Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thesis
Thesis
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to
The Civil Engineering Faculty of the College of Engineering
NORTHWEST SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Calbayog City
By
MARVIN DELENA
DANNY BOY GALLARES
MARK ALLAN R. BESTUDIO
JOHN ERIC CANADA
JESON LAUDERES
RAMIL CALAGOS
BSCE 4 – Researchers
April 2019
CHAPTER I
Introduction
A wall is usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area.
open area. Walls are usually built by builders and people who are retired builders
and are used to separate rooms. Although the wall of the building are not primary
the load subjected to it. However, it must stand to various stresses such as the
Building walls are just one of the principal types of structural walls. It has one
main purpose: to support roof and ceilings. Such walls most often have three or
have the structural elements (such as 2x4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and
finish elements, or surface (such as drywall and paneling). In addition. The wall
may have various types of electrical wiring or plumbing. Electrical outlets are
featuring a mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci
when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect. It stands through the
serviceable and safe from all force of loads acting on it. It strengths depends
upon the type of material from which it is made, and on the care given to it during
inspection. The quality of concrete hollow blocks is best measured through the
determination of its compressive strength. Many types of concrete unit are not
sand as the demand for it continually increases. Sands are non-renewable that
structures, has caused to the loss of lives and properties like the bridges, the
national road and etc. To reduce to much use sand that will cause the imbalance
disposal option in saving the depleting natural resources of raw materials as well
blocks intended for non-load bearing. The investigation was carries out to
determine the most suitable mix proportion of hollow blocks in terms of
percentage of coconut shell and sand that will yield more number of blocks with
improved quality and that can produced hollow blocks with desirable strength
be used as pure aggregates in hollow blocks making. Moreover, the study will
also determine if the bonding ability of the coconut shell works well with cement
Theoretical Framework
The researchers have formulated design mix proportion using coconut shell and
other materials in accordance with the codes, specification and provisions. After
which, researchers fabricates hollow blocks using, a.) Coconut shell with cement
as binder; b) mix coconut shell and sand with cement as binder. These two
design of mixtures with different proportion will be analyze through testing and
evaluations, testing and analysis, each design mixtures with different proportions
The objective of the study is to determine the factors that influence the
compression.
blocks using coconut shell with that of hollow blocks using mix
a. compressive strength
b. Moisture content
coconut shell with that of hollow blocks using coconut shell and
hollow blocks or as materials replacement for sand. The researcher fined ways
on how to make it very useful materials and believe that the study will help the
government to reduce the quarrying of sand that causes the imbalance of our
natural resources. The researchers believe that the findings of this study
The researcher set limits and bounds in order to focus its target to
the objective of the study and then possibility of attaining within time frame. The
study was delimited to manufacture hollow blocks using coconut shell and sand.
It also deals to determine the compressive strength of each sample and the
design mix in terms of percentage of coconut shell and sand that produces high
strength in compression that will satisfy the requirements of ASTM and also in
costing. The materials and coconut shell to be used for sampling was taken
locally within Calbayog City. The compressive machine or the UTM (Universal
Testing Machine) was the instrument used for determining the compressive
strength.
Definition of Terms
compressive strength for non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks which is equal
partitions, fences, or dividers carrying its own weight whose thickness ranges
areas) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs in
less than 75 percent its gross cross-sectional are measured in the same plane.
Concrete. Concrete is a hard strong substance made by mixing sand and gravel
activity, ranging from large scale civic surroundings to the personal places.
Moisture Content. Moisture content is the weight of water present in the unit
Curing. Curing is essential process for controlling the condition of humidity and
temperature in which the mix maintained for the right length of the time until it is
fully hardened.
Sieve Analysis. Sieve Analysis is a method used to determine the grained size
distribution of soil.
Unit weight. Unit weight is the weight density, that is, the weight of soil per unit
volume.
Chapter II
present investigation.
Related Literature
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound
together by mortar (though the word “masonry” sometimes means the stones,
rather than the act of art of building, particularly in the expression “falling
limestone, concrete block, glass block and tile. Masonry is generally a highly
durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the
mortar and the workmanship, and the pattern the units are put in can strongly
Masonry is one of mankind’s oldest building materials and also one that is least
understood. Misconceptions regarding its behavior have led, over the years, to
procedures. Added to this, the poor construction practices have worsen the
data available today and sound design techniques and improved manufacturing
process, vastly improved construction practices have evolved in the recent years.
Over the years, new forms of hollow structural masonry have evolved from the
form; it must have strength to support floors and roofs and should resist wind and
earthquake effects. It must give adequate protection against noise, heat/cold and
Load bearing masonry supports its own weight as well as the dead and live loads
of the structure and all lateral wind and seismic forces. Non-load bearing
masonry (including fills) also resist lateral loads and may support its own weight
for the full height of the building or be wholly supported by the structure at each
floor level. Solid masonry is built of solid units and hence is inconvenient to
reinforce. (http://rosarians08.multiply.com/journal/item/31)
Related Studies
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Discussed in this chapter are the chapter are the research design, sampling
procedure, data gathering procedure, test procedure and data analysis and
finally the manufacturing process. These served as guide for further conduct of
the study.
Research Design
blocks using coconut shell with cement as binder. To satisfy the objective of the
Sampling Procedure
This research study will utilize coconut shell as material use in fabricating non-
load bearing hollow blocks. The researchers will take different coconut shells on
different areas to supply for the require amount during the trial operation
processes. The design mix will be measure by weight using the proportion will be
prepared by the researchers and take one sample from each different design
The researchers first identify the necessary data procedure and analysis that
must be needed in the conduct of the study. The following are the test
A. Test Procedure
Write down the weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan to be used
in the analysis.
Make sure that all sieves are clean, and assemble them in the ascending
order of sieve numbers (#4 sieve at top and #200 sieve at bottom). Place
the ban below #200 sieve. Carefully pour soil sample into the top sieve
Place the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shake for 10 minutes.
Remove the stack from the shaker and carefully weigh and record the
weight of each sieve with its retained soil. In addition, remember to weigh
and record the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine soil.
B. Data Analysis
Obtain the mass of the sand retained on each sieve by subtracting the
weight of the empty sieve from mass of the sieve retained sand, and
record this mass as the weight retained on the data sheet. The sum of
Calculate the percent passing (or percent finer) by starting with 100
cumulative procedure.
Carefully fill the container with water and get its weight.
Get the volume of water or container by dividing weight of water over the
Get the weight of oven dried sand itself by subtracting oven-dried sand
Compute the unit weight of the sand by dividing the oven-dried sand over
A. Test Procedure
Soak the dry CHB samples into a barrel containing fresh water within 24
B. Data Analysis
considered as failed.