3 ECE4875 WT Properties Operation Principles 16aug2018
3 ECE4875 WT Properties Operation Principles 16aug2018
2
Wind turbine components (1)
1. Rotor
2. Pitch drive
3. Nacelle
4. Brake
5. Low-speed shaft
6. Gear box
7. High-speed shaft
8. Electrical
generator
9. Heat exchanger
10. Controller
11. Anemometer
12. Wind vane
13. Yaw drive
14. Tower 3
Wind turbine components (2)
1. Rotor: Typically 3 blades, fiberglass reinforced plastics, epoxy laminates.
2. Pitch drive: Rotates blades to reduce the amount of lift under high wind
speeds.
3. Nacelle: Houses WT components.
4. Brake: Acts as a back-up to the pitch drive braking or as parking brake for
maintenance.
5. Low-speed shaft: Attaches to the wind rotor
6. Gear box: Increases the low rotor speed (18-20 rpm) to 1200-1800 rpm
7. High-speed shaft: Attaches to electrical generator
8. Electrical generator: Convert the mechanical energy into electrical.
9. Heat exchanger: Keeps the electrical generator cool
10. Controller: Computerized, tests, starts, stops the turbine etc.
11. Anemometer: Measures wind speed and passes it to the controller.
12. Wind vane: Detects wind direction and passes it to the controller
13. Yaw drive: Keeps the rotor facing into the wind
14. Tower: Raises the rotor to higher elevation where wind is better.
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Rotor components
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Rotor attach point
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Rotor hub: Suzlon 0.95 MW
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Nacelle: Bonus 1.3MW WT
1. Spinner
2. Rotor Hub
3. Blade
4. Pitch Bearing
5. Pitch Gearbox
6. Main Bearing
7. Main Shaft
8. Top Controller
9. Gearbox
10. Brake Disc
11. Brake Caliper
12. Coupling
13. Generator
14. Meteorological
Sensors
15. Yaw Ring
16. Yaw Bearing
17. Yaw Gearbox
18. Nacelle Bedplate
19. Hydraulics
20. Canopy
21. Generator Fan 8
Aerodynamics of wind turbine
Airfoils and general concepts of Aerodynamics
1) Mean camber line: The locus of points halfway between the upper
and lower surfaces of the airfoil.
2) Chord line: The straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges
of the airfoil,
3) Chord length: The distance from the leading to the trailing edge
measured along the chord line. 11
Airfoil terminologies (2)
4) Angle of attack: The angle between the relative wind (Urel) and
the chord line.
5) Camber: The distance between the mean camber line
and the chord line, measured perpendicular to the chord line.
6) Thickness: The distance between the upper and lower surfaces,
also measured perpendicular to the chord line. 12
Airfoil terminologies (3)
14
What is relative wind? (2)
1) Lift force: Perpendicular to direction of the oncoming air flow. The lift
force is a result of the unequal pressure on the upper and lower airfoil
surfaces.
2) Drag force: Parallel to the direction of the oncoming air flow. The drag
force is due both to viscous friction forces at the surface of the airfoil and
to unequal pressure on the airfoil surfaces facing toward and away from
the oncoming flow.
3) Pitching moment: To be about an axis perpendicular to the airfoil
cross-section. 17
Relation between
Angle of attack, Lift and Drag forces
When the airfoil is not symmetrical and the upper surface is curved
more than the lower surface, then a lift force occurs because the
pressure decrease and speed increase in the upper surface is
larger than the pressure decrease and speed increase in the lower
surface.
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Lift coefficient, Drag coefficient,
Pitching moment coefficient
Lift coefficient
Drag coefficient
Pitching moment
coefficient
Lift and drag coefficients for the NACA 0012 symmetric airfoil
Cl is high, Cd is low for HAWTs at low angles of attack.
= 0, Cl = 0, i.e. no lift at all (typical is 10 - 15 deg.)
High Re, Cl is better because viscous forces and Cd are less.
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Power coefficient, Thrust coefficient
Power coefficient
Thrust coefficient
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Air flows behavior on airfoils (1)
The air speeds up more over the upper surface than over the lower
surface of the airfoil, then there is a net lift force. The pitching
moment is a function of the integral of the moments of the
pressure forces about the quarter chord over the surface of the airfoil.
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Air flows behavior on airfoils (2)
Divided into three flow regimes: Attached,
high lift, fully-stalled regime
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Attached and separated air flows
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Aerodynamic power controls
Functions:
To limit rotor power in case of high wind speed for the
following reasons:
(1) Turbine’s structural safety, (2) Electric generator can
overheat, (3) To increase rotor power in case of low wind
speed, (4) To maximize rotor performance
For stall-regulated WT, blades are rigidly fixed to the hub, no moving
parts. The method works as follows.
Wake formed on above the top surface, leading to high drag, low lift
forces.
Blade pitching
Feather condition
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Impact of control on WT power output
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Blade design for modern WT (1)
General requirements:
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Momentum Theory (1)
First refer to the Conservation of Momentum presented
previously. The following analysis is based on the annular control
volume shown in figure below.
