Planning It Park

PLANNING, ANALYSING AND DESIGNING OF AN IT
PARK WITH GREEN HOUSE CONCEPT
A DESIGN PROJECT
Submitted by
Project members Reg. no
B.ARIVUNIDHI 51909103002
P.VIJAYAKUMAR 51909103020
Under The Guidance Of

Mr.V.VENGAI VENTHAN. ME (structural engg)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NATTRAMPALLI
ANNAUNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600 025
NOV-DEC 2012
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report “PLANNING AND ANALYSING AND
DESIGNING OF AN IT BUIDING WITH GREEN HOUSE CONCEPT” is
bonafide work of
B.ARIVUNIDHI 51909103002
P.VIJAYAKUMAR 51909103020
of final year, civil engineering branch, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of Bachelor Of Engineering in Civil Engineering by Anna University,
Chennai.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr. PRIYANKA Mr. V.VENGAI VENTHAN
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT LECTURER
Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department
Bharathidasan Engineering College Bharathidasan Engineering College
Nattrampalli 635 852 Nattrampalli 635852
Submitted for the VIVA - VOICE examination held on..............................

At BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NATTRAMPALLI - 635852.
------------------------ ------------------------
(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our great pleasure and privilege to have an opportunity to take this project work
during the course in Engineering during the year NOV/DEC 2012
We gratefully acknowledge our sincere thanks Dr. SENTHIL KUMAR M.E, PhD
the Principal of our college for granting us permission to do the mini project work in our college.
We also express our sincere thanks with a sense of gratitude to our respectful Head of the
Department, Mr. PRIYANKA M.E,for their interest and encouragement shown in our
project.
We are immensely grateful to our lecturer, Mr.V.VENGAI VENTHAN, M.E for guiding
our project to a great success. Special thanks to our entire department faculty members for helping
us in solving our problem and doubts that we encountered in our project.
We are also indebted to thank our parents, without whose constant support we would not
have made a career in this field. Last but not the least, we thank our friends who have
encouraged and helped us during the course of this project.
SYNOPSIS
This project work deals with the Design of IT BUILDING and Study of Green Building
Concept..The vertical and horizontal loads are calculated using IS456-2000 code .
The design has been done according to the Limit State Method of design and conforming
to Indian standard code IS 456-2000. The slab is designed according to the edge condition by
limit state method. The maximum bending moment is taken and the beams are designed, by
using the Axial, Uniaxial and Biaxial moments and the vertical loads of the columns and footings
are designed accordingly. Column strap Footing is provided. Dog-legged staircase is provided
for all the floors.
The concept and significance of “GREEN BUILDING” and incorporation of certain
“GREEN MATERIALS” for the deigned “IT BUILDING” is detailed.

LIST OF SYMBOLS
The following symbols carrying the meanings noted against them are used in this volume
A = Area
Ast = Area of the steel reinforcement
Asc =Area of compression steel
BM = Bending Moment
B = Breadth of the beam, slab
D = Overall depth of beam or slab
b = Breadth of column
d = Effective depth of beam or slab
fy = Characteristic strength of steel
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
l = Length of the beam
lx = Length of shorter span of slab
ly = Length of the longer span of slab
lex = Effective length of the slab along shorter span
ley = Effective length of the slab along longer span
Mx, My = Moments on the strip of unit width spanning ly and lx
Mux, Muy = Moments about x and y axes due to design loads
Mux1, Muy1 = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu
MOR = Moment of Resistance
Pu = Axial load on compression member
Sv = Spacing of stirrups
V = Shear force
Vs = Design shear force
W = Total load
ax = Bending moment co-efficient along shorter span
ay = Bending moment co-efficient along longer span
τv = Permissible shear stress in concrete
τc = Maximum shear stress in concrete
o = Diameter of bars
N = Newton
KN = Kilo Newton
mm = Millimeter
m = Meter
c/c = Center to center
Fe415 = High yield strength deformed bars
M20 = Grade of concrete
M45 = Grade of concrete
FEM = Fixed End Moment
COM = Carry Over Moment
LL = Live Load
DL = Dead Load
WL = Wind Load
LIST OF TABLES
1. BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDING.
2. IGBC AND LEED RATING SYSTEM.
3. REQUIREMENTS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL IN AN IT BUILDING.
4. REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
4.1Reinforcement details of slabs
4.2Reinforcement details of beams
4.3Reinforcement details of columns
4.4 Reinforcement details of footings
5. COMPARISSION OF NORMAL AND WUL’S

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
IGBC - Indian Green Building Council
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Certification
WLU - Water less Urinals
ACP - Aluminum Composite Panel
VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds
HVAC - Heating. Ventilation and Air Conditioning
GDP - Growth Development Period
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
SGG - Self Cleaning Glass

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General
1.2 Information Technology Park
1.3 Advantages of IT-Park
1.4 Green Building Concept
1.5 Need for study
1.6 Objectives
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8
2.1 General
2.2 Types of Analysis
3. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION 9
3.1 Location
3.2 Data Collected
4. METHODOLOGY 10
4.1 Description
5. PLANNING 12
5.1 Key plan 14
5.2 Plan
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN WITH REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 16
6.1 Design of Slab 17

6.2 Design of Beams 30
6.3 Design of lintel 39
6.4 Design of Columns 44
6.5 Design of Footing 52
6.6 Design of Staircase 56
7. GREEN MATERIALS 60
7.1 Water less urinals
7.1.1 Economic payback
7.1.2 Green building credits
7.2 Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP)

7.3 Glass
8.3.2 Green building credits\
7.4 Paint
7.5 Carpet
7.6Other Proposal
7.6.1 HVAC Ventilation CO2 sensor
7.6.2 Chillers
8. REFERENCE 69
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Information Technology as it denotes to technology, IT spans a wide variety of
areas that include but are not limited to things such as Processes, Computer Software,
Computer Hardware, Programming Languages, and Data Constructs. In short, anything
that renders Data, Information or perceived Knowledge, in any visual format whatsoever,
via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered to be a part of the domain
space known as Information Technology.
As IT is applicable to organizations within enterprises, it represents an operational
group that helps solve problems as those related to data, information and knowledge
capture, persistence, processing, brokering, discovery and rendering.
Information Technology (IT) Parks, which are also referred to as Techno Parks,
Cyber Parks and Science Parks, have been established to facilitate the development of IT
industries that foster new business development and technological innovation by
emerging ideas within a cluster environment.
1.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PARK IN INDIA

The Indian Information Technology industry accounts for a 5.19% of the
country's GDP and export earnings as of 2009, while providing employment to a
significant number of its tertiary sector workforce. More than 2.3 million people are
employed in the sector either directly or indirectly, making it one of the biggest job
creators in India and a mainstay of the national economy.
India's IT Services industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment
of Tata Group in partnership with Burroughs. The first software export zone SEEPZ was
set up here way back in 1973, the old avatar of the modern day IT park. More than 80
percent of the country's software exports happened out of SEEPZ, Mumbai in 80s.Today
Bangalore is considered as the IT hub.
1
`1. ADVANTAGES OF IT-PARK
3 IT Parks provide infrastructure and support services for businesses, particularly
high-quality (high-capacity) communications, real estate and office space.
Frequently, IT Parks have links to research institutions providing a pipe line of
both innovations personnel and advice. This serves as the technology transfer function.
Today, IT Parks are present throughout the developing world, including India,
China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic.
To recruit and co-locate new and established knowledge-based companies,
Promote innovation based on "smart" technologies, Provide an interface or shared
research environment for research organizations and private industry.
GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT

