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Environment
• Environment means surrounding
Working environment, operating environment, computer environment….

• Environment (Definition)
“A holistic view of the world as its functions at
any point of time, with a multitude of spatial,
elemental and socio-economic systems,
distinguished by quality and attributes of
space, and mode of behaviour of abiotic
(physical/ non-living) and biotic (living) forms.
Abiotic: temperature, light, atmospheric gases, mountain,
land, water, ocean

Biotic:
Environmental Sciences
all surrounding living species

BSB, Env122
Dr. B. S. Balaji FST, IFHE 2013 (Env 122) Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Types of Environment Elements of Environment

Lithosphere

Physical Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Flora

Environment Biological Fauna

Microbe

Social

Cultural Political Society Economy Politics

Economical Cultural Environment

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Aspects of man (biotic environment) The field of Environmental Science

Sociology

• Component of organismic population; Earth Science

Economics
Physical man requires basic elements of physical
environment Computer
Physics

• Establishes social institution, forms Philosophy Environmental

Social man rules, policies to safeguard his Science
Chemistry
existence, interest, social welfare Politics
Law
• Derives and utilises resources from Biology
Economic man biotic and abiotic environment with Engineering
skills and technologies Agriculture

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Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Nature and Scope Need for Environmental studies

1. It is very important for every person for self-fulfilment
and social development. Environmental
Theoretical Identification of protection
environmental problems 2. It helps to understand different food chains and starts by
Aspects ecological balance in nature. creating
3. It helps to understand and appreciate how the awareness
Environmental environment is used for making a living and for
Science promoting a material culture.
Applied
Developing solutions to 4. It helps in appreciating and enjoying nature and society.
the identified
Aspects environmental problems 5. It generates concern for the changing environment in a
systematic manner for the future as well as immediate
welfare of mankind.
How emission of green house gas affect climate, agricultural yield etc. 6. It directs attention towards population explosion,
How discharge of wastewater affects aquatic ecosystems etc. exhaustion of natural resources and pollution of
environment and throws light on solutions.
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Goals of Environmental education Goals of Environmental education

Guiding principles:
“To develop a world population that is aware of and concerned about environment as a
1. To consider the environment in its totality (natural, artificial, moral, cultural etc.)
whole and the problems associated with it, and committed to work individually as well as
collectively towards solutions of current problems and prevention of future problems” 2. To consider a continuous life process (pre-school to degree, formal, non-formal)

3. To be inter-disciplinary in approach
Primary objectives: (SPEAK Awareness) 4. To emphasise active participation in the prevention and control of environmental problems
1. Skill: Acquire skills for identifying and solving environmental problems. 5. To examine the major environmental issues from local, national and global point of view
2. Participation: To provide an opportunity to be actively involved at all levels in working 6. To focus on current potential environmental situations
towards the solution of environmental problems.
7. To consider environmental aspects in plans for growth and development
3. Evaluation ability: Develop the ability to evaluate environmental measures and education
8. To emphasise the complexity of environmental problems and the need to develop critical
programmes in terms of ecological, economic, social and aesthetic factors.
thinking and problem solving skills
4. Attitude: Acquire a set of values and feelings of concern; motivation for active participation
9. To promote the value and necessity of local national and global cooperation in the
to improve and protect environment.
prevention and control of environmental problems
5. Knowledge: Gain a variety of experiences and acquire a basic understanding of the
10. To utilise diverse approaches for teaching and learning about environment
environment and its associated problems.

6. Awareness: Acquire an awareness of the environment as a whole and its allied problems 11. To help learners discover the symptoms of real causes of environmental problems

and sensitivity. 12. To relate environmental sensitivity, knowledge, problem solving and value clarification at

every level

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Skill, Participation, Evaluation ability, Attitude, Knowledge, Awareness 13. To enable learners to have a role in planning their learning experiences and provide an

Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji opportunity for making decisionsEnv

and accepting
122-2013. Dr. B. their
S. Balajiconsequences

Environmental education
programmes Man-Environment relationships
1. Environmental Studies
This is concerned with the environmental disturbances and the minimisation of
their impacts through changes in the society (social sciences) 1. Period of hunting and food gathering
2. Period of animal domestication and pastoralism
2. Environmental Science 3. Period of plant domestication and agriculture
It deals with the study of the processes in water, air, soil and organisms which 4. Period of Science, technology and industrialisation
lead to pollution or environmental damage and to know a scientific basis for
establishing a standard which can be considered acceptably clean, safe and
healthy for human beings and the natural ecosystems (physical and natural
sciences)
3. Environmental Engineering
This is the study of the technical processes which are used to minimise the
pollution and assess their impact on the environment (engineering sciences)

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Man-Environment relationships Man-Environment relationships

1. Period of hunting and food gathering 2. Period of animal domestication and pastoralism Pastoralism is the
• Related to primitive man • Started domesticating animal for meat and milk branch of agriculture
– Man was part of natural environment – Created habitat for these animals concerned with the
raising of domesticated
– He was concerned with food (fruits) and shelter (caves, – This led to destruction of forest animals.
on trees)
– This also led to the first community life among people
– He had a friendly relationship with environment
– Domesticated animal population increased
• Started hunting animal for food
– This led to meaningful exploitation of environment resources.
– First exploitation of natural resources
– Still not much damage is done on the environment
– Had very less impact on environment (low population,

disorganised society)

• Discovery of fire, invention of tools

– Continued exploitation of natural resources

– Careless mistakes led to forest fires, destruction of forests

Fire was the first major ecological tool used by human

beings to change the environment for their own Benefit

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Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Man-Environment relationships Man-Environment relationships

3. Period of plant domestication and agriculture 4. Period of Science, technology and industrialisation
• Started domesticating plant for food • Industrial revolution started around 1860
– Nomad life style changed to settled life style – Emergence of science, development of efficient technology

– Started cultivating crops – Initiated hostile relationship with environment

– This led to the earliest river valley civilisation – Birth of technological man

– This changed the friendly and cordial relationship – Indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources led to present ecological problems

– Gradual increase of human population

– More forest were cleared for agricultural land

– Man developed cultural environment, Built house, school, temple, road etc.

– This continued until Industrial revolution

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Major technological inventions Major technological inventions

Famous inventors honoured by Briton Famous inventors of 18th - 19th Century
Person Invention Date

James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets 1793, 1798

Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807

Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836

Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844

Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876

Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescent Light Bulb 1877, 1879

Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888

Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892

Orville and Wilbur Wright First Airplane 1903

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Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Henry Ford Model TEnv 122-2013.
Ford, Dr. B. S.Line
Assembly Balaji 1908, 1913

Impact of Man on Environment Impact of Man on Environment

Direct or intentional impact (preplanned , man is aware of consequences) Direct or intentional impact (preplanned , man is aware of consequences)
1. Land use changes Example of Construction of dams, diversion of rivers
Three Gorges Dam was built on Yellow river, China. The Chinese government regards
• Clearing of forests, burning of land, felling of trees, changes in cropping pattern
the project as a historic engineering, social and economic success
2. Construction and excavation
• Construction of dams, diversion of rivers,

construction of roads, bridges, urbanisation

3. Agricultural practices
• Mechanisation of agriculture, use of

chemical fertiliser, pesticide etc.

4. Weather modification programme

• Cloud seeding to induce precipitation,

dispersal and clearing of clouds, fogs

5. Nuclear programme
• Use of nuclear energy for constructive and destructive purposes

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Impact of Man on Environment Impact of Man on Environment

Direct or intentional impact (preplanned , man is aware of consequences) Indirect or unintentional impact (industrial development for economic growth)
Human impact on the environment is also called as anthropogenic impact on the Many are not noticeable quickly but have impact over longer period of time.
environment includes impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity and These are non-reversible.
other resources. Many are noticeable quickly but have impact over longer period Affect the natural system in a detrimental way.
of time. Examples include pollution and environmental degradation
We can reverse the impact by taking appropriate actions
Afforestation
Change of form farming practices
Land Water Air
Toxic
Effluent Smoke
substance

Industrial Coal
Insecticide
waste burning

Garbage Chemicals CFC

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Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemical cycles