44
Blade Element Theory
c = airfoil chord
length;
dr = radial length of
element;
r = radius (partial, or
an intermediate
radius);
R = rotor radius;
= angular velocity
of rotor.
The following assumptions are made:
The blade is assumed to be divided into N sections (or elements).
There is no aerodynamic interaction between elements (thus, no
radial flow).
The forces on the blades are determined solely by the lift and
drag characteristics of the airfoil shape of the blades. 45
Blade geometry for analysis of HAWT (1)
46
Blade geometry for analysis of HAWT (2)
dFL is the incremental lift
force;
48
Blade theory: Calc. of parameters (2)
If the rotor has B blades, the total
normal force on the section at a
distance, r, from the center is:
The equations of the normal force (thrust) and torque on the annular
rotor section are used to determine ideal blade shapes for optimal rotor
performance and performance of any arbitrary blade shape. 49
Blade shape for ideal rotor
without wake rotation (1)
We can combine the momentum theory relations with those
from blade element theory to determine an ideal blade shape
for optimal rotor performance.
50
Blade shape for ideal rotor
without wake rotation (2)
Design steps: The following parameters need to be selected.
3) Radius R
These choices allow the twist and chord distribution of a blade that
would provide Betz limit power production (given the input assumptions) to
be determined. Hence, this is called the “Betz optimum rotor”.
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Blade shape for ideal rotor
without wake rotation (3)
Based on the assumption that a=1/3 and the momentum theory
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Blade twist angle for
the example Betz optimum blade
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Derivation of a formula for CP
of an ideal Betz rotor (1)
Assumptions: No wake rotation i.e. a’=0, no losses due to a
finite number of blades (i.e. no tip loss), a=1/3 in each blade
element.
Objective: To obtain a formula for CP that includes Cd and Cl
Power coefficient
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Derivation of a formula for CP
of an ideal Betz rotor (2)
With no wake rotation
Substituting (2) into (1) and simplifying, the desired formula for CP is
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Blade shape for optimum rotor
with wake rotation
The blade shape for an ideal rotor that includes the effects of wake
rotation can be determined using the analysis developed for a general
rotor.
Note: The optimum values for and c, including wake rotation may
be significantly different from those obtained without wake rotation. As
before, select the tip-speed ratio where Cd /Cl is minimal.
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Effect of drag and number of blades
on rotor optimum performance
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Electrical properties of wind turbine (1)
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Electrical properties of wind turbine (2)
Typical equipment necessary for interfacing the wind
turbine with a power system include:
Transformers
Circuit breakers
Power converters (for variable-speed wind turbines)
Ground control unit
Data recording devices
Equipped with an
induction generator
(squirrel cage or wound
rotor) that is directly
connected to the grid.
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Variable-speed wind turbines (3)
Advantages:
A variable-speed WT keeps the generator torque fairly
constant and the variations in wind are absorbed by changes in
the generator speed, resulting in less power fluctuations.
Disadvantages:
70
Fixed-speed vs. Variable-speed (2)
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Overview of induction machines (2)
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Construction of induction machines (1)
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Construction of IM (2)
A typical IM consists of two components: Stator and rotor
Stator:
The outer (stationary) member of an induction motor. It is formed
by stacking thin-slotted, highly permeable steel laminations
inside a steel or cast-iron frame. The frame provides
mechanical support to the motor. Although the frame is made of a
magnetic material, it is not designed to carry magnetic flux.
Identical coils are wound (or placed) into the slots and then
connected to form a balanced three-phase winding.
Rotor
The rotor is also composed of thin-slotted, highly permeable
steel laminations that are pressed together onto a shaft.
There are two types of rotors: a squirrel-cage rotor and a
wound rotor.
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Squirrel-cage and wound rotor
3) If the load torque is less than the starting torque, the rotor starts
rotating. The force developed and hence the rotation of the rotor are
in the same direction as the revolving field.
4) Under no load, the rotor soon achieves a speed nearly equal to the
synchronous speed. However, the speed is always lower than the
sync. speed of the revolving field. Hence, an IM is also called an
asynchronous motor.
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Speed and slip of induction machines
Sync. speed of revolving field
Let Nm (or wm) be the rotor speed at a certain load, P be the number of
poles. The revolving field is moving ahead of the rotor at a relative speed
Nr or wr. This relative speed is called the slip speed.
When the rotor rotates, the relative speed of the rotor Nr (or wr) is
responsible for the induced emf in its windings. Hence, the
frequency of the induced emf in the rotor is
Solution:
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Generator mode of IM
When stator and rotor are in sync, the slip is zero; negative slip corresponds
to generator mode; for small slip, torque increases linearly until it reaches
the breakdown point. Higher slips can be supported by increasing the
external resistance. Note the rotor speed increases from right to left. 82
Exact equivalent circuit of IM (1)
If Pout is If Pout is
1-phase 3-phase
power power
Simplified circuit
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Practice: Induction motor
exact equivalent circuit & power
A 480V, 60 Hz, 6-pole, three-phase, delta-connected induction motor has
the following parameters:
RS=0.461Ω, R’R=0.258 Ω, XLS=0.507 Ω, X’LR=0.309 Ω, Xm=30.74 Ω, RM
is neglected. Rotational losses are 2450W. The motor drives a
mechanical load at a speed of 1170 rpm.
