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1) What do you mean by Hardware and Software?

All the electronic/electrical components and circuits used in a computer system are called
hardware. A computer is actuated and controlled with the help of computer programs called
software.

2) Mention the main components of a computer and their funtions.

CPU (cenral processing unit) – to process the data
Input Device – to enter the dat into the computer.
Output Device – to display / print results by the computer.

3) What is Operating System(OS) ?

An operating system is a collection of programs used to connect the user with the hardware It
has the set of programs which controls the operations of the hardware components such as CPU,
main memory, keyboard, monitor, printer and so on.

4) What is Algorithms?
An algorithms refer to the step by step instructions written to solve any problem.

5) What is Flowchart ?
A flowchart is a diagrammatic or symbolic representation of an algorithms. It uses various
symbols to represent the operations to be performed.

6) Name the four basic data types in “C” language?

The four basic data types in “c” language are as follows
char – a character
int – an integer, in the range -32,767 to 32,767
long int – a larger integer (up to +-2,147,483,647)
float – a floating-point number
double – a floating-point number, with more precision and perhaps greater range than float

7) Describe at least five different format specifiers?

%d: -An integer whole number
%f: -a floating point number
%c: -a single character
%s: -a string of value of characters.

8) Define and explain scanf () function?

The Scanf () function can be used to get input into a program and it requires two arguments.
First a format specifier defines the type of data to be entered, then the name of the variable in
which the input will be stored. This scanf () function is responsible for giving input into the
program.

9) Define and explain printf () function?

The printf() function is used to display/output values of variable in the monitor. The printf
function has general form: printf (“format specifiers”,variables)

10) What are the maximum and minimum possible ranges of values for long and short type?
If the int variable is created by default as a ‘long’ type it typically will have a possible range of
values from a maximum of +214748347 and a minimum of -2147483648. For ‘short’ type these
are the maximum and minimum values +327676 and minimum -32768.
(While answering this question you can specify the approximate value raised to power).
11) What is preprocessor?
The preprocessor is a program which is executed before the compilation of a source program
written by the user. The preprocessor directives begines with hash (#) followed by the
command. e.g #include – it is a directive to include file.

12) What exactly is a ‘variable scope’, ‘local variables’ and ‘global variables’?
The extent to which a variable is accessible in a program is called the ‘variable scope’. Variables
declared internally inside a function are known as ‘local’ variables.
Variables declared externally outside a function are known as ‘global’ variables.

13) What are signed values?

When an int variable is declared it can by default contain either positive of negative integer
values. These are known as ‘signed’ values. The range of positive values is determined by your
system.

14) Define reserved words.

C programs are constructed from a set of reserved words which provide control and from
libraries which perform special functions. The basic instructions are built up using a reserved set
of words, such as main, for, if,while, default, double, extern, for, and int, to name just a few.

15) What is the purpose of type declaration in C ?

All variables used in a C program are declared using the appropriate data types to enable the
compiler to allocate the required number by bytes in RAM to store values of these variables in
memory

16) What is identifier ?

An identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, symbolic constsnt and so on.

17) Mention the different types of operators used in C ?

1. Artimetic operator
2. Relational operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Increment and decrement operators
5.Assignment operators
6.Conditional operator
7. Bitwise oprators

18) What is Loop control statements ?

Loop control structures are used to execute and repeat a block of statements depending on the
value of a condition. There are 3 types of loop control statements in C
i. for loop
ii. while loop
iii. do – while loop

19) explain while loop .

A while loop has one control expression, and executes as long as that expression is true. The
general syntax of a while loop is
while( expression )
{
statements
}
we use a while loop when a statement or group of statements which may have to be executed a
number of times to complete their task. The controlling expression represents the condition

20) explain for loop .

A for loop is used to execute and repeat a block of statements depending on a condition. The
syntax of a for loop is
for( ; ; )
{
statements
}

21) What do mean by network ?

Computer networking refers to connecting computers to share data, application software and
hardware divices. Networks allow sharing of information among various computers and permit
users to share files

22) List a few unconditional control statement in C.

i) break statement
ii) continue statement
iii) goto statement
iv) exit() function

23) What is an array ?

An array is a collection of values of the same data type. Values in array are accessed using array
name with subscripts in brackets[]. Synatax of array declaration is
data type array_ name[size];

24) What is Multidimensional Arrays

An array with more than one index value is called a multidimensional array. To declare a
multidimensional array you can do follow syntax
data type array_ name[] [] []….;

25) Define string ?

An array of characters is known as a string.for example
char st[8]; this statement declares a string array with 80 characters .

26) Mention four important string handling functions in C languages .

There are four important string handling functions in C languages .
i) strlen();
ii) strcpy();
iii) strcat();
iv) strcmp();
The header file #include is used when these functions are called in a C program.

27) Explain about the constants which help in debugging?

A #if directive test can be offered with #else and #else if directives. This allows conditional
branching of the program to run sections of the code according to the result. Constants defined
with a #define directive can be undefined with the #undef directive. The #ifdef directive has a
companion directive #ifndef. These commands can be useful when debugging problem code to
hide and unhide sections of the program.
28) Define and explain about ! Operator?
The logical operator ! NOT is a unary operator that is used before a single operand. It returns
the inverse value of the given operand so if the variable “c” had a value of true then! C would
return value of false. The not operator is very much useful in C programs because it can change
the value of variables with successful iterations. This ensures that on each pass the value is
changed.