What is biogeochemical cycle?
It is the movement of nutrient elements like C, N, H, O, P, and S through the Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere, ocean and sediments. Atmospheric phase
Newey defined biogeochemical cycle as large scale cycles, involving inorganic
substances which pass through a biotic phase and then return to an inorganic
Organic Phase
state. BIOTA
• The uptake of nutrients (inorganic elements) by plants through their roots in Ashes

solution form from the soils and

Gases
• During sedimentation these inorganic elements deposited on soils
• Some nutrients leached from soil to ocean through river
SOILS RIVERS OCEANS
Two approaches are used to study

Cycling of all elements together Cycling of individual elements

Water cycle carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle
Weathering and Erosion
ROCKS Volcanoes
Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Sedimentary Phase
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Biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemical cycles

Carbon cycle (phases of storage and Carbon cycle (circulation of carbon within Carbon cycle (rate of transfer)
movement in biosphere) biosphere) 1. Daily cycle: For photosynthesis plant use lot of CO2 during day, during night
1. Gaseous phase: carbon is present 1. Gaseous cycle: carbon is present as respiration predominates. So the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere changes.
as CO2 in the atmosphere CO2 in the atmosphere and dissolved 2. Cycles requiring years, decades or centuries: Large quantity of carbon is
2. Liquid phase: carbon is present as CO2 in water (river and ocean) converted in to plant tissue, leaves, branches, wood. When the plant or tree die
dissolved CO2 in water 2. Non- gaseous cycle: solid phase of these decompose and broken down to CO2 and water.
carbon e.g. carbohydrates (organic 3. Cycles of 1,00,000 years or more: The largest amount of carbon (71 %), dissolved
3. Solid phase: carbon is stored in matter), hydrocarbon (fossil fuels), in ocean exchanges slowly with atmosphere.
sediments, fossil fuels and organic mineral carbonates 4. Cycles involving millions years:
matter a) Organic matter: Due to incomplete decay organic matter accumulates. This
Portions of Earth Carbon content (%) occurs in the peaty layers of bogs and marshes, or on the ocean floor. E.g.
coal, oil and natural gas.
Atmosphere 1 b) Inorganic matter: Carbonate rocks such as limestone are formed when
Living organisms on land 1.5 dissolved CO2 reacts with certain minerals (Ca, Mg etc.).
Dead organic matter 5.5 •Quantity of carbon is measured in gigatonnes per year. One Gigatonne (Gt) = One Petagram (Pg)

Fossil fuel 21 = 1015 grams = 1 cubic kilometer of water.

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•Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are often measured in parts per million (ppm). One
Dissolved in ocean 71 ppm of CO2 in the air is equivalent to 2.12 Gt of carbon.
Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Carbon cycle The Earth crust

Daily cycle

Cycles with
1, 10 or 100
year

Cycles with Cycles with

millions year Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji 100,000 year Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

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Tectonic plates Oxygen cycle

Oxygen cycle
Oxygen is essential for all living organism.
Various forms of oxygen in biosphere are molecular oxygen, water, carbon-di-
oxide, inorganic oxides, carbonates etc.
Source of oxygen include photosynthesis, reduction of various mineral oxides,
volcanic Eruption.
Oxygen is used in
respiration of organisms
mineral oxidation
burning of fuels
Ozone (O3)
Formed by photochemical and three body
reaction
O2 + h ν (242 nm) O+O

O + O2 + M (N2 or O2) O3 + M

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Total 15 tectonic Env
plates. 9 are
122-2013. Dr. B.major
S. Balaji and 6 are minor Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Oxygen cycle Ozone

O+O NOBEL PRIZE TO OZONE RESEARCHERS 1995
Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given for their work in atmospheric chemistry,
O + O2 + M (N2 or O2)
O2 + h ν (242 nm)
particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone their role in
O3 + M
elucidating the threat to the Earth's ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbon gases. The
Gain three winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry are the first ever to receive the
Free oxygen in atmosphere O2 award for atmospheric chemistry or environmental science.
Gain