1.4 Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) is the
practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible
and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice
expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility,
durability, and comfort.
Some of the salient features of a Green Building are:

1. Use of Recycled and Environmental Friendly Building Materials.
2. Use of Non-Toxic and recycled/recyclable Materials.
3. Efficient use of Water and Water Recycling.
4. Use of Energy Efficient and Eco-Friendly Equipment.
5. Use of Renewable Energy.
6. Quality of Indoor Air Quality for Human Safety and Comfort.
7. Effective Controls and Building Management Systems.
2
Purpose of Green Building
1. Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built
environment on human health and the natural environment.
2. Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources.
3. Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.
4. Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.
Evaluation bodies of Green building
1. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
o (Launched by Confederation of India Industry (CII) in 2001)
2. Pioneering Green Building movement in India
o Leadership in energy and environmental design certification
(LEED)
Benefits
Tangible Benefits Intangible Benefits
Electricity saving-40% to 50% Daylight and Views

Water saving-20%-30% Health and productivity
Tangible Cost Premiums

1. LEED Registration and Application Costs
2. Commissioning Agent Costs
3. Energy Modeling Costs
4. Improved HVAC equipment and controls
5. Improved lighting and controls
6. Improved building envelope or glazing
7. Storm water quantity or quality improvements
8. Showers, bike racks, etc.
3
1. Plumbing fixture premiums
2. Green Power contracts
3. Green Kiosks
4. Vegetative Roofing materials
Intangible Cost Premiums

1. LEED Documentation Costs
2. Waste Hauling Premiums and additional on site labor
3. Construction cleanliness to meet IAQ Measures
Additional babysitting on site
4. Material premiums
Advantages of Green Buildings
Meets high standards of energy efficiency and environmental responsibility.

Focus is mainly on resources such as energy, water and materials and attains efficiency of
these resources. It is said to reduce the energy bills and offer a healthier and more
comfortable living environment. Reduce the effect of environmental hazards and ease its
effects on human health and environment too. It is said that natural daylight design
reduces a building's electricity needs, and improves people's health and productivity.
It is the use of eco-friendly materials that highlights the concept of green building.
(Purchase eco-friendly products to build a green home or a sustainable environmental
building). Enhance the energy efficiency of our building.Put to use environmental
friendly technology and see how energy efficient your building can get. Passive solar
design can dramatically lower down the heating and cooling costs of a building, as with
high levels of insulation and energy-efficient windows.
It usually requires a systemic attention to the full life cycle impacts of resources
which is embodied in such green building and to the resource consumption and pollution
emissions over the building's complete life cycle. Green buildings are also popularly
known as eco-homes or sustainable buildings. It is generally agreed that green buildings
4
are structures which are designed, sited, built, renovated and operated to energy-efficient
guidelines, and that they will have a positive environmental, economic and social impact
over their life cycle.Make use of low energy appliances, energy efficient lighting and
renewable energy technologies which uses solar panels and wind turbines.
1.4.1 IGBC AND LEED RATING SYSTEM
IGBC Green Building Certification Levels

Certification Level Points
Certified 26-32
Silver 33-38
Gold 39-51
Platinum 52 or more
The following are the basic pre-req. for any building to attain the green
rating:
(No points will be given for these requisites since they are the eligibility criteria for the
certification)
1. Erosion and sedimentation control.
2. Fundamental building system commissioning. 3.
Minimum energy performance.
4. CFC reduction in HVAC and R equipments. 5.
Storage and collection of recyclables. 6. Minimum
IAQ performance.
7. Environmental tobacco smoke control.
5
REQUIREMENTS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL IN IT-PARK:
S.NO CRITERIA DESCRIPTIONS POINTS/CREDITS
1 Daylight Indoor environmental 1

quality
2 Lighting Controllability of 1
system
3 Chemical and pollutant source Controllability of 1

System
4 Composite wood,agrifiber products Low emitting 1

Materials
5 Paints Low emitting 1

Materials
6 Carpet Low emitting 1

Materials
7 points Materials and reuse 13
8 Optimize energy performance Energy And 10

Atmosphere
9 Onsite renewable energy Energy And 3

Atmosphere
10 Water use reduction 20% Water efficiency 1

11 Water use reduction Water efficiency 1
12 Development density and Sustainable sites 1
community connectivity
6
1.5 NEED FOR STUDY
Due to the complexity of design and implementation, IT Parks can often take a number of
years to mature and become fully sustainable, as well as requiring a significant investments in
infrastructure.
1.5.1 GREEN RATED BUILDINGS IN TAMILNADU(CHENNAI)

1. Motorola Manufacturing Facility-silver.
2. TCS Techno park-Gold.
3. Wipro Chennai Development Center- SEZ-Silver.
4. Cognizant Green Campus-Coimbatore-Gold.
5. Olympia Technology Park in Chennai.
6. Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly in Chennai-Gold.
1.6 OBJECTIVES
1. To plan the GREEN TECHNO-PARK building.
2. To design the Green Techno-Park building based on edge condition.
 To design the beam and column.  To design the foundation.
3. To analyse the structure using software STAAD Pro.
4. To study GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT and it's importance.
Properties of certain GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS.
5. To give an estimate comparison between conventional and green materials in the
proposed building.
6. To give some salient features based on GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT in our
project.
7
CHAPTER 2
LITREATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
In the case of Multi-storey frames, the degree of indeterminacy is very high and
hence solution by consistent deformation, slope deflection, moment distribution or
column analogy methods is almost ruled out. Kani's method, however, may be employed,
but it needs more computational efforts. For quicker solution, design engineers use the
following approximate methods of analysis
2.2 TYPES OF ANALYSIS

Vertical loads are taken from the appropriate code (IS 875)
Any one of the following methods for horizontal loads:
1. Portal method
2. Cantilever method
3. Factor method
4. STAAD Pro
5. ANSYS
8
CHAPTER 3
STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
3.1 LOCATION
The study area of the project is located at Kelambakkam High Road in Chennai
district, Tamilnadu. The plot area of the site is 9600 m 2, the plinth area of the building is
710 m2 .The Google map of study area is given figure 1 below.
3.2 DATA COLLECTED

Type of soil : Coarse sand
Ultimate bearing capacity of soil : 440 kN/m2
Figure 1 Google Image of Study Area
9
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1DESCRIPTION
First of all the plan for the building should be drafted. According to the needs
and the usage of the building the loads are calculated and the slabs are then design for the
loads based on its edge conditions specified. The size of the beam, area of steel
reinforcement and the spacing of stirrups are calculated.
The columns are designed according to the loads transmitted from the floors, from
the design the size of the column, area of steel reinforcement and the spacing of lateral
ties required are determined.
According to the bearing capacity of the soil and the load from the super-structure
the type of foundation suitable is chosen and it is designed. Based on the space,
requirement and the usage of the building the type of staircase suitable is chosen and it is
designed. The reinforcement details of the various structural elements should be drafted.
The schematic representation of methodology of Design, Estimation & Analysis

of IT-PARK is presented in figure 2.
10
Data Collection
Drafting Plan
Design Of Software Analysis