29) What is operator precedence?

Operator precedence defines the order in which C evaluates expressions.
e.g. in the expression a=6+b*3, the order of precedence determines whether the addition or the
multiplication is completed first. Operators on the same row have equal precedence.

30) Explain about the functions strcat() and strcmp()?

This function concatenates the source string at the end of the target string. Strcmp() function
compares two strings to find out whether they are the same or different. The two strings are
compared character by character until there is a mismatch or end of one of the strings is
reached, whichever occurs first. If in case two strings are identical, a value of zero is returned. If
there is no matches between two strings then a difference of the two non matching values are
returned according to ASCII values.

31) Define function /

A function is a module or block of program code which deals with a particular task. Each function
has a name or identifier by which is used to refer to it in a program. A function can accept a
number of parameters or values which pass information from outside, and consists of a number
of statements and declarations, enclosed by curly braces { }, which make up the doing part of
the object

32) Defferentiate built-in functions and user – defined functions.

Built – in functions are used to perform standard operations such as finding the square root of a
number, absolute value and so on. These are available along with the C compiler and are
included in a program using the header files math.h, s tring.h and so on.
User defined functions are written by the user or programmer to compute a value or perform a
task. It contains a statement block which is executed during the runtime whenever it is called by
the main program.

33) Distinguish between actual and formal arguments.

Actual arguments are variables whose values are supplied to the function in any function call.
Formal arguments are variables used to receive the values of actual arguments from the calling
program.

34) Explain the concept and use of type void.

A function which does not return a value directly to the calling program is referred as a void
function. The void functions are commonly used to perform a task and they can return many
values through global variable declaration.

35) What is recursion ?

A function calling itself again and again to compute a value is referref to as recursive function or
recursion. Recursion is useful for branching processes and is effective where terms are
generated successively to compute a value.
36) Mention the types of network.
A simple network consist of computers connected using nework interface cards, networking
software and network cables. There are two main networking arrangents
i) client / server – a powerful computer is used as the server which works as the interpreter
between the clients and helps sharing files.
ii)peer to peer – there is no server and all the workstations are treated equally.

37) what are Library functions?

Library functions are built in programs available along with the compiler which perform some
standard mathematical operations.

38) How does the type float differ from double in C language ?
Float data type refers real number in single precision and has 6 decimal digits. It takes 4 bytes in
memory to refer values ranging from 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38
double data type also refers to real number but in double precision and has 12 decimal digits. It
takes 8 bytes of memory to refer values ranging from 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308

39) What is an operator and operand?

An operator performs an operation like addition, subtraction and so on and produce a value.
Variables and constants upon which operations are performed are called operands.

40) What is RAM ?

RAM – Random Access Memory is a temporary storage medium in a computer. RAM is a volatile
memory i.e all data stored in RAM will be erased when the computer is switched off.

41) What is ROM ?

ROM – Read Only Memory is permanent storage medium which stores start up programs
(operating system programs) and BIOS programs which are recorded by the manfacturer of the
compiler system. ROM is a non-volatile memory.

42) Define system software.

System software is a collection of programs which are used to assist the user to handle the
computer hardware like printer, disk and so on and execute the application programs.

43) Define application software

application softwares are programs which are used to solve specific problems /tasks. Examples
include railway reservation, banking and so on.

44) What are control ststements ?

All the statements written in a program are executed from top to bottom one by one. Control
statements are used to execute / transfer the control from one part of the program to another
depending on a conditions.

45) What is Parallel Computation?

Computations that use multi-processor computers and/or several independent computers
interconnected in some way, working together on a common task.
• Examples: CRAY T3E, IBM-SP, SGI-3K, Cluster of Workstations.

46) Why use Parallel Computation?

• Computing power (speed, memory)
• Cost/Performance
• Scalability
• Tackle intractable problems
47) What does OpenMP stand for?
Short version: Open Multi-Processing
Long version: Open specifications for Multi-Processing via collaborative work between interested
parties from the hardware and software industry, government and academia.
48) Explain increment and decrement operators .
++ increment operator which add one to the value,
example : i++ (which adds one to i and results is srored back to)
— decrement operator which subtracts one from the value
example — i ( which subtracts one from i)

49) Mention the types of memory

Two major types of memory storage is primary memory and secondary memory. Primary storage
(or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one
directly accessible to the CPU.
Secondary memory (or external memory) differs from primary storage in that it is not directly
accessible by the CPU. Some of the example for secondary memory includes floopy disks, flash
memory, mengetic tape, hard drives etc.

50) What are input and output device ?

Input and Output Devices: Input devices are the hardware that are used for providing
information to the computer like mouse and keyboard and output devices are the hardware that
are used for receiving information from computer like monitor, printer or the sound system.
51)What is OpenMP? How do you compile OpenMP programs?

OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an API for shared memory multiprocessing programming in

C/C++ and Fortran. GCC supports OpenMP since version 4.2, simply install it using your
distribution’s package manager. You should now be able to compile programs using OpenMP e.
g. with
$ gcc −fopenmp −o hello hello−openmp.c