Convective Heat Transfer

Assignment 2: Solution

Q. 1 Engine oil at 60 ºC flows over the upper surface of a 5 m long flat plate whose
temperature is 20 C̊ with velocity of 3m/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit
width of the entire plate. Properties at mean temperature are: ρ = 876 kg/m3, Pr = 2962,
k = 0.1444 W/m-K and v = 2.485X10-4 m2/s.
A. 1127.2 W B. 281.8 W
C. 6902.71 W D. 7839.4 W
𝑉𝐿
Sol. Reynolds number, 𝑅𝑒𝐿 = = 6.0362 × 104
𝜈
𝑕𝐿
For high Prandtl number, 𝑁𝑢 = = 0.3387 𝑅𝑒𝐿 1/2 𝑃𝑟1/3 = 0.3387 × 6.0362 ×
𝑘
104 1/2
× 29621/3 = 1195.06
𝑘
𝑕 = 𝐿 𝑁𝑢 = 34.51 𝑊/(𝑚2 𝐾),
The rate of heat transfer per unit width,
𝑄 = 𝑕𝐴𝑠 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 = 34.51 × 5 × 1 × 60 − 20 = 6902.71 𝑊

Q. 2 The vertical 0.6 m high, 1.5 m wide double-pane window shown in figure, consists of
two sheets of glass separated by a 2.5 cm air gap at atmospheric pressure. If the glass
surface temperatures across the air gap are measured to be 15 ºC and 3 ºC, determine the
rate of heat transfer through the window. Properties of air at average temperature are: Pr
= 0.716, k = 0.02486 W/m-K and v = 14.28X10-6 m2/s.

−0.3
1
0.012
𝐻 10 < H/L < 40
𝑁𝑢 = 0.42𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑃𝑟 4
1<Pr< 2x104 AIR
𝐿
104<RaL< 107
1/3
𝑁𝑢 = 0.046𝑅𝑎𝐿 10 < H/L < 40
1<Pr< 20 H L
106<RaL< 109
GLASS GLASS

A. 21.26 W B. 50.368 W
C. 13 W D. 140 W
Sol. Volume Expansion Coefficient,

1 1
𝛽= =
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 282
 1
𝑔𝛽 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝐿3𝑐 9.81× × 15−3 ×0.025 3
282
Rayleigh Number, 𝑅𝑎𝐿 = × 𝑃𝑟 = × 0.716
𝜈2 14.28×10 −6 2
𝑅𝑎𝐿 = 22902.23
1
𝐻 −0.3
Nusselt Number, 𝑁𝑢 = 0.42𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑃𝑟 0.012
4
𝐿

1/4
0.6 −0.3
0.012
𝑁𝑢 = 0.42 × 22902.23 × 0.716 × = 1.98
0.025
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐻 × 𝑊 = 0.6 × 1.5 = 0.9 𝑚2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑕𝐴𝑠 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑘𝑁𝑢𝐴𝑠
𝐿
15 − 3
𝑄 = 0.02486 × 1.98 × 0.9 × = 21.26 𝑊
0.025

Q. 3 A 0.2𝑚 × 0.2𝑚 vertical plate has a surface temperature that is maintained at 40 ºC. This
plate is surrounded by atmospheric air at 20 ºC. Determine the heat flux from the plate
surface. Properties at air at given conditions are: Pr = 0.7282, k = 0.02588 W/m-K and v
= 1.608X10-5 m2/s.
A. 17.728 W/m2 B. 88.64 W/m2
2
C. 80.49 W/m D. 167.76 W/m2
Sol. We know that,
1
𝛽= = 0.0034
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔
Grashof number,
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3 9.81 × 0.0034 × 40 − 20 × (0.2)3
𝐺𝑟𝐿 = = = 2.003 × 107
𝜈2 (1.608 × 10−5 )2
Nusselt numbers for the natural convection,
1
𝑁𝑢 = 0.6𝑅𝑎1/4 𝑃𝑟 1/4 = 0.6 × 2.003 × 107 × 0.7282 4 (0.7282)1/4
= 34.2528
𝑁𝑢 ×𝑘 0.02588
Convective heat transfer coefficient,𝑕 = 𝐿 = 34.2528 × 0.2 = 4.432 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
Heat flux , 𝑞 ′′ = 𝑕 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 4.432 × 40 − 20 = 88.64 𝑊/𝑚2

Q. 4 If the air at 20 ºC is flowing in parallel over the plate given in Q. 3 with a velocity of 0.4
m/s in upwards direction. What will be the percentage increase in heat flux from the
plate surface. Consider 𝑁𝑢 = 0.785𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 1 3 for combined flow assisted convection.
A. 45.42 % B. 31.23 %
C. 76.83 % D. 60.15 %
Sol. 𝑉𝐿 0.4×0.2
Reynolds number, 𝑅𝑒𝐿 = 𝜈 = 1.608×10 −5 = 4975
 𝑁𝑢 = 0.785𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 1 3 = 0.785 × 49750.5 × 0.72821 3 = 49.81
𝑁𝑢 ×𝑘 0.02588
 Convective heat transfer coefficient,𝑕 = 𝐿 = 49.81 × 0.2 = 6.445 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
Heat flux , 𝑞 ′′ = 𝑕 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 6.445 × 40 − 20 = 128.9 𝑊/𝑚2
128.9−88.64
Percentage increase in heat flux = 88.64 × 100 = 45.42%