Staircase
Design Of slabs
Design of Beams,
Lintels & Columns
Design of Footing
Figure 2 Shows Schematic representation of the methodology of the Design, Estimation and
Analysis of multi-storey building
11
PLANNING
SPECIFICATION REPORT
The project work has been proposed as an IT building. Each floor consists of working
cabins having enough spacing provision. Each room has minimum dimension as per rules laid by
government. The parking area has been provide at ground floor.
Foundation
The earth work excavation for foundation shall be carried out up to hard dense soil which is
available at 2.4 meters. The safe bearing capacity of soil at 2.4 m is taken as 440KN/m2.
Concrete
R.C.C column footing shall be designed and constructed with M30 concrete, Fe415 steel, shape,
dimension are followed as per detailed drawing.
Filling in basement
The basement of ground floor will be filled with sand, crushed dust and it is consolidated with
watering and ramping.
Anti termite treatment

Pre construction anti termite treatment to the foundation bed, floor wall, floor junction, perimeter
of the building has to be carried out through pest control of termites.
Super structures
Super structures elements like column & beam shall be reinforced cement concrete of M25
concrete and Fe415 steel and the main walls to super structures shall be brick work in cement
mortar using best quality of first class bricks.
Floor slab
The floor slab of building shall be R.C.C of M25 grade concrete and Fe415 steel. The depth of
slab are designed and detailed as shown in drawings.
Roof slab
The roof slab of building shall be RCC of M25 grade concrete and Fe415 steel. The depth of slab
and reinforcement details is designed as per code provision and details are shown in diagrams.
The top of floor slab exposed to weather is finished with the best qualiy of hydraulic pressed
mangalore clay tiles over the weathering course of surkhi concrete and tiles are laid over CM 1:3
and pointed with CM 1:3.
12
Plastering
All walls are to be plastered with CM 1:5 , 12 mm thick externally and internally. All exposed
RCC works are plastered with CM 1:3, 10 mm thick. An approved water proofing compound is
to be mixed with mortar for external work.
Flooring
Mabonite tiled flooring is laid over PCC 1:4:8 with CM 1:3. All toilets shall be finished with
ceramic tiles att floor and finished with glazed tiles in all four sides.
Finishes
All wood works are painted with best quality synthetic enamel paint to get even shade and 3
coats over primer coat. All external and internal surfaces shall be painted with 3 coats of best
quality cement paint of approved colors.
Electrification
Concealed wiring is carried out for all electrical lights, special fittings etc. suitable switch board
& MCB are provided in each room, to have control over the electrification. A main line supply is
available at outside.
Sanitary and drainage arrangements

For every toilet sanitary arrangements are carried out with necessary provision made for closets,
urinals and wash basins and proper disposal lines are provided and connected with septic tank.
All around the building, concrete pavement is provided with plinth protection from rain water
and proper drains are provided to collect rain water.
13
KEY PLAN
14
DESIGN OF SLAB
15
DESIGN OF SLAB
Introduction
The Reinforced concrete slabs may be designed in two ways.
One way Slabs Two
way Slabs
One way Slab
The reinforced concrete Slabs may be supported on two parallel long edges only and free
on any support along the parallel short edges. The Structural action of the Slab is essentially one
way. The Slab in the Direction perpendicular to the supporting beams or walls, carries the loads.
Such Slabs are called slab spanning in one direction. These are known as one-way slabs.
Conditions for a One way Slab
Consider long span as Ly and Short span as Lx.
If the ratio between the Ly and Lx is greater than 2, then it is said to be a one-way Slab.
Two way Slab
The reinforced concrete slabs supported on its four sides on beams or walls having the
ratio of a long span less than or equal to two are called as slabs spanning in two directions or two
way slabs. The structural action in such slabs is in two way. The loads are carried by the slab
along both short span and long span. The bending moments and deflection in two way slabs are
considerably lesser than those in one way slab for similar loading and similar support conditions.
The deflected surfaces of such slabs have double curvature.
Conditions for a Two way slab

Consider long span as Ly and Short span as Lx.
If the ratio between the Ly and Lx is lesser than 2, then it is said to be a two-way Slab.
Most of the Slabs in our project are two-way Slabs.
16
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
EDGE CONDITION-TWO ADJACENT EDGES DISCONTINUOUS
Step 1: Design constants2

Fy = 415N/mm2
Fck = 25 N/mm
Step 2: slenderness ratio
ly = 5.23m
lx = 4.23m
= = 1.23 < 2 (therefore two way slab)

Step 3:Depth of Slab
Effective depth = (span/depth)
= 40 x 0.8 = 32
D = = 132.8 mm
Adopt d = 140 mm
D= d + d' = 140 + 15 = 155 mm
Overall depth, D=155mm.
Step 4: Effective span
a. Clear span + effective depth = 4.23 + 0.14 = 4.37 m
b. Clear span + wall thickness = 4.23 + 0.23 = 4.46 m
Thus, effective span lex = 4.37 m

Step 5: Load Calculations
Self weight of the slab = b x D x 25
= 1 x 0.155x 25
= 3.875 KN/m2
Floor Finishes = 1 KN/m2

Ceiling plastering = 21 x 0.02 x21
= 0.42 Kn/m
Live load = 5 KN/m2 (from IS875)
-----------------------2
Total Load, W = 10.295 KN/m
-----------------------
Ultimate load, Wu =1.5 x W = 1.5 x 10.295
=15.44 KN/m2
17
Step 6:Bending moment and Shear Force
End condition: Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Shorter span longer span
Negative 0.061 0.047

Positive 0.046 0.035
Shorter span :
Mx = xWuL2xe
-ve Mx = 0.061 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 17.98 kn.m
+ve Mx = 0.046 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 13.56 kn.m
Longer span :
My = yWuL2xe
-ve My = 0.047 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 13.85 kn.m
+ve My = 0.035 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 10.31 kn.m
Vu =0.5 x wu x lxe
=0.5 x 15.44 x 4.37 = 33.73 KN
Step 7: Check for Effective depth
Mu 6 = 0.138 Fckbd2
17.98X10 =0.138X23X1000Xd 2
D = 72.19 mm < 140 mm

Hence the provided depth is safe.
Step 8: Main Reinforcement
For shorter span:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
17.98 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 140 [ 1 - ]
5.99 Ast2 - 50547 Ast + 17.98 x 106 = 0

Ast = 375mm 2
Provide 12mm  bars
18
Spacing S =
= = 301.57 mm
Hence , 12 mm  bars provided @300mm c/c in shorter span .
Therefore, actual Ast = x1000 = 376 mm2.
For Longer span:

Effective depth = short span eff. depth -
= 140 - = 130 mm
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 - ]
13.35 x 106= 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 130 [1 - ]
5.99 Ast2 - 46936 Ast + 13.35 x 106 = 0
Ast = 296 mm2

Adopt, Ast = 300 mm2
provide 12mm  bars
Spacing S =
= x 1000
= 350 mm
Hence, 12 mm  bars provided @350 mm c/c in longer span.

