“GRID FAILURE PROTECTION SYSTEM USING

MICROCONTROLLER”
A
THESIS
SUBMITTED TO

AMBALIKA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

TECHNOLOGY
LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

FOR THE AWARD

OF
B.TECH
IN
ELECTRONICS AND CONMMUNICATION
BY
Prashant Kumar 1536331037
Kushmesh Mishra 1536331035

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR.PANKAJ PRAJAPATI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICSAND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
AMBALIKA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
2019
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “GRID FAILURE PROTECTION SYSTEM
USING MICROCONTROLLER” submitted for the B. Tech. (ECE) degree is myoriginal
work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree, diploma,
fellowship or any other similar titles.

Signature of the Student

Place:
Date:

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “GRID FAILURE PROTECTION SYSTEM
USING MICROCONTROLLER” is the bonafide work carried out by Prashant Kumar ,
Kushmesh Mishra, a student of B Tech(ECE) of Ambalika Institute of Management And
Technology, Lucknow (U.P.) affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdual Kalam Technical University,
Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow) during the academic year 2018-19, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology(Electronics And
Communication Engineering ) and that the project has not formed the basis for the award
previously of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar title.

Signature of the Guide

Place:
Date:
 ABSTRACT

We live in a rapidly changing world where the most visible worldwide trends are, for
example, the abundance of information, technological advancement and the growing average
life expectancy of the population. This has revolutionized the development of new
conceptualized products that are becoming more common and important to business life. In
this study, smart home as an example of those new products was chosen to be the object with
the aim of examining how to properly productize a smart home.
Although used for home automation and assistive technology mostly, the smart home concept
could be applied to all situations where its key features exist. When developing smart homes
for different needs, new product development processes combined with product portfolio
management was the essential. Therefore, the Development Funnel was used as the
theoretical framework for finding the main challenges and solutions of smart home
productization. The qualitative research approach was applied for the empirical part of the
study. In-depth interviews with semi-structured questions were conducted with two
interviewees: a smart home entrepreneur and a designer. Product positioning, customer
definition, cost-speed balancing in R&D were found as the most challenging aspects, whilst
focusing on customer segmentation, holistic user experience with integrated system schemes
and setting the ultimate goal as “being smarter” were seen as the main solutions.
The findings implicated a requirement for adopting the “products guiding market needs”
approach and introducing industrial standards for smart homes and their development.
However, because of the wide-ranging research scope and only a few primary data sources,
the study had its limitations. Further research could use more interviews or study the
efficiency of new product development from the “market-driven” vs “technology-pull”
perspectives.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my
project. All that I have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them.

I respect and thank Dr. S.Q.Abbas (Director General, AIMT), Dr. Alok Mishra (Director,
AIMT), for providing me an opportunity to do the project work in Ambalika Institute of
Management And Technology, Lucknow and giving us all support and guidance which made
me complete the project duly. I am extremely thankful to Dr. Pankaj Prajapati for providing
such a nice support and guidance, although he had busy schedule managing the corporate
affairs.

I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide Dr. Pankaj Prajapati, who took keen interest on
our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing
all the necessary information for developing a good system.

I would not forget to remember Dawar Hussain Rizvi Sir, of Ambalika Institute of
Management And Technology, Lucknow for their encouragement and more over for their
timely support and guidance till the completion of our project work.

I heartily thank our lab Instructor, Santosh Kumar Yadav, Electronics and communication
for his guidance and suggestions during this project work.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance
from all Teaching staffs of Department Of Electronics And Communication which helped us
in successfully completing our project work. Also, I would like to extend our sincere esteems
to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

i. Declaration
ii. Certificate
iii. Abstract
iv. Acknowledgement

1.INTRODUCTION

 Platform used
 Aim of the project
 Block diagram
 Working of the project
 Component list
 Circuit Description
 PCB layout
 Printed circuit boards

2. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
 Program-Studio 6 software v6.09
 Areas of use
 Overview of the hex editor mode

3. PROGRAMMING

4. SENSING UNIT
 Temperature sensor
 Microcontroller interface
 Special microcontroller features:
 Pin diagram
  Special features of the Cpu
 MCU family reference

