. I, therefore, demand the formation of
a consolidated Muslim State in the best interests of India and Islam”

xii) What is meant by ideology?

Ans. The Urdu word “Nazaria” is known as ideology in English. This word is basically derived from
French language which means such a plan or program as is based upon the philosophy and application to solve
political, social and cultural issues, and problems. OR
Ideology means a set of ideas on which the collective thinking of a nation or national group is based such as
communism, capitalism, Islamic Ideology.

xiii) When did Ch. Rehmat Ali propose the word ‘Pakistan’?
Ans. In January 1933, during his stay at England, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali along with some of his friends
published a pamphlet named ‘Now or Never’. It was also distributed among Indian politicians. He abbreviated
the word Pakistan as P for Punjab, A for Afghania, K for Kashmir, I for Indus, S for Sindh, TAN for
Balochistan.

xiv) Define Eemaan.

Ans. Eemaan is the collective name of fundamental Islamic beliefs which include the Oneness of
God(Touheed), the finality of prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, Life hereafter, Angels and the Books
revealed by Almighty Allah.

xv) Quote a tradition(hadith) of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬about social justice and equality.
Ans. In His ‫ ﷺ‬last sermon on his last pilgrimage(Khutba-e-Hijjat-ul-wida’), Hazrat Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
explained this fact in the following words:
“O people, all of you have one God and all mankind is the offspring of Adam. An Arab has no
superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab over an Arab; also, a white has no superiority over a
black nor a black over a white”.

xvi) When and where did Urdu-Hindi Controversy take place?

Ans. It took place in Banaras in AD 1867.

xvii) Write any one saying of the Quaid-e-Azam regarding the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans. The Quaid-e-Azam, while explaining the ideology of Pakistan, once said,” We do not demand
Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic
principles”.

xviii) What did the Quaid-e-Azam say about democracy in Pakistan?

Ans. While addressing at Sibbi on 14th of February,1948, the Quaid-e-Azam described democracy in
Pakistan as follows:
“let us lay the foundation of our democracy on the basis of the truly Islamic principles. Our Almighty
Allah has taught us that our decisions in the affairs of the state shall be guided by discussions and
consultations”
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) In the words of _______, “any plan or program of common life based upon thinking and philosophy is
called ideology”.
a) Shan Louis b) Ibn-e-Khaldun c) George Brass d) Allama Iqbal
2) ________ is not only a set of adoration but it has profound impacts on the whole of the social life.
a) Culture b) Civilization c) Religion d) Race
3) ________ is the name of conveying the feelings, sentiments and thoughts to others.
a) Art b) Anthropology c) language d) Sociology
4) The establishment of ________ rule caused harm to the free status of Muslims and Islam.
a) Portuguese b) French c) Chinese d) British
5) ________ is not only the name of rituals but it is a complete code of life.
a) Christianity b) Islam c) Jewism d) Buddhism
6) The fourth pillar of Islam is ________.
a) Namaaz b) Zakaat c) Fast d) Hajj
7) Hajj is the _______ pillar of Islam.
a) Second b) Third c) Fourth d) Fifth
8) When Islamic state was established in________, the example of fraternity and brotherhood set there was
worth-seeing.
a) Makkah b) Taif c) Khyber d) Medina
9) Who said this,” no calamity has descended from heaven that had not searched the house of the
Muslims before it came down to the earth”?
a) Sir.Syed Ahmad Khan b) Allama Iqbal c) Quaid-e-Azam d) L.A Khan
10) The first pillar of Islam is_______.
a) Touheed & Prophethood b) Names c) Keeping fast d) Zakat
11) When was the fight of freedom fought?
a) 1855 b) 1857 c) 1859 d) 1861
12) Who has Supreme Authority in Islam?
a) Almighty Allah b) parliament c) president of the state d) people
rd
13) Who gave the presidential address in the Resolution of Lahore (23 March,1940)?
a) Quaid-e-Azam b) Tiger of Bengal A. K Fazal-ul-Haq c) Maulana M. Ali Johar d) Liaqat
Ali Khan
14) Who gave the idea of a separate state for the Muslims in 1930?
a) Liaqat Ali Khan b) Quaid-e-Azam c) Allama Iqbal d) Sir. Agha Khan
15) In which century Pakistan came into being?
a) Eighteenth b) Nineteenth c) Twentieth d) Twenty First
16) State Bank of Pakistan was inaugurated on:
a) 1st July,1948 b) 5th May,1948 c) 14th Oct 1947 d) 1st Oct 1949
17) The Ideology of Pakistan is based on:
a) Collective thinking b) Program c) Progressivism d) Islamic Ideology
18) The word “Pakistan” was coined by __________.
a) Ch. Rehmat Ali b) Sir.Agha Khan c) Allama Iqbal d) Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan
19) When did Allama Iqbal address at Allahabad?
a) 1929 b) 1930 c) 1933 d) 1940
20) The third pillar of Islam is
a) Touheed & Prophethood b) Namaz c) Keeping fast d) Zakat

