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    Culture Lec 1

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    Eslam El Haddad
    This chapter summarizes the history of Britain from earliest times to the end of the 15th century. It describes the various groups that settled in Britain over thousands of years, including the Iberians, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings. The Romans conquered much of Britain in the 1st century AD and imposed their civilization, but withdrew in the 5th century. Various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms then arose and England was finally united under Wessex in the 10th century, before the Norman conquest of 1066 placed England under French cultural influence.

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    Culture Lec 1

    Uploaded by

    Eslam El Haddad
    79 views3 pages
    This chapter summarizes the history of Britain from earliest times to the end of the 15th century. It describes the various groups that settled in Britain over thousands of years, including the Iberians, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings. The Romans conquered much of Britain in the 1st century AD and imposed their civilization, but withdrew in the 5th century. Various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms then arose and England was finally united under Wessex in the 10th century, before the Norman conquest of 1066 placed England under French cultural influence.

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    Introduction to Developmental Psychology

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    This chapter summarizes the history of Britain from earliest times to the end of the 15th century. It describes the various groups that settled in Britain over thousands of years, including the Iberians, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings. The Romans conquered much of Britain in the 1st century AD and imposed their civilization, but withdrew in the 5th century. Various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms then arose and England was finally united under Wessex in the 10th century, before the Norman conquest of 1066 placed England under French cultural influence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    79 views3 pages

    Culture Lec 1

    Uploaded by

    Eslam El Haddad
    This chapter summarizes the history of Britain from earliest times to the end of the 15th century. It describes the various groups that settled in Britain over thousands of years, including the Iberians, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings. The Romans conquered much of Britain in the 1st century AD and imposed their civilization, but withdrew in the 5th century. Various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms then arose and England was finally united under Wessex in the 10th century, before the Norman conquest of 1066 placed England under French cultural influence.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Part I A BRIEF SURVEY OF CHIEF EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COURSE OF BRITISH

    HISTORY

    CHAPTER A.

    1: FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY

    This chapter describes the oldest inhabitants of Britain, the settlers and invaders who kept
    coming there until 1066, and the feudal period in Britain.

    First The mingling of the races (cca.250,000 B.C. - 11th century)

    1. The Iberians and the Celts (cca.250,000-55 B.C.)


     The oldest human inhabitants probably came to Britain about 250,000 years ago
    over the land bridge that connected today’s British Isles and the Continent of
    Europe at that time.
     The so-called Iberians reached Britain between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C., probably
    coming from the Iberian Peninsula. Both the Iberians and the so-called Beaker
    people (c.2,000 B.C.; named after the beaker-shaped pots they made) settled in the
    south of England.
     The Iberians used stone and bone tools and their settlements were based on
    “henges”, great circles of earth banks and huge standing stones (e.g. Stonehenge).
    The Beaker people brought the knowledge of bronze to Britain.
     Soon after 700 B.C., Celtic tribes began to invade Britain. Between cca.700 and 100
    B.C., they settled the whole of Britain. They formed tribal kingdoms that were
    frequently at war with each other.

    2. Roman Britain (55 B.C. - 5 th century A.D.)


     Britain became a sphere of Roman interest in the 1st century B.C. Julius Ceasar
    attempted to conquer Britain twice, in 55 and 54 B.C., his main aim being to
    prevent the Britons from providing their kinsmen in today’s France with military
    aid. But the actual Roman conquest of Britain by Emperor Claudius took place in
    43 A.D.

     By 80 A.D., the Romans had conquered today’s England, Wales and southern
    Scotland, but problems in other parts of their empire made them withdraw behind
    the so-called Hadrian’s Wall in the first half of the 2nd century.
     After crushing the Britons’ resistance, the Romans Romanised the southern areas
    (i.e. they imposed their civilisation and way of life on native people); northern
    Britain and Wales were placed under military control and the natives were allowed
    to carry on with their own way of life. A system of roads was constructed
    throughout Britain.

     Roman rule in Britain declined towards the end of the 4th century as the whole
    Roman Empire was falling apart. The last Roman legions were withdrawn from
    Britain in the 5th. Century.

    3. The Anglo-Saxon period (5th -11th cc.)


     Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) were Germanic tribes living in today’s
    northern Germany and Denmark. They had already started attacking the south
    coast of Britain in the 3rd century, but in the 5th century they conquered and
    settled. the whole of today’s England. They destroyed the RomanoBritish civilization
    and established their own, agricultural one.

     In the course of the 6th century, a number of rather unstable kingdoms arose in
    England. Four of them successively held supremacy over the others: Kent,
    Northumbria, Mercia and finally Wessex.

     Christianity reached England from Ireland and from Rome at the end of the 6th
    century. It played a highly important role in establishing medieval society and in
    developing the statehood in England: the Church served as the model for feudal
    kingdoms and gave kingship a sacred character.

     England was finally united under the kings of Wessex in the 10th century. Danish
    Vikings had conquered a large part of north-eastern England and created a
    confederation of Scandinavian communities called Danelaw (878-975) there. Alfred
    the Great of Wessex (871-c.900) defeated the Danes and his successors
    reconquered the Danelaw in the 10th century. However, a new Danish invasion
    shattered England in 978: in 1016, Canute (1016-35), the King of Denmark and
    Norway, became the first king of a fully united England. His Scandinavian Empire,
    however, broke up under his incompetent successors and the Saxon heir, Edward
    the Confessor (104266), was restored to the throne of England.
     Edward unwittingly prepared the way for the Norman Conquest: he introduced
    Norman nobles into high state offices and left behind a disputed succession. After
    his death, Harold, son of the mightiest English nobleman, was chosen to become
    king. But the Duke of Normandy and the King of Norway claimed the English
    throne too, and both of them attacked England almost simultaneously in 1066.
    Harold defeated the Norsemen, but he was himself defeated and killed in the battle
    of Hastings in October 1066 by William of Normandy, who succeeded him on the
    English throne.

     The Norman Conquest had been completed by 1069, and it had far-reaching
    consequences for the development of England:
     England’s relations with Scandinavia were cut off and the country came
    under French cultural influence; three languages were used in England:
    Norman-French, the language of the ruling aristocracy and law courts;
    Latin, the language of educated people; and English, spoken by common
    Englishmen.
     England was given a new, Norman-French king and ruling class;
     The country was reorganised into a strong feudal state protected by the
    English channel; as a result, no further conquests have since occurred.

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