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION

We know that in today’s time there is a big problem regarding failure of our
grid(power distribution system) when a grid fails the electricity of the whole
area get disconnected for days so it is a big problem to be solved that how to
protect our grid before failure. Keeping this point in our mind we are trying to
develop a system which can turn our grid of when dangerous condition occurs.
Sensing these two conditions we regulate all our decisions suppose if the
transformer temperature is less than a particular level then a indication is
provided and even if temperature exceeds a particular level then also a
indication is provided if the problem is not resolved then condition keeps on
going down so the power supply from the grid disconnected and let the grid
getting cooled when normal temperature is attained then grid again starts
functioning. And if grid voltage is increased above a particular level then that
phase of grid will be cut off. If phase voltage of grid is decreased below a
particular level then that phase of grid will be cut off. If phase voltage of grid
limits then that phase of grid will be on. There are three phases which are R
phase, Y phase and B phase.
Platform used
 Hardware requirements:

1) Pic microcontroller 16f877

2) LM7805 Regulator

3) Power Supply

4) Resistors

5) Capacitors

6) Transistors

7) LEDs

8) Connectors

9) Relays

10) Liquid crystal display

11) Temperature sensor

12) Buzzer
13) switches

Software requirements:

• INFONICS:
Serial Programmer Software
Hex file editor

• MPLAB IDE v7.00:

Source code Editor
Assembler
Aim of The Project
This system is PIC microcontroller based project as PIC has inbuilt ADC,
analog to digital converter so this ADC conversion is the basic principle of our
project.
Since this project involves measuring the voltage and temperature and
monitoring the level of coolant and taking the required decisions according to
that.
Our main aim is to protect the grid from failure so keeping this in mind we have
designed our project.
Block diagram
 GRID FAILURE PROTECTION SYSTEM

ALARMING SYSTEM
FOR OVER LOAD AND
OVER TEMPERATURE
POWER
SUPPLY

TEMPEATUR
E DISPLAY
MICROCONTRO
LLER

FOR
DECISION LCD
DISPLAY

TERMINATIN
G POWER
SUPPLY IN
DANGER

THREE TRANSFORMER FOR THREE

PHASE SUPPLY
Working of The
Project
We are using six analog channels three channels for voltage R,Y,B and rest of
the three channels for temperature sensing. The voltage and temperature setting
of voltage and temperature is done using ports. The value of low cut voltage is
180,as soon as the voltage comes below it then there is a cut and the value of
high cut voltage is 263 so this condition is sensed by the controller when
voltage reaches high or low upto a particular limit then we will stop the relay
with the help of programming. Similar is the case with the temperature when it
reaches 35 then also we will trip the transformer. So in this way we can protect
our grid from failure by using the ADC feature of PIC IC 16f877 as PIC senses
the analog value and converts it into corresponding digital value and according
to that value we perform our required tasks.
The value of channel at the same time we can made it display on the LCD
screen
We are using 16x2 LCD for display.
Also we are using buzzer for alarming the hazardous condition and relay works
as an electrical switch so we make the transformer on or off by using relay as a
switch.
And relay is further made on or off by using the transformer as a switch we are
using in our circuit diagram NPN transistor.
The property of NPN transistor is when base is high then collector and emitter
short and transistor gets on
And if base is low then collector and emitter get open and transistor gets off.
Component list
 Circuit Description

POWER SUPPLY SECTION:

 Consists of:

1. RLMT Connector--- It is a connector used to connect the step

down transformer to the bridge rectifier.

2. Bridge Rectifier --- It is a full wave rectifier used to convert

ac into dc , 9-15v ac made by transformer is converted into dc
with the help of rectifier.

3. Capacitor: -----It is an electrolytic capacitor of rating

1000M/35V used for filtering to give the peak dc. Capacitor is
the component used to pass the ac and block the dc.

4. Regulator: ----LM7805 is used to give a fixed 5v regulated

supply.

5. Capacitor: -----It is again an electrolytic capacitor 10M/65v

used for filtering to give pure dc.

6. Capacitor: ----- It is an ceramic capacitor used to remove the

spikes generated when frequency is high(spikes).
 So the output of supply section is 5v regulated dc.

MICROCONTROLLER SECTION:

Requires three connections to be successfully done for it’s operation to

begin.