Therefore, actual Ast = x1000 = 320 mm2
Step 9: Minimum Reinforcement

Ast (min) = 0.12 % b D
= 0.0012 x 1000 x155 =186 mm2
Ast (min) < Ast, Hence provided reinforcement is safe.
Step 10: Check for shear stress

v =
= = 0.24 N/mm2
Pt =
= = 0.26
From page no 73 IS456:2000

K c = 1.26 x 0.36 = 0.45N/mm2
K c >
v
Hence the slab is safe against shear stress.
19
Step 11: Check for deflection control
( ) provided =
( ) max = ( ) basic x kt x kc
kt = fs & pt relationship from page no 38 IS456:2000
fs = 0.58 x fy = 0.58 x 415 = 240.7
pt =
= = 0.26
Kt = 1.70 (from graph 38)
= 20 x 1.65 x1
= 33
33 > 31.2
( ) max > ( )provided
Hence it is safe.
20
EDGE CONDITION- ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS

Fy = 415N/mm2
Fck = 25 N/mm
ly = 5.23m
lx = 4.23m

= 40 x 0.8 = 32
D= = 132.8 mm
Adopt d = 140 mm
D= d + d' = 140 + 15 = 155 mm


= 1 x 0.155x 25
= 3.875 KN/m2

= 0.42 Kn/m
-----------------------
Total Load, W = 10.295 KN/m2
-----------------------
=15.44 KN/m2
21
End condition: ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS

Shorter span :
Mx = xWuL2xe
-ve Mx = 0.053 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 15.62 kn.m
+ve Mx = 0.040 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 11.79 kn.m
Longer span :
My = yWuL2xe
-ve My = 0.037 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 10.90 kn.m
+ve My = 0.028 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 8.25 kn.m
Vu = 0.5 x wu x lxe
= 0.5 x 15.44 x 4.37 = 33.73 KN

Mu 6 = 0.138 Fckbd2
15.62 x 10 = 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d 2
d = 67.28 mm < 140 mm

For shorter span:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
15.62 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 140 [ 1 - ]
5.99 Ast2 - 50547 Ast + 15.62 x 106 = 0

Ast = 322mm 22
Adopt Ast = 325 mm
22
Spacing S =
=
= 347.9 mm 340mm
For Longer span:

= 140 - = 130 mm
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 - ]
10.90 x 106= 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 130 [1 - ]
5.99 Ast2 - 46936 Ast + 13.35 x 106 = 0

Ast = 240 mm2
Spacing S =
= 471.2 mm 450 mm
Therefore, actual Ast = x1000 = 251 mm2

Ast (min) = 0.12 % b D
= 0.0012 x 1000 x155 =186 mm2

v =
= = 0.24 N/mm2
Pt =
=
= 0.23
K c = 1.26 x 0.36 = 0.45N/mm2
K c >
v
23
( ) provided =
fs = 0.58 x fy = 0.58 x 415 = 240.7
pt =
= = 0.23
= 20 x 1.65 x1
= 33
33 > 31.2
( )max > ( )provided
Hence it is safe.
24
EDGE CONDITION- INTERIOR PANEL

Fy = 415N/mm2
Fck = 25 N/mm
ly = 5.23m
lx = 4.23m

= 40 x 0.8 = 32
d= = 132.8 mm
Adopt d = 140 mm
D= d + d' = 140 + 15 = 155 mm


= 1 x 0.155x 25
= 3.875 KN/m2

= 0.42 Kn/m
-----------------------
Total Load, W = 10.295 KN/m2
-----------------------
=15.44 KN/m2
25
End condition: INTERIOR PANEL

Shorter span :
Mx = xWuL2xe
-ve Mx = 0.044 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 12.97 kn.m
+ve Mx = 0.033 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 9.7 kn.m
Longer span :
My = yWuL2xe
-ve My = 0.032 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 9.43 kn.m
+ve My = 0.024 x 15.44 x 4.372
= 7.07 kn.m
Vu = 0.5 x wu x lxe
= 0.5 x 15.44 x 4.37 = 33.73 KN

Mu 6 = 0.138 Fckbd2
12.9X10 =0.138X23X1000Xd2
D = 61.3 mm < 140 mm
For shorter span:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
12.97 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 140 [ 1 - ]
5.99 Ast2 - 50547 Ast + 12.97 x 106 = 0
Ast = 265 mm 2
Adopt Ast = 280 mm2
26
Spacing S =
=
= 403.8 mm 380mm
For Longer span:

= 140 - = 130 mm
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 - ]
9.43 x 1026= 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 130 [1 - ]

5.99 Ast - 46936 Ast + 9.432x 106 = 0
Ast = 206.342mm
Adopt Ast=210mm
Spacing S =
=
= 538.52 mm 500 mm
Therefore, actual Ast = x1000 =226 mm2

Ast (min) = 0.12 % b D
= 0.0012 x 1000 x155 =186 mm2

v =
= = 0.24 N/mm2
Pt =
=
= 0.2

K c = 1.26 x 0.29 = 0.36N/mm2
K c >
v
27
( ) provided =
fs = 0.58 x fy = 0.58 x 415 = 240.7
pt =
= = 0.2
= 20 x 1.7 x1
= 34
34 > 31.2
( ) max > ( )provided
Hence it is safe.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF SLABS

Table 4 Reinforcement details of slabs
This table shows Reinforcement details of slabs
Diameter
Slab Edge conditions Type of slab Ast of Spacing
(mm2) bars(mm) (mm)
1 Two Adjacent edges Two way 376 12 300

discontinuous
2 One long edge Two way 333 12 340
discontinuous
3 Interior panel Two way 297 12 380
28
DESIGN OF BEAM
29
DESIGN OF BEAM
Considering a beam, bending moment and shearing stresses are greater than those of
slabs. Therefore, the depth of the beam is governed by the bending moment criteria while
deflection criteria normally get satisfied.
A beam simply supported at its ends carrying a uniformly distributed loads bends with a
concavity upwards. It is subjected to a maximum sagging or positive bending moment at its mid
span and zero at its supports. Sometimes the beam will be subjected to maximum negative or
hogging bending moment.
The point where the curvature changes from sagging to hogging is called at the point of
contra flexure.
While designing a beam, according to the bending moment we design as a flanged
section or rectangular section or a Tee Beam or L Beam.
At the time of load calculation, end shear from slab, load due to the wall carried by the
beam, self weight of the beam, concentrated load transferred by secondary beam resting on the
main beam are considered.
30
DESIGN OF T BEAM
Step 1: Data
Fy = 415N/mm22
Fck = 25 N/mm
L = 5.23m
Step 2: Dimension
Effective depth, d = = (5230/12) = 436 mm
Say, d = 450 mm
Overall depth, D = 450 + 50 = 500 mm
Depth of the rib = 500 - 155 = 345 mm

Width of the rib, bw = 230 mm
Effective flange width bf = [ +bw +6Df]
=[ + 230 + (6x 155) ] = 2032 mm < 4230 mm
Self weight of the slab= 0.155 x 4.23 x 25
= 16.39 KN/m
Floor Finishes = (0.6 x 4.23) = 2.538 KN/m
Self weight of the rib = 0.23 x 0.345 x 25
= 2.04 KN/m
Live load = 4 x 4.23
= 16.92 KN/m
Plaster finishes = 0.45 KN/m
Ultimate load, Wu = (1.5 x W) = 57.49KN/m

