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Octane Number

The document describes an experiment to determine the octane number of spark ignition engine fuels. Octane number is a measure of a fuel's resistance to engine knocking, with higher numbers indicating better performance. It is determined by blending a test fuel with iso-octane and n-heptane to match the knocking intensity of the test fuel under standard engine conditions. Research octane number is measured at 600 rpm and motor octane number at 900 rpm, with motor octane always lower. The anti-knock index shown on fuel pumps is the average of the two values. Various additives can increase a fuel's octane number to improve engine performance.

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217 views

Octane Number

The document describes an experiment to determine the octane number of spark ignition engine fuels. Octane number is a measure of a fuel's resistance to engine knocking, with higher numbers indicating better performance. It is determined by blending a test fuel with iso-octane and n-heptane to match the knocking intensity of the test fuel under standard engine conditions. Research octane number is measured at 600 rpm and motor octane number at 900 rpm, with motor octane always lower. The anti-knock index shown on fuel pumps is the average of the two values. Various additives can increase a fuel's octane number to improve engine performance.

Uploaded by

Ibrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Petroleum Refinery Lab

Experiment No. 4

Standard Test Method for


Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel, D2699
Objective: quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in
terms of Octane number.

Theory:
Octane Number is defined as the volume percentage of iso octane in blend of normal heptane
and iso-octane, which produces the same knock intensity as the test fuel under standard test
conditions in an ASTM internal combustion engine.
The key indication of performance property of gasoline under various engine conditions is its
octane number (ON) which included: Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane
Number (MON).Finished gasoline must meet certain octane number specifications.
To determine octane number of gasoline an engine test is carried out at two different speeds
and the octane umber are defined as the research octane number (RON) and the motor octane
number (MON), which are conducted at two different speeds, 600 and 900 rpm, respectively.
MON is always less than RON for the same fuel. Octane number shown on pumps at fuel
stations is the average of RON and MON.
Research and Motor Octane numbers (RON, MON) constitute the main quality characteristics of
the gasoline, as they provide a sensitive indication of the anti-knocking behavior of the fuel. The
higher the octane number the better the gasoline resists detonation and the smoother the
engine runs.
Antiknock Index (AKI) or Pump Octane Number (PON; sometimes Posted Octane Number) is a
measure of a fuel’s ability to resist engine knock or octane quality. The AKI is an arithmetic
average of RON and MON. The AKI of a motor fuel is the average of the RON and MON as
determined by the formula (R+M)/2.
Anti-knock additives:
1. Oxygenates: ethers—methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary-butyl ether
(ETBE), tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), di-isopropyl ether (DIPE); alcohols—
methanol, ethanol, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA).
2. Aromatic hydrocarbons (aromatics): toluene, xylene, and benzene. The latter is toxic
(including carcinogenicity) and therefore its amount is restricted by 1 % vol. Maximum
allowable concentration of aromatics in gasoline is 35 % vol.
3. Aromatic amines: m-toluidine, p-toluidine, p-tert-butylaniline, technical
pseudocumidine, N-methylaniline, and cumidines.
4. Organometallic compounds : Like the first anti-knock additive tetra-ethyl lead (TEL) is
based on Pb, these additives also are based on metals Mn and Fe.

Petrochemical Dept. Page 1


Petroleum Refinery Lab

Digital Octane Tester K 88600 XL:

Apparatus Description:

Other parts:

Petrochemical Dept. Page 2


Petroleum Refinery Lab

Discussion:
1. Define Octane number.
2. Why do we measure octane number of gasoline?
3. Which hydrocarbons have highest ON and which one has the lowest?
4. What is meant by RON, MON and AKI?
5. How can gasoline ON be increased?

Petrochemical Dept. Page 3


Petroleum Refinery Lab

Worksheet

Experiment no.:
Title: Octane Number

Name:
Class:
Date:

Sample 1

RON =

MON =

AKI =

Sample 2

RON =

MON =

AKI =

Petrochemical Dept. Page 4

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