Q. Fill in the blanks.

1) The foundation of Pakistan ideology is Islam.
2) The ideology is the set of political and cultural principles on which the foundations of a nation or
civilization are laid.
3) If a nation ignores its ideology it endangers its existence.
4) Ideology of Pakistan is the name of creating a society based on the principles of Quran and Sunnah.
5) Ideology of Pakistan is the name of establishment of a state where the welfare of the people is
considered.
6) Islamic state and society is based upon consultation.
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7) Sense to provide security to the minorities was also included in the background of the demand for
Pakistan.
8) Sir Syed was the first person who used the term ideology of Pakistan in the year 1867.
9) Allama Iqbal gave the idea of a separate state to the Muslims in his address at Allahabad in 1930.
10) Quaid e Azam was a staunch supporter of the Two Nation Theory.
11) Consultation and deliberation are the basis of Islamic state and society.

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.No.05 Evaluate the Islamic values that are the basis of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans. The Ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic Ideology. Islamic values such as belief of worships,
justice. promotion of democracy, fraternity and the duties of the citizens are the basis of the Ideology of
Pakistan. The detail of these values is given below:
1) Beliefs and Prayers: The Muslims of the Subcontinent demanded Pakistan so that they may be able to
lead their lives in accordance with Islam. Beliefs of Islam include the Oneness of God(Touheed), the
finality of prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, Life hereafter, Angels and the Books revealed by
Almighty Allah. This set of belief is called Eemaan.
The fundamental pillars of Islam that cover the beliefs and prayers of Islam, are five which can be
discussed as under:
➢ First Pillar: To believe in the Oneness of Allah and the finality of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is the
first pillar of Islam. Oneness of God(Touheed) means that Allah is the Creator and Master of the
entire universe. No one is His partner and nothing is beyond His knowledge while finality of the
Prophethood means that Allah has sent messengers for the guidance of humanity. This process
started up with Hazrat Adam(AS) and ended up with Hazrat Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
➢ Second Pillar: The second pillar of Islam is “Namaaz”. It is obligatory to offer prayers five
times a day at the fixed hours.
➢ Third Pillar: the third pillar of Islam is “Keeping Fast”. Like all other prayers, it is the best
manifestation of obligation.
➢ Fourth Pillar: The fourth pillar is “Zakat”. It is monetary prayer. It is the means of
strengthening the economic system of Islam. It helps in circulating wealth instead of
accumulating in a few hands. Thus, it reaches to the poor class of the society.
➢ Fifth Pillar: The fifth pillar is “Hajj”. It is an obligation only for those who are financially able
to perform it.
2) Justice and Equality: The Muslims of Indian Sub-continent wanted to get a system where justice and
equality, as directed by Islam, could be prevailed. Islamic system has laid stress on the elevation of
justice. In His last sermon on the occasion of His final pilgrimage (Khutba-e-Hajja Tul Widaa)
Hazrat Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬explained this fact in the following words:
“O people, all of you have one God and all mankind is the offspring of Adam. An Arab has
no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also
a white has no superiority over black nor a black has any superiority over white.”
3) Promotion of Democracy:
Consultation and deliberation are the basis of Islamic state and society. Democracy is
promoted in an Islamic State and the rights of the people are protected. Every citizen enjoys equal
status.
While addressing at Sibbi on 14th of February 1948, Quaid e Azam ‫ علیہ ہللا رحمۃ‬described the
purpose of achievement of Pakistan in the following words:
“Let us lay the foundation of our democracy on the basis of the truly Islamic principles.
Our Almighty has taught us that our decisions in the affairs of the state shall be guided
by discussions and consultations.”
4) Fraternity and Brotherhood:
Fraternity and Brotherhood has special significance in an Islamic society. The Muslims of India
wanted to ensure the prevalence of fraternity and brotherhood in a separate homeland. They wanted to
get an atmosphere based on the Islamic concept of fraternity and brotherhood. Before the advent of
Islam, people were not aware of this principle. They were the enemies of one another. But as the
Islamic state of Madina was established the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬advised his followers to treat the orphan,
widows and the poor kindly. He gave the people a code of life so that they might live peacefully and an
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atmosphere of brotherhood might flourish in the society. He constituted a system of “Zakat” and
charity. He declared the usury unlawful because there is no room for exploitation in Islam.
The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, Each Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim. He should not
commit breach of trust. He taught to refrain from maliciousness, malignance and enviousness.
Therefore, the Muslims should live united. They should help one another.