Q. 5 Water flows with a velocity of 0.2 m/s over a 75 cm long plate. Free stream temperature
 is 35 ̊C and surface temperature is 85 ̊C. Determine the heat transfer coefficient at x = 65
𝜕𝜃 2×𝑃𝑟
mm and 7.5 mm. Given, non-dimensional temperature gradient at wall, =
𝜕𝜂 𝜋
𝑈∞ 𝜕𝜃
and local heat transfer coefficient, 𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑘 × 𝜕𝜂 .
𝜈𝑥
Properties of water at mean temperature are:
𝑘 = 0.6507 𝑊/(𝑚 − 𝐾) , Pr = 3.0 , 𝜈 = 0.4748 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
A. 6739.23 W/m2K , 2289.2 W/m2K B. 1583.6 W/m2K, 2687.4 W/m2K
2 2
C. 2687.4 W/m K , 1583.6 W/m K D. 2289.2 W/m2K , 6739.23 W/m2K
Sol. 𝑈∞ 𝜕𝜃
Given, 𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑘 × 𝜕𝜂
𝜈𝑥
At x = 65 mm
0.2 2 × 3.0
𝑕 𝑥 = 65 = 0.6507 × −6
×
0.4748 × 10 × 0.065 𝜋
= 2289.2 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
At x = 7.5 mm
0.2 2 × 3.0
𝑕 𝑥 = 7.5 = 0.6507 × −6
×
0.4748 × 10 × 0.0075 𝜋
2
= 6739.23 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

Q. 6 In Q. 5 if plate is 50 cm wide. Then, calculate the heat transfer rate.

A. 25272.12 W B. 13474.67 W
C. 50544.25 W D. 18447.8 W
Sol. Rate of heat transfer, 𝑞 = 𝑕𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
As, we have to calculate the heat transfer rate from the plate surface, therefore, we need
to calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire plate surface.
1 𝐿
Therefore, 𝑕 = 𝐿 0 𝑕(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑕(𝐿)
𝑈∞ 𝜕𝜃 0
Average heat transfer coefficient, 𝑕 = 2𝑘 ×
𝜈𝐿 𝜕𝜂

0.2 2 × 3.0
= 2 × 0.6507 × −6
×
0.4748 × 10 × 0.75 𝜋
𝑕 = 1347.846 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
Rate of heat transfer, 𝑞 = 1347.846 × 0.75 × .5 × 85 − 35 = 25272.12 𝑊

Q. 7 A wire having a diameter of 0.2 mm is maintained at a constant temperature of 60 ◦C by

an electric current. The wire is exposed to air at 0 ◦C. Calculate the electric power
necessary to maintain the wire temperature if the length is 100 cm. Properties of air at
mean film temperature are: ν = 15.69 × 10−6 m2/s, k = 0.02624 W/m-K and Pr = 0.708.
Take 𝑁𝑢𝑑 = 0.675𝑅𝑎𝑑0.058 to calculate heat transfer coefficient for cylindrical surface,
here, d is the diameter of the wire.
A. 0.89 W B. 2.79 W
C. 0.836 W D. 1.395 W
Sol. 60+0
Film temperature, 𝑇𝑓 = = 30 °𝐶
2
1 1
𝛽= = = 3.3 × 10−3
𝑇𝑓 303
𝑔𝛽 (𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ )𝑑 3 9.81×3.3×10 −3 × 60−0 ×(0.2×10 −3 )3
Grashof Number, 𝐺𝑟𝑑 = = = 0.0631
𝜈2 (15.69×10 −6 )2
 Gr Pr = 0.0631X0.708 = 0.04467
 𝑁𝑢𝑑 = 0.675𝑅𝑎𝑑0.058 = 0.675 × 0.044670.058 = 0.5636
𝑁𝑢𝑘 0.5636 ×0.02624
 𝑕 = 𝑑 = 0.2×10 −3 = 73.94 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
Therefore, required power, 𝑞 = 𝑕𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 73.94 × 𝜋 × 0.2 × 10−3 × 100 ×
10−2 × 60 − 0 = 2.79 𝑊

Q. 8 Air at 25 ºC flows over a 0.6 m long panel at 1.8 m/s. The panel is intended to supply
420 W/m2 to the air. What can be the maximum temperature of the panel? Use
correlation 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.453𝑅𝑒𝑥 1/2 𝑃𝑟1/3 . Properties of air are given as:
Pr = 0.709 , 𝜈 = 1.784 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠, 𝑘 = 0.0278 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
A. 150 ºC B. 91.2 ºC
C. 87.3 ºC D. 116.2ºC.
Sol. Trailing edge of the panel will be having maximum temperature.
𝑞 𝑞𝐿
Therefore, maximum temperature difference, ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∆𝑇𝑥=𝐿 = 𝑕 = 𝑘𝑁𝑢
𝑥 =𝐿 𝑥 =𝐿
𝑉𝐿 1.8 × 0.6
𝑅𝑒𝑥 = = = 60538
𝜈 1.784 × 10−5
𝑞𝐿 420 × 0.6
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1/2
= 1
𝑘 × 0.453 × 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟 1/3 0.0278 × 0.453 × 60538 2 × (0.709)1/3
= 91.2°𝐶
Now, maximum temperature, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 25 + 91.2 = 116.2 °𝐶