Mu = 0.125WuL2
= 0.125 x 57.49x 5.232 = 196.56 KNm
Vu = 0.5 x wu x lx
= 0.5 x 57.49 x 5.23 = 150.33 KN
Step 5:Main Reinforcement
xu = 0.48 d
= 0.48 x 450 = 216 mm > Df = 155 mm
Assuming the neutral axis depth, xu = 155 mm
Mur = 0.36 fck bf Df (d-0.42xu)
= 0.36 x 25 x 2032 x 155 (450 - 0.42 x 155)
= 1091.05 KNm > 196.56 KNm
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 - ]
196.56 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 450 [1 - ]

31
2.94 Ast2 - 162472.5 Ast + 196.56 x 106 = 0
Ast = 1240 mm2
Provide 4 nos. of 20 mm  bars.
Min. Reinforcement:
Ast(min) = = = 1048 mm2
Ast(min) < Ast

Hence, the provided Ast is safe.
Step 6:Check for shear stress

v =
= = 1.45 N/mm2
Two bars of 20 mm  are bent up near the supports, the two remaining bars provides an area,
Ast = 2 x x 2 = 628.31 mm2
Pt =
= = 0.607
From table 19 (IS456:2000)
c = 0.52 N/mm2
K c = 1.27 x 0.52 = 0.66
v < K c (but here Kc less than v )
since, v >c shear reinforcement are to be designed. Shear carried by bent-up bars
is given by :
Vus = 0.87fyAsv 2 x sin

= 0.87 x 415 x 314 x 2 x sin 45
= 160.64 KN > 150.33 KN
Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 8 mm  bars two legged stirrups, the spacing of
stirrups is given:
Sv = = = 397.5 mm = 350 mm.
Use 8 mm  bars two legged stirrups throughout the span @350 mm c/c.
32
Step 7:Check for deflection control
Ignoring the contribution of flanges (conservative)
Pt =
=
= 1.21 & fy = 240.7
= 20 x 0.95 x 1 = 19
( ) provided = = 11.62
( ) max > ( ) provided
Hence it is safe.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF BEAMS

This table shows Reinforcement details of T beam
Beam
Span Ast Spacing of
Beam size
(m) (mm2) Reinforcement stirrups
All floors 5.3 1240 4-20mm  230mm x 350mm

500mm c/c
33
DESIGN OF L BEAM
Step 1:Data
Fy = 415N/mm2
Fck =
L = 2
25 N/mm
5.23 m
Effective depth, d = = 450 mm
Overall depth, D = 500 mm
Depth of the rib = 345 mm
Width of the rib, bw = 230 mm
Step 2:Load Calculations
Self weight of the slab = 0.155 x 0.5 x 4.23 x 25
= 8.19 KN/m
Floor Finishes = 0.6 x 0.5 x 4.23
= 1.26 KN/m
Self weight of the rib = 0.23 x 0.34 x 25
= 2.07 KN/m
Live load = 4 x 0.5 x 4.23
= 8.46 KN/m
Plaster finishes = 0.975 KN/m
Ultimate load, Wu = 31.43 KN/m
Step 3: Bending moment and Shear Force
Bending moment at2support section

Mu = WuL /12
= 31.43 x 5.232/12 = 71.64 KNm
Bending moment at2center of the section
Mu = WuL /24
= 31.43 x 5.232/24 = 35.82 KNm
Vu = 0.5 x wu x lx
= 0.5 x 31.43 x 5.23 = 82.18 KN
Step 4:Effective flange width

1. bf = [(L0/12) +bw +3Df]
= [ (5230/12) + 230 + (3 x 155) ] = 1131 mm
2. bf = bw + 0.5 ( spacing b/w ribs)
= 230 + 0.5 ( 4000) = 2230 mm
Therefore effective flange width, bf = 1131 mm
Step 5:Torsional moment at support section

Total self weight of the rib = 20.955 - 2.07
=18.88 KN/m
34
Total ultimate load on L beam = 1.5(18.88 x 5.23)
= 148.19 KN
Factored shear force, Vu = 0.5 x 148.19
= 74.09KN
The distance between the centroid of the shear force from the center line of the beam is given by
D = bf /2 - d/2
= (1131/ 2) - (230/2)
= 450.5 mm
Torsional moment, Tu = 74.09x 0.4505
= 33.37 KNm
STEP 6: EQUIVALENT BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

Mu = Tu [ ]
= 33.37[ ] = 62.30 KNm

Equivalent B.M. Mel = Mu + Mt
= 71.64 +62.30 = 133.94KNm
Equivalent shear force, Ve = Vu + 0.6( )

= 82.18+ 0.6( ) = 314.31 KN
STEP 7: MAIN REINFORCEMENT
At the support section:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
133.94 x 2 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 450 [ 1 - ]

26.05 Ast - 162472.5 Ast 2+ 133.94 x 106 = 0
Ast = 978 mm
Thus provide 4 nos. of 20 mm  bars2
Actual Ast = 1256 mm
At centre of span section:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
35.82x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 450 [ 1 - ]
2
Ast = 222 mm
Minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 IS456:2000
Ast min =
=
= 216.9 mm2 < 222 mm2
Hence provide 2 nos. of 12mm  bars on the tension side at the centre of the span
section.
35
Step 7: Shear reinforcements
 =
v
=
= 3.03N/mm2
=
Pt
=
= 1.21
= 0.68 N/mm2 (From Table 19 of IS456:2000)
 < v shear reinforcement are required
c
Since c
Asv = [ ] not less than [ ]

Using 10 mm diameter two legged stirrups with 50 mm cover,
b1 = b - cover = 200 mm
d1 = d - cover = 410 mm
Asv = 2x = 157 mm2
Sv = [ ]
= [[ ] = 117.16 mm
Sv = ]
=
= 104.87 mm
Therefore Provide 10 mm  bars @ 100 mm c/c near supports gradually increasing to 230 mm
c/c towards the canter of the span
36
This table shows Reinforcement details of L beam
Span Ast Beam size Spacing of

Beam Reinforcement
(m) (mm2) stirrups
All floor 5.3 1256 4-20mm  230mm x 100mm
500mm c/c
37
DESIGN OF LINTEL
38
DESIGN OF LINTEL
STEP 1: DATA
Door size = 4m X 3m
Assume size of the lintel = 230 x 150 mm
Using 8 mm diameter with a nominal cover of 20 mm
Effective depth available = 150 - (20-8/2)
=126 mm ~ 130mm
STEP 2: EFFECTIVE SPAN
1. Centre to centre of bearings = 4000 + 0.230 = 4230 mm
2. Centre of opening + effective depth = 4000 + 130 = 4130 mm
Effective span = 4130mm

