This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D522/D522M − 17

Standard Test Methods for

Mandrel Bend Test of Attached Organic Coatings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D522/D522M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
resistance to cracking (flexibility) of attached organic coatings ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
on substrates of sheet metal or rubber-type materials.
3. Summary of Test Method
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in 3.1 The coating materials under test are applied at uniform
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each thickness to panels of sheet metal or rubber-type materials.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining After drying or curing the coated panels are bent over a
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance mandrel and the resistance to cracking of the coating is
with the standard. determined. In Test Method A the coated panels are bent over
a conical mandrel. In Test Method B the coated panels are bent
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the over cylindrical mandrels of various diameters.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4. Significance and Use
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.1 Coatings attached to substrates are elongated when the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- substrates are dimensionally unstable, or are bent during the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- manufacture of articles or when the articles are abused in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the service. These test methods have been useful in rating attached
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- coatings for their ability to resist cracking when elongated.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical They have been useful in evaluating the flexibility of coatings
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. on flexible substrates. The elongation of coating films may also
be tested using Test Method D2370. The correlation between
2. Referenced Documents elongation determined in accordance with Test Methods D522/
D522M and D2370 is unknown.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
5. Test Specimen
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick- 5.1 Substrates:
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers 5.1.1 If the purpose of the test is to determine the percent of
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coat- elongation of the coating material, the substrate shall be
ings cold-rolled steel strip 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] (22 gage) thick.
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry 5.1.2 If the purpose of the test is to rate the coated material
for resistance to cracking, the substrate may be any type of
sheet metal or rubber-type material (for example, steel,
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on aluminum, tinplate, or synthetic rubber). The thickness of the
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct sheet metal may be less than 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] and the thickness
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint of the rubber-type materials may be as great as 13 mm [1⁄2 in.].
Films.
Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally 5.1.3 The recommended panel size is 100 mm [4 in.] in
approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D522 – 13. DOI: width and 150 mm [6 in.] in length. The maximum size that the
10.1520/D0522_D0522M-17.
2
conical mandrel can accommodate is 115 mm [41⁄2 in.] wide
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and 190 mm [71⁄2 in.] long.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 5.1.4 The surface preparation of the substrate shall be
the ASTM website. agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. Prior to the

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 D522/D522M − 17
application of the coating, round slightly the edges of metal 7.1.1 Cone, smooth steel, 200 mm [8 in.] in length, with a
panels to remove burrs in order to eliminate anomalous edge diameter of 3 mm [1⁄8 in.] at one end and a diameter of 38 mm
effects. [11⁄2 in.] at the other end.
NOTE 1—If elongations are to be determined for coatings applied to
substrates other than 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] thick cold-rolled steel, they must be
8. Procedure
measured with a special mandrel jig as described in Appendix X1.2. 8.1 With the operating lever of the apparatus in a horizontal
5.2 Coated Panels: position, slip the test specimen between the mandrel and the
5.2.1 Apply uniform coatings of the materials under test to drawbar with the finish side towards the drawbar. Rigidly
the substrates in accordance with Practices D823 and air dry or clamp the specimen in a vertical position adjacent to the
bake under conditions mutually agreeable to the purchaser and mandrel by placing the long edge behind the clamping bar in
the seller. If percent elongation is to be measured, a minimum such a manner that the panel is always set up to the narrow end
thickness of 25.4 µm [1.0 mil] is required on 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] of the mandrel. Slip two sheets of No. 1 brown Kraft wrapping
thick cold-rolled steel. Perform a minimum of three determi- paper, substrate 30, thoroughly lubricated on each side with
nations of coating thickness on each of the specimens in talc, between the specimen and the drawbar and hold in
accordance with Test Methods D1005 or D7091. position only by the pressure of the drawbar against the paper.
5.2.2 From precoated sheets cut at least three specimens of 8.2 Move the lever through about 180° at uniform velocity
the size given in 5.1.3. Use only plane (flat) sheets and round to bend the specimen approximately 135°. If the purpose of the
the edges of the panels slightly as in 5.1.4. The coating surface test is to measure elongation, the bend time should be 15
shall be free of oil and other foreign matter that might increase seconds. To determine crack resistance under more simulated
the flexibility of the coating or interfere with the observation use conditions, the bend time should be about 1 second unless
for cracking. Measure the film thickness as in 5.2.1. an alternative time is agreed upon between the producer and
the user.
6. Conditioning and Number of Tests
8.3 Examine the bent surface of the specimen immediately
6.1 Condition the test specimens for at least 24 hours at 23 with the unaided eye for cracking. Having determined and
6 2°C [73.5 6 3.5°F] and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, and test suitably marked the end of the crack farthest from the small
in the same environment or immediately on removal therefrom end of the mandrel, which shall be considered as the end point,
unless otherwise specified by the purchaser and seller. bring the drawbar to the starting position and remove the panel
6.2 Test at least three replicate specimens in Test Method A from the mandrel. Measure the distance from the farthest end
and at least two replicate specimens in Test Method B at each of the crack to the small end of the mandrel. This distance is
mandrel diameter of interest. used to compute the elongation. The mandrel diameter at
which cracking ceased is taken as the resistance to cracking
TEST METHOD A—CONICAL MANDREL TEST value.
NOTE 2—In some cases, the measured distance is used as a measure of
7. Apparatus crack resistance.
7.1 Conical Mandrel Tester, consisting of a metal cone, a
rotating panel-bending arm, and panel clamps, all mounted on 9. Calculation
a metal base as illustrated in Fig. 1. 9.1 When required, determine the elongation of the finish
from the plotted curve in Fig. 2. This curve represents the
relationship between the percent elongation and the diameter of
the conical mandrel for a 25.4 µm [1.0 mil] coating thickness.