5) Rights and Duties of The Citizens:

When Pakistan appeared on the map of the world, the significance of the rights of the
citizens was acknowledged. At the same time, much emphasis was laid on the duties of the citizens. In
an Islamic State, rights and duties are closely connected and both go hand in hand. The right of one
person becomes the duty of the other to fulfill. Rights and duties are correlative. When a person does
his duties, he deserves to enjoy rights.
Sense to provide security to the minorities was also included in the background of the demand
for Pakistan, Quaid e Azam said very clearly that the rights of the minorities will be fully protected in
Pakistan. Islam does not allow that life, property, dignity and religious traditions of the minorities in
Pakistan go unprotected.

Q6. Evaluate the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of the pronouncement of Quaid e Azam (RA)
Ans: According to the Quaid-e-Azam, the territories having Muslims majority i.e., Punjab, Bengal, Assam,
Sindh, North-West Frontier Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan should be put together to form
Pakistan where people may lead their lives in accordance with the principles of their religion, civilization,
traditions, ethics and economics. The Muslims may run the affairs of the state according to their values freely.
The minorities should enjoy equal rights too.
Quaid e Azam considered the Islamic system fully applicable. He wanted to establish the system of the country
on the basis of Quran. In the session of All India Muslim League at Karachi in 1943, he said:
“What relationship knits the Muslims into one whole, which is the formidable rock on which the
Muslims edifice has been erected, which is the sheet anchor providing basis to the Muslim Millat, the
relationship, the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran”
While addressing the student in March 1944, Quaid e Azam said:
“Islam is our Guide and it is the complete code of life”
Addressing at Aligarh, Quaid e Azam ‫ علیہ ہللا رحمتہ‬explained the ideology of Pakistan in the following words:
“What was the motive of demand for Pakistan and what was the reason of separate state for the
Muslims? Why was the need to divide India felt? Its reason is neither narrow mindedness of the Hindus
not tactics of the British. It is the fundamental demand of Islam”
Addressing the officers of the Government of Pakistan at Karachi on 11th October 1947, Quaid e Azam ‫رحمتہ‬
‫ علیہ ہللا‬said:
“The establishment of Pakistan for which we have been striving for the last ten years is, by grace of God,
an established fact today, but the creation of a State of our own was a means to an end and not the end in
itself. The idea was that we should have a state in which we could live and breathe as free men and which
we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice
could find fair play”
On one occasion, while explaining the Ideology of Pakistan, Quaid e Azam ‫ علیہ ہللا رحمتہ‬said:
“We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could
experiment on Islamic principles”
On 21st March 1948, Quaid e Azam ‫ علیہ ہللا رحمتہ‬addressed the people of Dhaka, He said:
“What we want is not to talk about Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pathan and so on. We are nothing
but Pakistani. Now it is our duty to act like Pakistani”
Besides it, he announced that minorities would be given a complete sense of security and that they would enjoy
equal rights. This is the fundamental teaching of Islam.
On 1st July 1948, Quaid e Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan. On this occasion he said:
“The economic system of the West has created almost insoluble problems for humanity. It has failed to
do justice between man and man. We must present to the world an economic system based on true
Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice”
Conclusion: The Quaid-e-Azam gave practical form to the Two Nation Theory. It was due to his efforts that
the Muslims of Indian sub-continent started believing that they are a completely different nation from those of
the Hindus and that their existence in one country is impossible. The Quaid-e-Azam made up the minds of the
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Muslims to practically work out on ensuring a separate homeland for themselves. His efforts finally bore fruit
in the shape of Pakistan as an independent and sovereign country.