STEP 3: LOAD CALCULATIONS
Height of equilateral triangle = 0.866 x L
= 0.8766 x 4.130
= 3.57 m
W1 = ½ x 4.13 x 3.57 x 0.230 x 20
= 33.91KN
Impose load = 4.13 x 0.6 x 750
= 1.85KN
Self weight of lintel = 0.230 x 0.15 x 4.13 x 25
= 3.56 KN
Total u.d.l w2 = 33.92 + 1.85 + 3.56
= 39.32 KN
STEP 4: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AT MID SPAN
M =
= 43.66KN/m
Mu = 1.5 x 43.66= 65.49 KNm
Vu = 39.32 x 1.5
= 58.98KN
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
65.49 X 106 = 0.87 X 415 X 130 [ 1- ]

Ast = 902.6 mm2
39
STEP 5: SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
v =
=
= 1.97 N/mm2
Pt =
=
= 3.01
c = 0.92N/mm2
c X K = 0.92 X 1.30 = 1.19
Sv =
= = 394 mm
Spacing of the stirrups is the least of
1. Sv = 390 mm
2. 0.75d = 0.75 x 130 = 97.5 mm ~ 100 mm
Hence provide 8mm  two legged stirrups @ 100 mm c/c.
40
DESIGN OF LINTEL
STEP 1: DATA
Door size = 1.2m X 1.2m
Assume size of the lintel = 230 x 150 mm
Using 8 mm diameter with a nominal cover of 20 mm
Effective depth available = 150 - (20-8/2)
=126 mm ~ 130mm
3. Centre to centre of bearings = 1200 + 0.230 = 1430 mm
4. Centre of opening + effective depth = 1200 + 130 = 1330 mm
Effective span = 1330mm

STEP 3: LOAD CALCULATIONS
Height of equilateral triangle = 0.866 x L
= 0.8766 x 1.330
= 1.151 m
W1 = ½ x 1.33 x 1.151x 0.230 x 20
= 3.52KN
Impose load = 1.33 x 0.6 x 0.75
= 0.59KN
Self weight of lintel = 0.230 x 0.15 x 1.33 x 25
= 1.14KN
Total u.d.l w2 = 3.52 + 0.591 + 1.14
= 5.25 KN
STEP 4: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AT MID SPAN
M =
=
= 1.65KN/m
Mu = 1.5 x 1.65= 2.475 KNm
Vu = 5.25x 1.5
= 7.87KN
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 - ]
2.47 X 106 = 0.87 X 415 X 130 [ 1- ]

Ast = 55mm2
41
STEP 5: SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
v =
=
= 0.26 N/mm2
Pt =
= 0.33
c = 0.36N/mm2
c X K = 0.36X 1.30 = 0.46
0.26 0.46
Hence it is safe.
42
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
43
DESIGN OF COLUMN
(Axial loaded column)
GROUND FLOOR:
STEP 1: DATA
Factored load, Pu 2 = 3100 KN
Fck = 30 N/mm
F y =415N/mm
Unsupported length of the column = 4.42 m
STEP 2: GROSS SECTIONAL AREA

Assume percentage of reinforcement, P = 1
Using the chart 25,
Required gross sectional area of column, Ag = 2025 cm2
Thus provide a section 45 cm x 45 cm.
S TEP3 : MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY

= +
= +
= 0.884 + 1.5= 2.384 cm
emin =
= 0.05 < 0.05D
= +
= + = 0.884 + 1.5= 2.384 cm
emin = = 0.05 < 0.05D
STEP 4: AREA OF STEEL

As =
=
= 2025 mm2
Provide 8 nos. of 20mm  bars.
44
STEP 5: LATERAL TIES
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The diameter of the transverse links shall not be less than
 ¼ th the column of the largest longitudinal bar
 6 mm
o D / 4 = 20 / 4 = 5mm o 6
mm.
SPACING OF TRANSEVERSE LINKS:
This shall not exceed the least of the following:

The least lateral dimension of the column
1. 16 times the dia of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column
2. 48 times the dia of the transverse reinforcement
3. Here spacing
a)450mm
b)16 X 20=320 mm c)48
X 6 =288mm
Provide 6mm dia of lateral ties @300mm c/c.
45
DESIGN OF COLUMN
(Axial loaded column with uniaxial bending)
STEP 1: DATA
Factored load, Pu = 1750 KN
MU = 196.56 KN
Fck = 30 N/mm2 2
Fy = 415 N/mm
STEP 2: MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY

= +
= +
= 0.884 + 1.5= 2.384 cm
emin =
= 0.05 < 0.05D
= +
= + = 0.884 + 1.5= 2.384 cm
emin = = 0.05 < 0.05D
STEP 3: REINFORCEMENTS
Using 20 mm  of bars with 40 mm cover
=
= 0.11
Adopt, = 0.15
=
= 0.28
=
= 0.07
Using the chart 44,
= 0.04
P = 0.04 x 30
=1.2
46
As =
=
= 2430 mm2

 6 mm
o D / 4 = 20 / 4 = 5mm o 6
mm.

1. 16 times the dia of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column
2. 48 times the dia of the transverse reinforcement
3. Here spacing
a)450mm
b)16 X 20=320 mm2
c)48 X 6 =288mm
47
DESIGN OF COLUMN
(Axial loaded column with biaxial bending)
STEP 1: DATA
Factored load, Pu = 1000 KN
Mux = 71.64 KN Muy
= 35.82KN
D = 450 mm
b = 450 mm
Fck
= 30 N/mm 2
Fy = 415 N/mm
STEP 2: MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY
= +
= +
= 0.884 + 1.5= 2.384 cm
emin =
= 0.05 < 0.05D
= +
= + = 0.884 + 1.5= 2.384 cm
emin = = 0.05 < 0.05D
STEP 3: REINFORCEMENTS
Reinforcement distributed equally on four sides
Assume percentage of reinforcement, p = 1.2
=
= 0.11
Adopt, = 0.15
=
= 0.16
= = 0.04
Using Sp 16 chart 44,
= 0.08
Mux = 0.08 X 30 X 450 X 4502
=218.7 KN.M
Puz = Axial load capacity of the section under pure axial load.
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
48
Asc = 1.2 % Ag
= 0.012 x 450 x 450
= 2430 mm2
Ac = Ag - Asc
A = (450 X 450) = 202500 mm2
g = 202500 - 2430
= 200070 mm2
= (0.45 x 30 x 200070) + (0.75 x 415 x 2430)
Puz = 3457.2 KN
=
= 0.28
IS 456:2000 recommends a simplified procedure based on bresler's empirical formulation
involving the salient design parameters,
Mux & Muy are moments about X and Y axes due to design loads
Mux1 & Muy1 are maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load Pu bending about
X and Y axis respectively.
an is an exponent whose value depends on the ratio (Pu/Puz)
The values of an varies linearly from 1 to 2. For
(Pu/Puz) less than 0.2, an = 1.
For (Pu/Puz) greater than 0.2, an = 2.
0.13 < 1.0

Hence the assumed area of reinforcement satisfies.
As =
=
= 2430 mm2

 6 mm
o D / 4 = 20 / 4 = 5mm o 6
mm.
48

 16 times the dia of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column
 48 times the dia of the transverse reinforcement
 Here spacing
 a)450mm
 b)16 X 20=320 mm2
c)48 X 6 =288mm 2
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMN

This table shows Reinforcement details of columns
Main Lateral ties Spacing of lateral
Size reinforcement Diameter tie Floor
Of column diameter (mm) (mm)
(mm)
450mm x 20 6 300 Ground
450mm Floor
450mm x 20 6 300 First to
450mm fourth floor
50
DESIGN OF FOOTING
51
Design of Footing
Dimensions:
Size of column = 450mmX450mm
Factored load = 3200KN.
Safe bearing capacity = 440 KN/mm2
fcK = 30 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
a) Loads on footing:
Total load = 3200 KN
Self wt. =10% = 320 KN
Total load =3520 KN
b) Size of footing:
Area = 3520/440
= 23.46 m2
Size of footing =
= 2.85 m
Adopt size of the footing = 2.85m X 2.85m
Adopt width of strap beam,b = 450mm
= 0.45m.
c) Design of footing:
Soil pressure ,Pu = 3200/(2.85X2.85)
= 408.16 KN/m2 440 KN/m2
Factored soil pressure = 1.5 X 408.16
=0612.24KN/m
Cantilever projections from the short side face of the column
= 0.5(2.85 - 0.45) = 1.2 m
Cantilever projections from the long side face of the column
= 0.5(2.85 - 0.45) = 1.2 m
Ultimate design moment = mu .

M = 0.5 Pul2
=0.5X612.24X1.22 = 440.81 KN m.
52
d) Effective depth of footing:
d= (Mu/0.138 fcK b)
= (440.81X106/0.138X30X103)
= 326.3 mm= 350 mm.
Depth (d) based on shear consideration will be double than that due to moment
consideration.
Effective depth = d = 2 X 350 mm = 700 mm.
Overall depth = d = 720mm 40mm
D = d+d' = 740mm
e)Reinforcement:
Mu = {0.87X fy X AstXd} [1- {Ast X fy/ bd fcK}]
440.81X106 = (0.87X415XAstX700) [1- 415X Ast/103X30X700]
Ast = 1810 mm2
Adopt 20mm diameter bars (8 nos) @ 200 mm c/c
Ast provided = 2513 mm2
f) Check for shear stress :
Shear stress at a distance = Vu.
( equal to effective depth)
Vu = (1.2-0.70) 612.24 = 306.12 KN
= Vu/bd = 306.12X103/103X700
τv = 0.43 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = {100X2513/103X700}
= 0.28
τc = 0.45 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress = Ks τc
= 1X τc
=0.45 N/mm2
(Ks τc)> τv
Safe factor shear permissible limit (within safety limit)
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF FOOTING
This table shows Reinforcement details of footing
Size Main Main Spacing Depth of
of footing Reinforcement Reinforcement of bar footing
(one direction) (other direction) (mm ) (m)
2.85m x2.85m 8 Nos of 8 Nos of 200 0.74

20mm  20mm 
54
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
55
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Stair cases are generally provided connecting successive floors of a building and in small
buildings they are the only means of access between the floors. The staircases comprise of flight
of steps generally with one or more intermediate landings provided between the floor levels. A
flight of steps consists of two landings and one going with 10 to 12 steps.
The structural component of a flight of stairs consists of:
(a) Tread which forms the horizontal portion of the step. The tread is usually 250 to 300
mm wide depending upon the type of the building.
(b) Riser is the vertical distance between the adjacent treads or the vertical projection of
the step, generally in the range of 150 to 190 mm depending upon the type of the
building. The width of the stairs varies in the range of 1 to 1.5m with a minimum
value of 850mm.
(c) Going forms the horizontal plan projection of an inclined flight of steps between the
first and the last riser.
56
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
(DOG LEGGED STAIRCASE WITH WAIST SLAB)
STEP 1: DATA
Tread, T = 250 mm
Rise, R =200mm
Width of landing =900mm
Width of passage = 850 mm
Width of each flight =2250 mm
Height of each flight =2000 mm
No of Rises in each flight = 2000/200 = 10 Nos
No of Tread = 9 Nos
Effective span = (230/2) + 850 + 2250 + 900 + (230/2)
= 4230 mm
Thickness of waist slab = =
= 211.5 mm ~ 215 mm
Effective depth =215 - 25 = 190 mm
STEP 3: LOAD CALCULATION
Dead load of the slab = 0.215 x 1 x 25 = 5.375 KN/m
Dead load of the slab on horizontal span /1m, W =[ ]
=[ ]
= 6.88 KN/m
Dead load of one step = 0.5 x 0.20 x 0.25 x 25
= 0.625 KN
Dead load of one step /m = = 2.5 KN/m
Finishes = 1 KN/m
Live load = 5 KN/m (liable to overcrowding)

Total load = 15.38 KN/m
Ultimate load, Wu = 23.07 KN/m
STEP 4: BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

Mu = 0.125wuL2 = 0.125 x 23.07 x 4.232
= 51.59 KNm
Vu = 0.5 wuL =0.5 x 23.07 x 4.23
=48.79 KN
STEP 5: CHECK FOR EFF2ECTIVE DEPTH
Mu = 0.138 fck b d
d = = 122.28 mm
122.28 < 215
Hence it is safe.
57
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 - ]
51.59 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 190 [1 - ]

Ast = 810 mm2
Assume 12mm  bars
Spacing S = = 139mm
Adopt S = 130mm
Thus provide 12 mm  bars @130mm c/c.
STEP 7: DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

Ast (min) = 0.12 % b D
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 215 =258 mm2
Spacing S = = 180 mm
Thus provide 8 mm  bars @180 mm c/c.

STEP 8: CHECK FOR SHEAR
v =
= = 0.25 N/mm2
Pt =
= = 0.426
K c = 1.2 x 0.36 = 0.43 N/mm2
K c > v
58
Hence the design of doglegged staircase is safe.
59
GREEN MATERIALS
7.1 WATER LESS URINALS

As urine is about 96% liquid, no additional water is really needed to wash
it down the drain. The waterless, urinal, looking much like its conventional
counterpart, takes advantage of this concept with generally positive results.
Waterless urinals do away with the requirement of water for flushing and result in
saving of between 56,800 litres to 170,000 litres of water per urinal per year. To achieve
odour control in waterless urinals, odour traps using sealant liquid, microbial control,
rubber membrane and curtain valve have been developed across the world.
The waterless urinal appears and works like a conventional urinal, except that it
does not flush and, therefore, requires no water. Like their traditional counterparts,
waterless urinals are made of fibreglass or vitreous china, and are offered in white as well
as various custom colours.
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
Waterless urinals contribute positively to the environment. First, the absence of
water for flushing reduces the demand for water, an increasingly scarce commodity in
some areas. Also, since no water goes down the drain, additional wastewater requiring
treatment is not generated. Next, the special drain cartridges and inserts used in some
models are recyclable. Finally, the sealant liquid composed of natural oils, is
biodegradable.
60
COMPARISSION OF NORMAL AND WATERLESS URINALS
S.NO NORMAL URINALS WATERLESS URINALS
1 Maintenance cost is high High cost in initialization but can be paid back
during it's life time
2 Labour cost (maintenance and Labour cost (maintenance and cleaning)-less
cleaning)-High
3 Wet operation in flush provide Dry operation makes hostile conditions for
favourable conditions for bacteria and viruses
gems.(unhygienic)
4 High water consumption No water consumption
5 Chances for Communicable No handle(Touch-free) thus reducing the
diseases spreading of communicable diseases
7.1.1 ECONOMIC PAYBACK OF WATERLESS URINALS