FIG. 2 Distance Along Cone and Corresponding Mandrel Size

versus Percent Elongation for Specimens on Cold-Rolled Steel
FIG. 1 Conical Mandrel Test Apparatus 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] in Thickness

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 D522/D522M − 17

FIG. 3 Correction for Thickness of Film

The relation between the distance along the conical mandrel 11.1.2 Reproducibility—Two determinations each the mean
and the corresponding diameter has also been plotted on this of duplicates obtained by operators in different laboratories
curve. should be considered to be suspect if they differ by more than
9.2 Adjust the percent elongation value obtained from Fig. 15 % in elongation.
2 for coating thickness by adding the correction obtained from 11.1.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
Fig. 3. suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test
methods for measuring flexibility, bias cannot be determined.
NOTE 3—Example—Suppose visual examination of the finish on the
bent cold-rolled steel specimens 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] in thickness shows that
the end of the first crack in the coating is at a distance of 75 mm [3 in.]
TEST METHOD B—CYLINDRICAL MANDREL TEST
from the small end of the cone. From Fig. 2 determine the percent
elongation of the film from the measured crack distance, in this example 12. Apparatus
5.2 %. To correct for coating thickness add the value obtained in Fig. 3. At
a crack distance of 75 mm [3 in.] the correction per 25 µm [1 mil] of 12.1 Elongation Test Equipment, consisting of rods or
coating thickness is 0.3 %. If the film thickness in the example is 50 µm surfaces, including cylindrical steel diameters of 25 mm [1 in],
[2 mils], the actual percent elongation is 5.2 + (2 × 0.3) = 5.8 %. 19 mm [3⁄4 in.], 12.7 mm [1⁄2 in.], 9.5 mm [3⁄8 in.], 6.4 mm [1⁄4
10. Report in.], and 3.2 mm [1⁄8 in.], mounted on a metal base. An example
of an acceptable form of this device is illustrated in Fig. 4.
10.1 Report the following information:
10.1.1 Mean and range of coating elongation or resistance to
cracking values for each specimen,
10.1.2 Mean and range of coating film thickness for each
specimen,
10.1.3 Specimen preparation procedures used,
10.1.4 Test conditions,
10.1.5 Mean and range of elongation or resistance to
cracking, and film thickness for the replicate specimens, and
10.1.6 Substrate material.
11. Precision and Bias3
11.1 Precision—On the basis of an interlaboratory test of
limited scope3 in which two coatings differing in their flexibil-
ity were tested at two different times by operators in three
laboratories, the intralaboratory standard deviation was found
to be 1.5 % elongation, and the interlaboratory standard devia-
tion was found to be 4.0 % elongation. Based on these standard
deviations, the following criteria should be used for at the 95 %
confidence level judging the acceptability of results:
11.1.1 Repeatability—Two determinations each the mean of
duplicates obtained by a single operator should be considered
to be suspect if they differ by more than 6 % in elongation.