1. +5v supply: This +5v supply is required for the controller to get start
which is provided from the power supply section. This supply is provided
.

2. Crystal Oscillator: A crystal oscillator of 4 MHz. The crystal

oscillator works on piezoelectric effect.The clock generated is used to
determine the processing speed of the controller. Two capacitors are also
connected one end with the oscillator while the other end is connected
with the ground. As it is recommended in the book to connect two
ceramic capacitor of 20 pf—40pf to stabilize the clock generated.

3. Reset section: It consists of an rc network consisting of .1M/35V

capacitor and one resistance of 1k. This section is used to reset the
controller connected .
BUZZER SECTION:

This section includes a buzzer as well as a resistance to limit the current. The
buzzer operates in the range of 20-25mA. The voltage given to the buzzer is 5v
and also the buzzer can operate between 3V-24V. The resistance used is
calculated by using the ohm’s law.
Buzzer is an indicating device which is used for checking the software condition
and also used for indicating any specific condition.

LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

“MICROCONTROLLER BASED LCD DISPLAY” ,this project is an

embedded project . Embedded is the combination of software and hardware
before designing any embedded project it is the first step to design the proper
hardware for the desired application. Here we are interfacing the LCD, LIQUID
CRYSTAL DISPLAY with the Microcontroller, we are using ATMEL series 51
controller 89c51 controller. It is a 40 pin IC, the first step while designing
hardware is to design the required power supply as the controller operates on +5
v supply so first we have to design the regulated supply with the help of
transformer, regulator and filtering capacitor.
Next step is the necessary connections of the controller like reset and the crystal
oscillator for resetting and speed respectively.
Then comes the LCD interfacing ,we are using 16x2 LCD for display, pin no. 7
to 14 are the data lines of the LCD which has to be interfaced with the
microcontroller input/output pins. Port p0 has been used for the interfacing of
data lines.
Since the display becomes very easy when we use microcontroller hence we
have made this project and we have tried to show different display using the
switch.
Pcb Layout
Printed Circuit
Boards
Printed Circuit Boards

In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support

and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or
traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB),and etched wiring board.
Populating the board with electronic components forms a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). PCBs
are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more
layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point
constructed circuits, but are much cheaper, faster, and consistent in high volume
production.

Printed circuit boards fall into the following categories:

Motherboard : The principal board that has connectors for attaching devices to
the bus. Typically, the mother board contains the CPU, memory, and basic
controllers for the system. On PCs, the motherboard is often called the system
board or mainboard.

Expansion board : Any board that plugs into one of the computer's expansion
slots. Expansion boards include controller boards, LAN cards, and video
adapters.

Daughter card : Any board that attaches directly to another board.

Controller board: A special type of expansion board that contains a controller

for a peripheral device. When you attach new devices, such as a disk drive or
graphics monitor, to a computer, you often need to add a controller board.
Network Interface Card (NIC) : An expansion board that enables a PC to be
connected to a local-area network (LAN).

Video adapter: An expansion board that contains a controller for a graphics

monitor.

Printed circuit boards are also called cards.

 Software
Specification
 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

3.1 Prog-Studio 6 software v6.09

Aside from basic functions such as the reading, programming, comparison

copying and erasure of chips in the Batronix programming devices, the Prog-
Studio 6 software offers numerous other functions. The Hex/ASCII editor gives
you many options for working with the component contents, and the MC editor
integrates a comprehensive compiler/assembler/debugger for developers of
microcontroller applications.

3.1.1 Areas of use

 Updating of memory chips (Eproms/Flash) for motherboards, telephone

installations, game consoles, motor control systems, automatons, etc.

 Reading in and altering data on existing memory chips for, e.g., chip
tuning

 Development and production of applications with memory chips

 Development of microcontroller applications

 Learning microcontroller programming

3.1.2 Overview of the Hex editor mode

 In this mode, data can be loaded, processed and stored. Also, data can be
burned onto a chip or read from a chip.

 Data can be loaded and saved in the binary, Intel-Hex, Motorola-S and
other formats.

 The simple editing of data in the Hex editor with a comparison function
as well as area processing

 Burning data onto a memory chip with a click of the mouse

 Special settings such as burning from/to a certain memory address

(offset) as well as separation into even and odd addresses (splitting
odd/even) are supported.