Q7. Describe the ideology of Pakistan in the light of the pronouncements of Allama Iqbal.
Ans: Allama Iqbal gave the Muslims an idea of a separate state. Through his poetry, he awakened the
Muslims. In the beginning, he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim Unity, but narrow mindedness and biased
attitude of the Hindus forced him to re-think that the Muslims should demand a separate country.
In his famous presidential address at Allahabad in 1930, he demanded a separate state for the Muslims so
that they might lead their lives in accordance with their religion and culture. He said:
“The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the
final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. The life of Islam as cultural force in
this living country very largely depends on its centralization in a specified territory. I, therefore,
demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best interests of India and Islam.”
Allama Muhammad Iqbal asserted that the Hindus and the Muslims could not live together in a country.
Hence, sooner or later, the Muslims would succeed in winning their separate state. He turned down the idea
that only one nation exists in the Sub-continent. Accepting Islam, a complete system, Allama Muhammad Iqbal
said clearly:
“India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and
professing different religions. It was the prime duty of all civilized nations to show utmost regard and
reverence for the religious principles, cultural and social values of other nations.” Allama Iqbal was of
the view that the Muslims, due to Islam, form a Millat and their power and strength depends only on Islam. In
his poetry, he presented the key concept of the basis of Muslim Millat.
‫اپنی ملت پر قیاس اقوامِ مغرب سے نہ کر‬
‫خاص ہے ترکیب میں قومِ رسولِ ہاشمی ﷺ‬
‫اُن کی جمیعت کا ہے ملک و نسب پر انحصار‬
‫قوت مذہب سے مستحکم ہے جمیعت تری ۔‬
Don’t presume that your nation is like the nations of the West, the people who believe in the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
have distinctive formation of the nation. The western community depends upon territorial and racial
basis whereas your (Islamic) community is strengthened by the force of the religion.
He advised the Muslims to adopt every aspect of religion and to break the idols of color and creed.
‫بتانِ رنگ و بو کو توڑ ملتکر گم میں ہوجا‬
‫نہ تورانی رہے باقی نہ ایرانی نہ افغانی‬
Break the idols of color and creed and absorb yourself into one nation so that Turani, Irani or Afghani
(Regional status of the Muslims) may lose their existence.
‫ایک ہوں مسلم حرم کی پاسبانی کے لئے‬
‫نیل کے ساحل سے لے کر تابخاکِ کاشغر‬
He considered that all the Muslims living in any part of the world form one Millat. Therefore, he gave
the message to the Muslims living from the shore of Nile to the land of Kashghar to be united for the
protection of Haram.
Conclusion: Allama Iqbal, through his poetry and philosophy, motivated and sensitized the Muslims of India
to demand for themselves a separate homeland on the basis of their religion. He made them realized that they
(the Muslims) have all their rights reserved to get a separate state for themselves. He could not witness his
dream come true during his lifetime but he had done a lot to make it a reality.