3
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1069. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org. FIG. 4 An Illustration of a Cylindrical Mandrel Test Apparatus

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 D522/D522M − 17
13. Procedure TABLE 2 Correction for Film Thickness
Mandrel Diameter, mm [in.] Correction Factor
13.1 Place the test panel over a mandrel with the uncoated
25 [1] 0.21
side in contact and with at least 50 mm [2 in.] overhang on 19 [3⁄4 ] 0.26
either side. Using a steady pressure of the fingers, bend the 12.7 [1⁄2 ] 0.38
panel approximately 180° around the mandrel at a uniform 9.5 [3⁄8 ] 0.50
6.4 [1⁄4 ] 0.71
velocity in a time of 1 second unless an alternative time is 3.2 [1⁄8 ] 1.40
agreed upon between the producer and the user. Remove and
examine the panel immediately for cracking visible to the
unaided eye. If cracking has not occurred, repeat the procedure for each mandrel diameter given in Table 2. Calculate the total
using successively smaller diameter mandrels on previously elongation of the coating as follows:
untested areas of a specimen until failure occurs or until the E 5 e 1 1tc1
smallest diameter mandrel has been used.
13.1.1 This procedure can be applied as a “pass/fail” test by where:
determining whether cracking is produced by a specified E = total elongation, %,
mandrel size. e1 = elongation from Table 1, %,
13.1.2 The resistance to cracking value for a coating is taken t = thickness, µm [mils], and
as the mandrel diameter at which cracking ceases. c1 = correction factor from Table 2.
13.2 To determine elongation of the applied coating, follow 15. Report
the procedure given in 13.1, using a bend time of 15 seconds. 15.1 Report the following information:
15.1.1 Mean and range of coating elongation or resistance to
14. Calculation
cracking values for each specimen,
14.1 Determine the elongation range of the material from 15.1.2 Mean and range of coating thickness for each
Table 1 in which the elongation of a 25 µm [1 mil] thick specimen,
coating on 0.8 mm [1⁄32 in.] cold-rolled steel is given for each 15.1.3 Specimen preparation procedures used,
mandrel diameter. 15.1.4 Test conditions,
14.2 If the coating thickness exceeds 25 µm [1 mil], correct 15.1.5 Mean and range of elongation, resistance to cracking,
the determined elongation for film thickness using the factors and film thickness for the replicate specimens, and
15.1.6 Substrate material.
16. Precision and Bias
TABLE 1 Elongation
Mandrel Diameter, mm [in.] Elongation,%
16.1 Results are not available to determine the precision of
25 [1] 3.3
these test methods. These test methods have been in use for
19 [3⁄4 ] 4.4 many years and are considered acceptable for evaluating the
12.7 [1⁄2 ] 6.75 crack resistance of attached coatings.
9.5 [3⁄8 ] 9.0
6.4 [1⁄4 ] 14.0 17. Keywords
3.2 [1⁄8 ] 28.0
17.1 cracking; flexibility; resistance—cracking

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELONGATION AND MANDREL SIZE

X1.1 In the mandrel test, the specimens are elongated X1.2 The elongation values corresponding to mandrel di-
considerably past their elastic limit. Therefore, the elongations ameters in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 of these test methods were obtained
obtained are considerably higher than elongation values calcu- by direct measurements with a special mandrel jig.
lated from a theoretical equation that is based on the assump-
tion that the elastic limits of the specimens are not exceeded.

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 D522/D522M − 17
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