O2 Loss Loss Gain Loss Loss

O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
Respiration Respiration
Photo Combustion
Photosynthesis Mineral
synthesis
Marine oxidation Volcano
animals
Fossil
Animals Plants Wood
Phytoplankton fuels
Professor Paul Professor Mario Professor F.
Carbonates Hydrocarbons
Coal and peat Crutzen Molina Sherwood Rowland
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Ozone Nitrogen cycle

Ozone (O3) Nitrogen cycle
Formed by photochemical and three body reaction • Nitrogen is essential for all life forms. N2 + O2 2 NO
O3 strongly absorbs UV rays and protects us from the harmful UV rays of Sun. • It is an essential part of amino acids (proteins). 2 NO + O2 2 NO2
Ozone layer hole is caused by chlorofluoro carbons (coolants used in refrigerator) • Various forms of nitrogen in biosphere are
molecular nitrogen, oxides of nitrogen
Do you know DU? (N2O, NO2, NO), nitrogen-hydrogen 4 NO2 + 2 H2O + O2 4 HNO3
O3 + O O2 + O2
Amount of ozone in atmosphere is measured in compounds (NH3, NH, HNO2) 2 HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2

terms of dobson unit (DU). 1 DU = 0.01 mm

O3 + HO O2 + HOO ˙
thick ozone layer would be formed if ozone is
˙

O + HOO ˙ O2 + HO ˙ compressed in to one layer at 0 °C and 1 atm Eat

Plant (NO3) Animal Atmosphere
pressure. General ozone layer thickness is 300
O3 + NO NO2 + O2 DU. When it falls below 200 DU it is called Decay
NO2 + O NO + O2 ozone-hole.

Do you know (SPICED) Root Rain

Ozone layer depletion leads to Skin problems, Phytoplankton death, Immune system Soil
Micro organism

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suppression, Cancer, Eye defects, Damage to plants.
Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji Env 122-2013. Dr. B. S. Balaji

Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen cycle

Atmosphere

in Nitrogen
a
R
d
n
a Plants Animals
g
n
i
n n n
o o
e
t ti ti
h a
ci a
ci
ig f f
L rit rit
i i
N N Ammonia Dead organic
Nitrate (NO3) Nitrite (NO2)
(NH3) residue

Run-off
Ground
Rivers Micro-organisms
water body

OCEAN
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Phosphorus cycle Phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus cycle Mining
P
Second most important substance after water. H
Phosphorus is essential for growth and maintenance of bones, teeth, organo- O Rivers and
phosphates are essential for cell division. Soils Plant Animal
S lakes
Due to poor water solubility only 10 % of phosphorus is involved in phosphorus P
cycle. The rest 90 % remains in the soil. H
O
R
Excreta and dead
U Oceans
S
organisms

I
N Decomposers

R
O
C Phosphate in solution
K

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S Sedimentation
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Phosphorus cycle Sulphur cycle

Phosphorus cycle Sulphur cycle
Affected by mining. Required for amino acid (Cysteine and methionine), protein synthesis.
Agricultural run-off containing phosphate fertilisers. Soil is the reserve pool for sulphur.
Domestic sewage from excreta and detergents. Burning of fossil fuel releases SOx gases.
Phosphate pollution leads to algal bloom (Eutrophication). This reduces dissolved SO2 and H2S return to land during acid rain.
oxygen and disrupts natural food chain. Sulphur Bacteria converts soils sulphur to be used by plants.
In polluted water (anaerobic) H2S is produced----- FeS.

In clear water (aerobic) sulphides are converted to sulphates.

Do you know?
Ecosystems in the deep sea, where no
sunlight can penetrate use sulfur for energy.
Hydrogen Sulphide near Hydrothermal vents
can be utilized by organisms. Here Sulphur
cycle runs on oxidation- reduction and in
this cycle sulfur can be forever recycled as a
source of energy.
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Sulphur cycle
Atmosphere

SO4 SO4 SO4

SO2 H2S Soil

Sulphides Sulphates
Volcanoes Industry
Anaerobic Aerobic

Dead organic residue

Sulphide bearing

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Fossil Fuel Animals Plants
rock
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