Calculate the following parameters:
1) Synchronous speed in rpm
2) Slip
3) Line current
4) Input power
5) Airgap power
6) Output power
91
Power, current, torque
of an induction machine
1) Method 1: Using the wind turbine rotor to bring the generator rotor
up to operating speed, and then connecting the generator to the
grid.
Method 1:
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WT types vs. power control
Note: The grey zones indicate combinations that are not in use
in the wind turbine industry today.
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Typical wind turbine configurations
Type A: fixed speed
Type B: limited variable speed
The optical coupling eliminates the need for costly slip rings that
need brushes and maintenance.
The generator is directly connected to the grid.
The range of the dynamic speed control depends on the size of
the variable rotor resistance. Typically, the speed range is 0–10%
above synchronous speed.
A capacitor bank performs the reactive power compensation. A
smoother grid connection is achieved by using a soft-starter.
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Type C: Variable speed WT
with partial scale frequency converter (1)
105
Variable-speed operation with WRIG
Wound rotor induction generators (WRIG) can be used in a
variety of ways to facilitate variable-speed operation. These include:
(1) High slip operation, (2) Slip power recovery, and (3) True
variable speed operation.
Topology options for variable-speed wind turbine using wound rotor
induction generators are presented in the table below.
106
High slip operation of WRIG (1)
This concept is of Type B: limited variable speed WT
Since the rotor windings of the WRIG are accessible, they could
just be short circuited, or are connected to an external varying
resistance.
When the rotor circuit resistance is made higher, the operating
speed range is increased. Note that a high-resistance leads to
greater losses, unless the rotor power (known as “slip power”) can
be recovered.
snew is a slip other than the rated slip. snew corresponds to a desired
generator speed that differs from the rated operating speed.
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Slip power recovery operation of WRIG (1)
The slip power can be recovered by first rectifying it to DC and then
inverting the DC to grid frequency AC power, as shown in the figure below.
where VR,r is the real component and VR,i is the imaginary component
of the rotor voltage (both referred to the stator). 111
Slip power recovery operation of WRIG (2)
The stator currents must be kept below
the rated current. This requires
For any given slip the magnitude of the rotor voltage is:
112
Practice: WRIG analysis
A 3-phase WRIG has the following parameters: Rated voltage of 480V, 60 Hz, 4
poles, RS=0.005Ω, XLS=0.01 Ω, R’R=0.004 Ω, X’LR=0.008 Ω, Xm=0.46 Ω, RM is
neglected. The generator nominal power is rated at 2 MW and operating at slip
of -0.036. Determine:
1) Rated stator and rotor currents
2) Input shaft power when the rotor is short-circuited
3) Actual delivered power
4) An external resistor to be added to the rotor circuit to dissipate
excess power when the slip is -0.4. Note that the rated currents
cannot be exceeded.
5) The power dissipated in the external resistor.
6) What is the effective rating of the WRIG if the dissipated power is
recovered?
113
True variable speed operation of WRIG (1)
The power transfer into or out of the rotor can take place with
both the voltage and the current in phase. In this case, the
rotor load looks like either a resistor or a ‘negative resistor.’
The power transfer can be done with the current and voltage
being at different phase angles. This allows the power factor
of the DFIG to be adjusted as needed, and even to supply
reactive power to the grid.
Ancillary electrical
equipment associated
with a wind turbine
normally includes both
high-voltage (generator
voltage) and low-voltage
items.
Slip rings and brushes may be used to carry the slip power
out of the rotor of a WRIG.
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Example: WT slip rings
Moog WP58484 IP65 sealed slip
ring for harsh environments
It provides both power and signal
contacts in a stainless steel housing.
2 signal and 3 power at 18 amps,
600V AC
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Example: IG soft starters
XFE Soft Starter
Current : 4 – 1800 Amp (2.2 – 1050kW @400V);
Operational Voltage: 230 – 460 VAC rms (-15%
+10%); 400 – 575 VAC rms (-15% +10%); 500 –
690 VAC rms (-15% +10%); Rated Frequency: 50
– 60Hz +/- 2Hz; Start Time: 1 to 255 seconds;
Stop Time: 0 to 255 seconds
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Contactors
The main contactor is a switch that connects
the generator cables to the rest of the
electrical network. When a soft start is
employed, the main contactor may be integrated
with the soft start or it may be a separate item.
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Circuit breakers and fuses
Circuit breakers or fuses are
installed somewhere in the
circuit between the
generator and the
electrical grid.
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Power factor correction capacitors
Capacitors are frequently employed to
supply reactive power to WT induction
generators and improve the power factor of
the generator when viewed from the utility.
These are connected as close to the
generator as is convenient, but typically at
the base of the tower or in a nearby control
house.
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Popular wind turbine concepts (2)
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Popular wind turbine concepts (3)
129
Popular wind turbine concepts (4)
130
Popular wind turbine concepts (5)
131
World market share of wind turbine
concepts between 1998 and 2002
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