Duhok Polytechnic University College of Technical Engineering Department of Petrochemical
Duhok Polytechnic University College of Technical Engineering Department of Petrochemical
Duhok Polytechnic University College of Technical Engineering Department of Petrochemical
Introduction
Measure bottom
Conclusions
We have developed a composition-based predictive model for
both RON and MON that can be universally applied across wide variety
of gasoline fuels derived from different naphtha process streams and
blends.Eachgasolinefueliscompositionally rep resen ted b y 57 d iffe
rent mo lecular lu mp s and b y combination of different GCs
and correlated to the ON. The model structure permits a wide range
of composition extrapolation from pure components to real gasoline
blends. Its predictions are within a SE of (1 number for both RON
and Mona cross the multitude of gasoline fuels. The model is applicable
for a broad range of ONs from 30 to 120. Further improvements
PETROL COMPOSITION
When crude oil is brought to the refinery, the first process carried out
on it is fractionation or fractional distillation. This means that the many
compounds in the crude oil mixture are separated according to their
different boiling points. Some examples of the resulting fractions and
their uses follow:
• Refinery Gas - used to make Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Light Gasoline - used to make petrol
• Naphtha - used to make petrol
• Kerosene - used as central heating fuel or to make jet fuel
• Gas Oil - used to make diesel fuel
• Residue Fractions - used to make bitumen for roads.
ADDITIVES
the use of additives in petrol manufacture provides a means of
preventing knocking. Two types of additive have been in use in recent
decades.
Lead compounds e.g. tetra ethyl lead These work by preventing the
type of reactions that cause knocking. They have been in use since the
1920s, but have long been criticised for their harmful environmental
effects—the lead compounds present in exhaust fumes are toxic. Their
use has been phased out in many countries, and they were banned in
Ireland in 2000.
Oxygenates e.g. alcohols or ethers
These compounds work by raising the octane number of the fuel. They
cause less pollution, because apart from not containing lead, they
produce lower levels of carbon monoxide when they burn. The most
commonly used oxygenate is MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether). The
systematic name is 2- methoxy-2-methylpropane. Its octane rating is
118
HIGH OCTANE COMPOUNDS
Apart from the use of additives, knocking may also be prevented by
using a mixture of high-octane compounds in petrol manufacture.
Certain molecular features are desirable in ensuring that compounds
have high-octane ratings. These are:
b) DE hydro cyclisation
c) Catalytic cracking.
References
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237273089_Chemical_Interpretation_of_Octane_Number
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281059433_Octane_Rating_of_Gasoline_and_Octane_Boost
er_Additives
https://pdst.ie/sites/default/files/ch_cw_petrol.pdf
https://www.eesi.org/files/Robert_McCormick_061215.pdf
https://ar.scribd.com/document/181710044/octane-number-pdf