Q8. Explain Two-Nation Theory.

Ans: Basis of the theory: In the Sub-continent, every individual who embraced Islam associated himself,
socially and politically, to the Muslim society and State. On these bases, with the passage of time, a separate
and unique temperament of the Muslims of India formed. It was entirely different from that of the other Indian
nations. This identity formed the basis of Two-Nation Theory.
Indian Perspective: In the perspective of the Sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major
nations, the Muslims and the Hindus, were settled there. The two nations were entirely different from each
other in their religious ideas, the way of living and collective thinking. Their basic principles and the way of
living are so different that despite living together for centuries, they could not intermingle with each other. The
Indian Muslims fought the war of freedom on the basis of Two-Nation Theory and after accepting this theory
as a historical fact, two separate states, Pakistan and India, came into existence. This theory is the basis of
Ideology of Pakistan.
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So far as the evolution of Two-Nation Theory is concerned, it can be explained by evaluating some
personalities and their thoughts. These personalities belong to different periods. They can be discussed as
under: -
Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi: Sheikh Ahmad may be considered as the first personality who gave the concept of
two major nations living in India. He considered the unity of the Muslims and the Hindus as a fake idea. He
was so convinced that it is impossible for both the nations to live in India unitedly forever.
Jamal-ud-din Afghani: He was a Muslim philosopher and he presented a worldwide concept of Two Nation
Theory. He gave the idea of Pan-Islamism (Unity of Muslim Ummah) and was convinced that Muslims from
all parts of the world must be considered as a separate and distinct nation and that wherever they form a
sizeable majority, they have the right to live separately as per their religion.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first person who used the term “Two-Nation Theory”
due to Hindi Urdu Controversy in Banaras in 1867. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared the Muslims a separate
nation. He convinced the government that there are at least two nations settled in the Sub-continent, one of
them is Muslims and the other is Hindus. The Muslims are a separate nation in every respect because their
civilization, culture, language, customs and philosophy of life are different from those of Hindus. This theory
infused a political spirit among the Muslims and provided them with such a leadership which gave a new spirit
and push to the freedom movement. India was partitioned because of Two-Nation Theory.
Allama Muhammad Iqbal: Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal presented the idea of a separate state for the
Muslims. He said: “Pakhtunkhwa), Sindh and Baluchistan put together into a single state.” The Muslims
would not allow that their religious, political and social rights are usurped. Therefore, I would like to see
the Punjab, North West Frontier Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali: In January 1933, during his stay at England, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali along with
some of his friends published a pamphlet named “Now or Never”. It was also distributed among Indian
politicians in the name of the separate state for the Muslims was proposed as Pakistan.
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali was of the opinion that the Muslims possess the history and civilization of their own
and on the basis of these two, their nationality is not Hindustani but Pakistani. He believed that the Muslims are
a nation that is different from other nations living in India.
Quaid-e-Azam: Quaid-e-Azam was a firm advocate of Two-Nation Theory. He gave the Muslims the status of
a separate nation in every respect. He said
“Musalmans are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homeland,
their territory and their State.”
Pakistan Resolution was passed on 23rd March 1940. In his Presidential Address Quaid e Azam said:
“The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs
and literatures. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes.
To tie together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and
the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric
that may be so built for the government of such a state. It would be better for the British
Government to announce the partition of the Sub-continent by keeping in view the
interests of the two nations. It would be a right step religiously as well as historically.”
Conclusion: It is as clear as a day that this theory laid the foundation of the Ideology of Pakistan. The Muslims
of India made this theory as an excuse for getting independence. Although some leaders from both Muslims
and Hindus were against the division of India on this basis but still many a Muslim leader used this theory as
the only tool to convince the then British government for partitioning India.
