This document describes an experiment to study boiling heat transfer. It involves observing the three modes of boiling - nucleate, transition, and film boiling. Students will collect data on heat flux, surface temperature, and heat transfer coefficient at various heat input levels and pressures. They will create plots to analyze the data and determine how these variables change across the different boiling regimes. The goal is to understand how phase change impacts heat convection and transfer.
This document describes an experiment to study boiling heat transfer. It involves observing the three modes of boiling - nucleate, transition, and film boiling. Students will collect data on heat flux, surface temperature, and heat transfer coefficient at various heat input levels and pressures. They will create plots to analyze the data and determine how these variables change across the different boiling regimes. The goal is to understand how phase change impacts heat convection and transfer.
This document describes an experiment to study boiling heat transfer. It involves observing the three modes of boiling - nucleate, transition, and film boiling. Students will collect data on heat flux, surface temperature, and heat transfer coefficient at various heat input levels and pressures. They will create plots to analyze the data and determine how these variables change across the different boiling regimes. The goal is to understand how phase change impacts heat convection and transfer.
This document describes an experiment to study boiling heat transfer. It involves observing the three modes of boiling - nucleate, transition, and film boiling. Students will collect data on heat flux, surface temperature, and heat transfer coefficient at various heat input levels and pressures. They will create plots to analyze the data and determine how these variables change across the different boiling regimes. The goal is to understand how phase change impacts heat convection and transfer.
The objective of this experiment is to study the effects of phase change on convection by observing the three modes of boiling and determining the heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient at constant pressure.
INTRODUCTION:
In the previous experiments we have dealt with heat transfer by convection to single phase fluids, or simply pure liquids or pure gases. But what happens when this heat transfer takes place with a fluid that is undergoing a phase change? We know from thermodynamics that there will be an exchange of latent heat associated with the phase change. Secondly, there will be a density difference between the two phases, and thirdly, there will be surface tension between the liquid vapor interfaces. All of these parameters will significantly affect heat transfer rates and coefficients during a phase change. Since boiling and condensation are the most important phase changes for heat transfer studies, we will only deal with these two for now.
There are basically two major modes of condensation and boiling. For boiling they are film and nucleate boiling and for condensation they are film and dropwise condensation,. Film boiling and condensation are primarily driven by the density difference (rf - rg)g, where the subscripts denote liquid and gas. Dropwise condensation and nucleate boiling are controlled by both density and surface tension.
In this experiment we will look at the boiling of R-11 fluid in great detail and observe how the heat transfer rate and coefficient change throughout each stage of the boiling process.
THEORY:
Recall from previous experiments Newton's Law of Cooling,
(1)
where DTe is called the excess temperature defined as the temperature difference between heat source and saturation temperature of the fluid.
Now let's look at Figure 1, which shows the stages of pool boiling. When the excess temperature lies between 0.2 and 4 degrees Celsius, only free convection can be observed. When excess temperature is between 4 and 20 degrees there is nucleate boiling. In this region isolated bubbles and or columns or slugs of bubbles will exist. At point P in this region, the heat transfer coefficient starts to decrease due to increased bubbles, which lessen the total surface-liquid contact. However, the heat rate continues to rise because of the rising excess temperature until point C where the maximum heat transfer is reached. After this point the decrease in the coefficient surpasses the increase in excess temperature and the heat transfer rate begins to decrease. Between points C and http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~mrnalim/me314lab/lab09.htm 1/6 11/6/2018 ME 314 Lab 9
D is the transition region between nucleate and film boiling. In this region there is a combination of both types of boiling. Because the surface is now primarily in contact with a combination of bubbles and a vapor film, the heat transfer coefficient is reduced drastically; and therefore, the heat transfer rate will continue to decrease until point D. From the point D on there is only film boiling where the surface is covered by a vapor blanket. In this region there is no longer any surface to liquid contact; however, the heat transfer rate continues to increase as excess temperature increases because heat transfer by radiation becomes significant.
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Figure 1: Four regimes of pool boiling in water at 1 atm.
("Principles of Heat Transfer", Kreith, Bohn, West Pub. Co., 1993)
APPARATUS:
The apparatus for this experiment is the Boiling Heat Transfer Unit H653. This unit is a very simple to understand. Study the diagram attached to the equipment to gain an understanding of the operation of the unit.
Data:
Fluid: R-11 Trichloro-floromethane
Quantity: 0.55 L
Heat transfer to surroundings: approx. 0.8 W/K
Specific heat of water: 4.18 kJ/kgK
Dimensions of heating surface (fin)
Length: 29.5 mm
Diameter: 12.7 mm
Surface Area (total): 0.0013 m2
Condenser Surface Area: 0.0320 m2
Glass Chamber http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~mrnalim/me314lab/lab09.htm 3/6 11/6/2018 ME 314 Lab 9
Nominal Internal Diameter: 80 mm
Length: 300 mm
Volume: 0.0015 m3
PROCEDURE
A. Visual demonstration of the Modes of Boiling:
1. Turn on the electrical heater and cooling water and adjust both to low settings. Allow the digital thermometer to stabilize. Observe this and the liquid temperature at frequent intervals. Carefully watch the liquid surrounding the heater. Convection currents will be observed, and at the same time liquid will be seen to collect and drip on the condenser coils, indicating that evaporation is proceeding although at a low rate.