 Serial burn function for the production of large numbers of items with
identical data

 Data comparison function (verify) with bit-to-bit comparison.

 Automatic comparison of the check sum during comparison (verify)

 Calculation of the check sum for editor data

Programming
 INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC" ;INCLUDE FILE WITH
REGISTER DEFINES

#DEFINE RS PORTD,6
#DEFINE EN PORTD,7
#DEFINE MNS PORTD,5
#DEFINE RELAYR PORTD,4
#DEFINE RELAYB PORTC,6 ;INI LOW
#DEFINE LEDR PORTC,5 ;INI HIGH
#DEFINE LEDY PORTC,4 ;INI HIGH
#DEFINE LEDB PORTD,3 ;INI HIGH
#DEFINE LED1 PORTD,2 ;INI HIGH
#DEFINE RELAYY PORTC,7
#DEFINE BUZZER PORTD,1 ;INI HIGH
JMP main
;---------------------------------------------------
;XXXXXXXXXXXX--DECISION--
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
;---------------------------------------------------
DECISION

L_CJNGD CHANNEL1L,.180,DEC1
L_CJNLD CHANNEL1L,.250,DEC2
BCF LEDR
BSF RELAYR
BSF BUZZER
GOTO DECISION1
DEC1
DEC2
BSF LEDR
BCF RELAYR
BCF BUZZER
DECISION1

L_CJNGD CHANNEL2L,.180,DEC3
L_CJNLD CHANNEL2L,.250,DEC4
BCF LEDY
BSF RELAYY
BSF BUZZER
GOTO DECISION2
DEC3
DEC4
BSF LEDY
BCF RELAYY
BCF BUZZER

DECISION2

L_CJNGD CHANNEL3L,.180,DEC5
L_CJNLD CHANNEL3L,.250,DEC6
BCF LEDB
BSF RELAYB
BSF BUZZER
GOTO DECISION3
DEC5
DEC6
BSF LEDB
BCF RELAYB
BCF BUZZER
DECISION3

L_CJNL CHANNEL4L,.60,DEC7
BCF LEDR
BSF RELAYR
BSF BUZZER
GOTO DECISION4
DEC7
BSF LEDR
BCF RELAYR
BCF BUZZER
DECISION4

L_CJNL CHANNEL5L,.60,DEC8
BCF LEDY
BSF RELAYY
BSF BUZZER
GOTO DECISION5
DEC8
BSF LEDY
BCF BUZZER
BCF RELAYY
DECISION5

L_CJNL CHANNEL6L,.60,DEC9
BCF LEDB
BSF RELAYB
BSF BUZZER
GOTO DECISION6
DEC9
BSF LEDB
BCF RELAYB
BCF BUZZER
DECISION6
DECISIONEND
return

;**************************************************
;MAIN PROGRAM
;**************************************************
MAIN

MOVLW "G"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "R"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW "I"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "D"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW ""
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "P"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW "R"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "O"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "T"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW "E"
CALL WR_LCD
 MOVLW "C"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW "T"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "I"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW "O"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW "N"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW ""
CALL WR_LCD
CALL delay2

MAINLOOP
call HANDLE_DISPLAY
call DECISION

GOTO MAINLOOP
HANDLE_DISPLAY:
;***************************************************************
*******
;DISPLAY FOR R PHASE
;***************************************************************
*******

MOVLW 0X80
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVLW "R"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW ":"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X82
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVF CHANNEL1L,W
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X86
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVLW "T"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW ":"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X88
 CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVF CHANNEL4L,W
CALL WR_LCD
CALL delay2
;***************************************************************
*******
;DISPLAY FOR Y PHASE
;***************************************************************
*******

MOVLW 0X80
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVLW "Y"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW ":"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X82
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVF CHANNEL2L,W
CALL WR_LCD
 MOVLW 0X88
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVLW ""
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "T"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW ":"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X8D
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVF CHANNEL5L,W
CALL WR_LCD
CALL delay2

;***************************************************************
*******
;DISPLAY FOR B PHASE
;***************************************************************
*******

MOVLW 0X80
CALL SEND_COMMAND
MOVLW "B"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW ":"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X82
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVF CHANNEL3L,W
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X88
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVLW ""
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW "T"
CALL WR_LCD
MOVLW ":"
CALL WR_LCD

