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University of Bright Star

Petroleum Department

Evaluation of Crude Oil PE47

Paper Subject

[Various Parameters used for Storage & Handling of Crude Oil]

Name : Mohammed Ahmed abdullatif

ID Number : 21152075

Teacher Name : Osama Ghaith El Sanossi

2018 – 2019
Contents

1) Density and API gravity

2) Octane Number

3) Viscosity

4) Pour point

5) Flash point

6) Smoke point

7) Cetane Number

8) Aniline point

9) Asphaltenes, carbon residue and asphalt content


 Introduction

Various parameters for prediction of crude oil storage and handling behavior are

viscosity, pour point, H2S, base of the crude (characterization factors, BMCI index,

viscosity index),

mercaptans, acidity, salt and BS & W, distillation, RVP, characteristics of crude, light

end analysis, rheology, corrosiveness, impurities, volatility, LPG potential, sulphur wax,

CR, Trace The oil properties database now contains information on over 400 oils, and

the database can also be accessed via the

internet at [ www.etcentre.org/spills].
 Density and API gravity.

Density l’’ is defined as the mass per unit


volume, or lbm=ft3 in U.S. Field unit. It is widely used in
hydraulics calculations (e.g., wellbore and pipeline performance
calculations [1 ].
Because of gas content, density of oil is pressure dependent.
The density of oil at standard condition (stock tank
oil) is evaluated by API gravity. The relationship between
the density of stock tank oil and API gravity is given
through the following relations:

ᵒAPI (American Petroleum Institute) gravity are expressions of the density or weight of a unit volume of
material.
API gravity refer to these constants at 60ᵒF (15.7 ᵒC) [1 ].
API gravity of lighter crude oil may be of the order of 45 whereas in
heavier asphaltenes API is 10-12.
 Octane Number

Octane number (ON) is a figure of merit representing the resistance of gasoline to premature
detonation when exposed to heat and pressure in the combustion chamber of an internal-
combustion engine.1 It is measured against a prescribed binary mixture of isooctane (2,2,4-
trimethylpentane, ON = 100) and n-heptane (ON = 0) under standard conditions.

The empirical rules of Octane Number (ON) dependence on the structure of alkanes are
amended. ON decreases with the number of CH2 groups and increases with the number of CH3
groups; the number of adjacent CH2 groups has the highest but sigmoid influence;

The relation between the structure of hydrocarbons and their ON was studied using a number of
topological indices. Well-known topological indices like e.g. the Wiener index did not prove
sufficiently good, so several other indices or combinations of them were tested.2-12 A
physicochemical discussion about the meaning of ON on the molecular level, however, did not
go beyond some empirical rules:

i. ON increases with the number of tertiary and quaternary carbon


atoms2,6 resp. it increases with the number of methyl groups13-15

ii. It decreases with the total number of carbon atoms2,6 resp. with the
length of the chain13-15

iii. ON gets larger as the branching point is moving toward the center of the longest chain in
the alkane molecule[2][3].
 Viscosity
Viscosity’’ is an empirical parameter used for describing the resistance to flow of fluid.
The viscosity of oil is of
interest in well-inflow and hydraulics calculations in oil
production engineering
Viscosity indicates the relative mobility of various crude oils.
Temperature has a marked effect on viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity = absolute viscosity/ density
Redwood Viscometer, Saybolt Viscometer are used[4 ].

 Pour point

The pour point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which it becomes semi solid. This is where the
liquid
loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin
wax
content, which is typically found in crude deriving from a large
proportion of plant material.

1. Manual Method

The specimen is cooled inside a cooling bath to allow the formation of paraffin wax crystals. At about 9
°C above the expected pour point, and for every 3 °C after, the test jar is removed and tilted to check for
surface movement. When the specimen does not flow when tilted, the jar is held horizontally for 5
seconds. If it does not flow, 3 °C is added to the corresponding temperature, since this is the last
measurement when flow was observed, and the result is the pour
point temperature.

2. Automatic Method
ASTM D5949 is an alternative to the manual test procedures. It uses an
automatic apparatus and yields
pour point results in a format similar to the manual methods. This method
determines the pour point in
a shorter period of time than the manual method and therefore requires less
operator time.
Additionally, no external chiller bath or refrigeration unit is needed.
 Effect
The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature it
can be utilized for certain applications. The flow characteristics of a fuel,
along with the pour point, are critical for the correct operation of lubricating
oil systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations. Petroleum blending
operations require precise measurement of the pour point.[5]

 Flash point and fire point

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame causes the vapour and air
mixture above the sample to ignite.

Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the oil ignites and continues to burn.[6]

 Smoke point

It is an indication of the smoking tendency of fuel. It is used for evaluating the ability of
kerosene to burn withoutproducing smoke.
It is the maximum flame height in mm at which
the fuel will burn without smoking.

Smoke volatility Index( SKI)


= Smoke point + 0.42 x recovery
 Cetane Number

Similar to the octane number seen on a retail gasoline dispenser, a cetane number rates a diesel fuel’s quality
of ignition.
But that’s where the similarities end.

The octane number of a gasoline measures its ability to resist auto-ignition commonly referred to as pre-
ignition, knocking or pinging.
A diesel fuel’s cetane number, however, is actually a measure of the fuel’s ignition delay; the time period
between the start of the injection of the fuel and the start of the combustion of the fuel (commonly
known as ignition).
In general, a higher cetane fuel will have a shorter ignition delay period than a lower cetane fuel.

What does a high cetane number mean to a diesel fuel user?


Since diesels rely on compression ignition, the fuel must be able to readily auto-ignite and quicker is
better.
A higher cetane number, indicating a shorter ignition delay time, usually means more complete
combustion of the fuel.
This translates into:
1. Quicker starting
2. Quieter operation with less diesel chatter Improved fuel efficiency
3. A reduction of harmful emissions
4. Less wear and tear on the starter and batteries
5. Quicker pumping of protective lubricating fluids throughout the system

How are cetane numbers measured?


Cetane numbers can only be measured by a laboratory engine test. Usual methods, such as using a
cetane index (a calculation using API gravity and the distillation mid-point) cannot measure cetane
numbers accurately when using cetane improvers.
 Aniline point

Aniline point indicates the lowest temperature at which the oil is completely mixed with an equal
volume of aniline.
High aniline point indicates that the fuel is Paraffinic and
hence has a high diesel index and very good ignition quality.[5]

 Asphaltenes, carbon residue and asphalt content


Carbon residue and asphaltenes indicate the presence of heavier hydrocarbons in the crude.
Carbon residue is the measure of thermal coke
forming property.

 Summary

This paper presented definitions and Parameters of crude oil and gas.
It also provided rules for determining the value of these Parameters
 References

1-American Petroleum Institute: ‘‘Bulletin on Performance


Properties of Casing, Tubing, and Drill Pipe,’’ 20th
edition. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute.
API Bulletin 5C2, May 31, 1987.
2- The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001.
3-A. T. Balaban, I. Motoc, MATCH
(Commun. Math. Chem.)1979,5, 197–218.
4-beal, c. The viscosity of air, water, natural gas, crude oils and its associated
gases at oil field temperatures and
pressures. Trans. AIME 1946;165:94–112.
4-Bhatnagar, A. K., “Analytical Development in crude oil and product
characterization”, in
4-Challenges in crude oil evaluation: ed. Nagpal, J.M., New Delhi, Tata
McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 1996, p. 1.
5- website…www.amspecllc.com or contact us at (800) 286-2208

6- website …http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/fire/wfcs/tests/stp01_7.htm

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