2. Increase the wattage in increments, keeping the vapor pressure at any desired constant value by adjusting the cooling water flow rate. Nucleate boiling will soon start and will increase until vigorous boiling is seen, the temperature difference between the liquid and metal is still quite moderate (<20K).
3. Increase the power input to a level between 300 and 400 Watts. The nature of the boiling will be seen to change dramatically and at the same time the metal-liquid temperature difference will rise quickly. The rate of evaporation falls to a low level and the water flow rate must be reduced to maintain a steady pressure. The electrical input should now be reduced to about 60 Watts. Careful examination of the heater surface will show that it is now enveloped in an almost unbroken film of vapor and this is the cause of the reduced heat transfer rate.
4. The electrical power input should now be reduced to zero. It will be found that as the metal-liquid temperature difference falls to about 40K the boiling suddenly becomes vigorous as film boiling reverts to nucleate boiling.
5. Record in your report what you observe including wattage, flow rates etc. No calculations are required for this part.
6. Discuss why the surface temperature of the fin begins to rise as the mode of boiling changed from nucleate to film. What do you suppose happened to the value of the convection coefficient during this transition? Please explain your reasoning.
B. Determination of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient at constant pressure:
1. Adjust the electric heater to about 30 Watts and adjust the water flow rate until the desired pressure is about 50 kN/m2. Note the voltage, current, vapor pressure, liquid temperature and metal temperature.
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2. Increase the power to say 50 Watts, adjust the cooling water flow rate to give the desired pressure and when steady, repeat the observation. Try to keep the pressure from changing too much.
3. Repeat in similar increments until the transition from nucleate to film boiling is reached. By careful adjustment of voltage near this condition it is possible to make an accurate assessment of critical conditions.
4. When film boiling is established the voltage should be reduced carefully so that film boiling still remains. If you reduce the voltage too much the system will go out of film boiling, and if the voltage is too high the temperature will rise above the automatic kick-out value and the power will kick on and off making it difficult to accurately measure the heat flux. Reduce the voltage in very small increments so that the temperature finally stabilizes and the voltage seizes to kick on and off.
5. From the above data calculate the heat transfer rate (kW), the heat transfer coefficient h (kW/m2K) between liquid and metal. Make a plot of heat flux verses excess temperature difference and compare qualitatively this plot with Figure 1. Also make a plot of the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the excess temperature.
6. Discuss your results. Are they reasonable? Discuss any errors that might occur within the equipment or methodology of the experiment.
C. Effect of Pressure on Critical Heat Flux:
The Method is similar to that done in Part A and B, but by careful adjustment of the power and water flow rate, the heat flux at transition from nucleate to film boiling at a variety of pressures may by established.
1. Increase the voltage close to the transition from nucleate to film boiling while keeping the flow rate off. The pressure will rise steadily. When the pressure reaches a desired level turn on the flow rate ever so slightly. Increase the flow rate in small increments until the pressure stabilizes. Continue to increase the voltage until the transition from nucleate to film boiling is evident. Transition is evident when just a slight increase in voltage causes the temperature to increase steadily which would normally stabilize.
2. Repeat the above for various flow rates to get a good variety of pressures similar to the example results below (your results may differ).
3. Using the data you obtain, make a plot of critical heat flux vs. absolute pressure (kN/m2).
Note: Effective heating surface area of fin is 0.0013 square meters.
Pressure (kN/m2): 75 108 130 172 206
Voltage (Volts): 121 124 127 131 136
Current (Amps): 1.8 1.92 1.96 2.01 2.06
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From which:
Critical Heat Flux (kW/m2): 168 175 184 195 207
D. Filmwise Condensation
The filmwise condensation, which occurs with R-11, can be clearly seen and the resistance to heat transfer offered by the liquid film is readily appreciated. In this part your will observe the filmwise and dropwise condensation on the cooling coils.
The overall heat transfer coefficient between the condensing vapor and the cooling water maybe found as follows:
1. Adjust the voltage to a low setting so that nucleate boiling is evident and adjust the water flow rate to about 10 g/sec. Keep adjusting the voltage so that a pressure of about 60 kN is reached.
2. When conditions are stable, record the water inlet and outlet temperatures and the saturation temperature (vapor temperature) of the R-11. Record all other data as well. Notice droplet condensation on the upper coils and the small amount of film condensation on the bottom coils.
3. Increase the flow rate to about 40 g/s and adjust the voltage to maintain constant pressure of 60 kN. Repeat step 2. Notice the increased amount of film condensation on the lower coils.
For each run calculate:
Heat transfer rate to cooling water (mCpDT) (Watts)
Log mean temperature difference (see text for equation) Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) (q=UAD Tlm, where q is the heat transferred to the cooling water, A is the surface area of the condensing coils, DTlm is the log mean temperature difference, and U is the overall heat transfer coefficient.)
Discuss the effect of droplet verses film condensation on the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer to the cooling water. (Hint: Consider the increased amount of film condensation and decreased amount of droplet condensation from the first run to the second when discussing the above.)
Suggestion: Study your text or others where boiling and condensation are discussed.