MOVLW 0X8D
CALL SEND_COMMAND

MOVF CHANNEL6L,W
CALL WR_LCD
 CALL delay2

return
wr_lcd:
BSF rs
MOVWF PORTB
BSF en
BCF en
call delay

RET
send_command:
BCF rs
MOVWF PORTB
BSF en
BCF en
call delay

RET
delay:
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
 NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
RET
END
delay2:
MOVLW .120
MOVWF DELAY_VARIABLE2
DELAY2
MOVLW .250
MOVWF DELAY_VARIABLE1
DELAY1
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
DECFSZ DELAY_VARIABLE1,F
GOTO DELAY1
DECFSZ DELAY_VARIABLE2,F
GOTO DELAY2
RETURN
Sensing unit
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

National Semiconductor’s LM335 IC has been used for sensing the temperature.
It is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an
electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The temperature can be
measured more accurately with it than using a thermistor. The sensor circuitry is
sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.

LM335 temperature sensor

Features:

• Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)

• Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

• 0.5°C accuracy guaranteed (at +25°C)

• Rated for full −55° to +150°C range

• Suitable for remote applications

• Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

• Operates from 4 to 30 volts

• Less than 60 μA current drain

Temperature sensor circuit

MICROCONTROLLER INTERFACE

PIC16F87XA

Analog Features:

• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital

Converter (A/D)
• Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference
(VREF) module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device
inputs and internal voltage reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible

Special Microcontroller Features:

• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
• Self-reprogrammable under software control
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving Sleep mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
 Pin Diagram

.
fig3:pin diagram of PIC16F874A/877A
PIC16F87XA
3.2.9.3 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CPU
All PIC16F87XA devices have a host of features intended to maximize system
reliability, minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power saving
operating modes and offer code protection. These are:
• Oscillator Selection
• Reset
- Power-on Reset (POR)
- Power-up Timer (PWRT)
- Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
- Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Interrupts
• Watchdog Timer (WDT)
• Sleep
• Code Protection
• ID Locations
• In-Circuit Serial Programming
• Low-Voltage In-Circuit Serial Programming
• In-Circuit Debugger
PIC16F87XA devices have a Watchdog Timer which can be shut-off only through
configuration bits. It runs off its own RC oscillator for added reliability.
There are two timers that offer necessary delays on ower-up. One is the Oscillator
Start-up Timer (OST), ntended to keep the chip in Reset until the crystal oscillator stable.
The other is the Power-up Timer (PWRT), which provides a fixed delay of 72 ms (nominal)
on power-up only. It is designed to keep the part in Reset while the power supply stabilizes.
With these two timers on-chip, most applications need no external Reset circuitry. Sleep
mode is designed to offer a very low current power-down mode. The user can wake-up from
Sleep through external Reset, Watchdog Timer wake-up or through an interrupt. Several
oscillator options are also made available to allow the part to fit the application. The RC
oscillator option saves system cost while the LP crystal option saves power. A set of
configuration bits is used to select various options.

Additional information on special features is available in the PICmicro® Mid-Range

MCU Family Reference

Configuration Bits

The configuration bits can be programmed (read as ‘0’), or left unprogrammed (read
as ‘1’) to select various device configurations. The erased or unprogrammed value of the
Configuration Word register is 3FFFh. These bits are mapped in program memory location
2007h.

It is important to note that address 2007h is beyond the user program memory space
which can be accessed only during programming.
CONCLUSION

The project was completed successfully with in the given time

duration. it was learning experience through which we gained invaluable on
hand practical knowledge with project enlightened us on the vastness and
unique application of micro controller , which forms the basic framework of our
project.
This project gave us the deep understanding of the controller and described us
how to use the controller in different ways. This is embedded based project as
embedded is the combination of both the software as well as the hardware so
this system helped us to clear all our doubts related to basic electronic
components
REFERENCES

 en.wikipedia.org

 www.batronix.com

 Electronics For You(EFY)

 Microcontroller Programming
By Julio Sanchez

 Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PIC

By Julio Sanchez (Author), Maria P. Canton (Author)

 A hand book on Pure sine wave DC-AC Inverter

By Samlex America (www.samlexamerica.com)