Q9 (a) Write a note on “The economic Condition of the Muslims in India before Partition”
Ans: Background: When the war of freedom (1857) was over, the Muslims were oppressed very badly.
Although the Hindus supported the Muslims in this war, but they declared that only the Muslims were
responsible for all their actions in the war. Thus, they acquitted themselves of any responsibility. The Muslims
were the targets of the wrath of the British. So, they suffered a lot and faced serious consequences. The
economic conditions of Indian Muslims in India before partition can be discussed under the following heads: -
a) Dismissal of Muslims from jobs: The British, dominated by prejudice enmity, dismissed all the Muslims
from government jobs especially from Army and shut the doors of employment to the Muslims. Despite having
the required qualification for some job, the Muslims were deprived of it. On the other hand, the Hindus were
offered jobs even if they had less qualification as compared to the Muslims.
b) Confiscation of properties: The Muslims were deprived of their properties. Their properties were
confiscated. Some Muslim landowners were turned out of their lands. Their properties and lands were allotted
to the Non-Muslims. The Muslims became tenant cultivators instead of owner of the land. Sir Syed Ahmed
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Khan has depicted this miserable condition of the Muslims in the following words: “No calamity has descended
from heaven that had not searched the house of the Muslims before it came down to the earth.”
c) Monopoly of the Hindu businessmen: The business of the Muslims was ruined. In order to get the
support of the Hindus, the British gave them special business privileges. The Hindus established monopoly in
local trade. The Muslim traders suffered economic crisis.
d) Destruction of Cottage Industry: As the result of industrial revolution in Britain, better and cheaper
products were manufactured there. These products were imported into India. It resulted in the destruction of
cottage industry which belonged to various nations of India including the Muslims. The cottage industry
collapsed because it could not compete with the modern industry.
e) Negative impact on Indian exports: The goods produced in Britain could be imported into India but
Indian products were demanded neither in Britain nor in Europe. The export of the Indian goods was affected
and millions of people suffered unemployment which included a large number of the Muslims.
Q9 (b). Write a note on “Origin of Ideology and its Significance”
Ans: IDEOLOGY: The Urdu word “Nazaria” is known as ideology in English. Ideology means such a plan
or programme as is based upon philosophy and application to solve political, social and cultural issues, and
problems. According to the definition given in the World Encyclopedia:
”Ideology is a set of political and cultural principles on which a nation or civilization is based.”
In the words of George Brass:
“Any plan or programme of common life based upon thinking and philosophy is called ideology
SOURCES OF IDEOLOGY: Following elements lead to the formation of an ideology among people:-
a) COMMON RELIGION:
Religion is not only a set of adoration (worships) but it has profound impacts on the whole of the
social life. Every religion maintains social relationships in the light of specific ideas. For example, the
Europeans, the Japanese, the Hindus and the Muslims want to lead their lives according to their religious
respectively.
b) COMMON RACE:
Common ideas are originated from common race. A common race gives birth to common ideas. It is
quite natural that people belonging to the same race develop the sentiments of sympathy and brotherhood for
each other. Racism is a strong bond, which, because of common ideas, binds the human beings in blood like
relationship.
c) COMMON LANGUAGE AND RESIDENCY:
Language is the means of conveying the feelings, sentiments and thoughts to others. These help to
form new ideas. Similarity in the ways of living and harmony in ideas depend mostly on the common territory.
d) COMMON POLITICAL PURPOSES:
Because of common political purposes and political ideas, most of the nations of the present age try to
achieve political freedom for the survival of their national life so that they may become a strong nation.
e) COMMON CUSTOMS:
Common customs have played a vital role in the formation and development of ideas in every age.
Common customs create ideological harmony with respect to culture and thoughts.
❖ SIGNIFICANCE OF IDEOLOGY:
➢ Man has been sent to this world with some purpose. Purposeless life never gets success. The existence
of nation is reflected through their ideas.
➢ Ideas create consciousness of purpose among nations. These ideas lead the nations towards success.
➢ Ideas provide the foundation to any political, economic, social or cultural movement.
➢ Ideas are the axis around which life revolves. It is the second name of motivating force.
➢ Ideas provide discipline to various aspects of human life.
➢ Ideas determine the national duties and rights.
➢ Idea is just like something which is invisible but the nations look live and dynamic because of it.