1. Waterless urinals can be installed in both URBAN and RURAL areas.
2. Conserve water and energy, Reduces the waste water generation.
3. Collected urinals can be used in productive industrial and agricultural applications
(New Paradigm in waste water management).
1. Rebates and Incentives-Some water utility companies offer rebates and incentive
payments to owners installing waterless urinals. Payments range from a partial to full
reimbursement for the cost of no-flush urinals.
2. Repair of flush valves due to use, failure, or vandalism will not be required. Neither is
cleanup resulting from backed up drains and overflows
3. Therefore, labor costs for no-flush urinals should be less than for flush-types. The costs
of replacement cartridges can outweigh the maintenance labour saving.
7.1.2 "GREEN BUILDING" CREDITS
Many new construction projects nowadays are earning certification as "green
buildings" under the LEED program developed by the U.S. Green Building Council.
Installation of waterless urinals helps gain water conservation points.
61
7.2 ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL
Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP) or Aluminium Composite Material
(ACM) is a widely-used term describing flat panels that consist of a non-aluminium core
bonded between two aluminium sheets. Aluminium sheets can be coated with Polyester
paint.
ACP is very rigid and strong despite its light weight. Aluminium can be painted in
any kind of colour, and ACPs are produced in a wide range of metallic and non-metallic
colours as well as patterns that imitate other materials, such as wood or marble.
Applications of ACPs are not limited to external building cladding, but can also
be used in any form of cladding such as partitions, false ceilings etc. Aluminium
Composite Panels are also widely used within the signage industry as an alternative to
heavier, more expensive substrates.
Features
Excellent fireproof property.
Super peeling strength.
Perfect cold resistance performance.
Excellent surface flatness and smoothness.
Superior weather,corrosion,pollutant resistance.
Superior impact resistance.
Lightweight and easy to process.
Easy to maintain.
7.2.1 ECONOMIC PAYBACK OF (ACP)

Less maintenance.
Aesthetic look for longer period of time.
Reduces health hazards.
62
7.2.3"GREEN BUILDING" CREDITS
Installation of Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP) helps gain indoor environment quality
points.
7.3 GLASS
Glass is completely recyclable and non-toxic in nature. It satisfies all the
ecological parameters of being the most sought after "green" building material in Green
Buildings
Green building design criteria emphasizes the energy-efficient performance of
fenestration materials and maximum use of natural daylight. Given this background,
Glass is an indispensable material for green building. It has a wide range of functional
benefits. Its transparency allows day-lighting of the interiors and integrates the interiors
with the exteriors. Studies have proven time and again that this substantially improves the
productivity and health of the occupants of the building.
"GREEN BENEFITS" of GLASS

 Day-lighting - The use of glass brings in lot of light that helps in giving a high
amount of natural day lighting instead of depending solely on artificial lighting
thus reducing considerably electricity consumption.
 Blending interiors with exteriors (Views) - Glass facades give a spectacular view
of the outside world from the cozy interiors.
 Recyclability - Glass being recyclable satisfies the important parameter of being a
"Green" building material.
 Achieving energy efficiency - High performance glass helps in controlling the
solar and thermal heat in the interiors and helps to maintain the temperature at its
minimum best and in turn helps to tone down the air-conditioning expenses.
Innovative application - Being very flexible building material glass helps to
satisfy and capture an architect's utmost imagination in its shape and form.
63
 Controls noise: Double glazed glass facades help in achieving a high degree of
acoustic comfort by keeping away noise penetrating from the exteriors to the
interiors thus ensuring a calmer atmosphere inside.
 Self Cleaning: The future belongs to self-cleaning glass which keeps itself clean
on its own and brings out an ever sparkling effect.
7.4 PAINTS
Today, most interior and exterior paints are found to have high levels of VOCs,
which help them to dry faster. But, these VOCs emit smog-forming chemicals into the air
and thus become the major contributor to ground-level ozone pollution. These release
low-level emissions into the air for years after the application. And the major source of
these toxins is a variety of volatile organic compounds, which, until recently, were
essential to the performance of the paint.
Volatile organic compounds are substances that evaporate from paint allowing it
to dry and are very toxic to humans. Even after the paint has dried, VOCs can continue to
be released from the paint for years, thus, harming the occupants. The easiest solution is
to use paints that do not contain VOCs and instead contain a non-harmful drying agent.
Low VOC paints are the ones which use water as a carrier instead of petroleum-
based solvents. They contain reduced levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
which emit smog producing pollutants into the air.
The new environmental regulations have resulted in alternative solutions - Low

VOC and Zero VOC paints. Lower VOC paints preserve both indoor and outdoor air
quality and reduce the incidence of eye or respiratory irritation from exposure to VOC
fumes.
Types of non-VOC paints:
1. Natural Paints and Finishes - These are paints made from natural raw ingredients
such as water, plant oils and resins, plant dyes and essential oils,natural minerals such as
clay, chalk and talcum; milk casein, natural latex, bees wax, earth and mineral dyes.
Water based natural paints give off almost no smell. The oil based natural paints usually
64
have a pleasant fragrance of citrus or essential oils. Allergies or sensitivities to these
paints are uncommon. These paints are the safest for one's health and also for the
environment.
2. Zero VOC paints - According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

standard, any paint in the range of 5 grams/litre or less can be called 'Zero VOC' paint.
Adding a colour tint usually brings the VOC level up to 10 grams/litre, which is still quite
low.
3. Low VOC paints - As described above, the level of harmful emissions are lower than
solvent-borne surface coatings, as they carry water as a carrier instead of petroleum base
solvents. These certified coatings also contain no, or very low levels, of heavy metals and
formaldehyde. The amount of VOCs in paints should not exceed 200 grams/litre and in
varnishes, it should not exceed 300 grams/litre. Low VOC paints tend to emit odour until
dry. To avoid this, one should buy paints that contain VOCs less than 25 grams/litre.
Advantages:
1. Environment friendly, as there are lower levels of ozone pollution.
2. Fewer emissions of smog-forming chemicals.
3. Better indoor and outdoor air quality.
4. Allergies or sensitivities to these paints are uncommon.
5. Ideal for commercial applications, and offer excellent scrub ability.
6. Quick Drying.
7. Low Odour.
8. Non-yellowing.
9. Increased UV resistance, flexibility.
In order to meet EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) standards, paints and stains
must not contain VOC's in excess of 200 grams per litre and varnishes must not contain
VOC's in excess of 300 grams per liter.
65
"GREEN BUILDING" CREDITS
Using LOW VOC PAINTS helps gain Ozone safety and Innovative design points.
7.5 CARPETS
A carpet is a textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of "pile" attached

to a backing. The pile is generally either made from wool or a manmade fibre such as
polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts which are often heat-treated to
maintain their structure.
WOOL CARPET MATERIAL

Wool carpet has no synthetic dyes. Wool carpeting is usually dyed with natural
pigments so you can avoid synthetic dyes. This is important for people allergies or
chemical sensitivities. Natural wool offers amazing insulating properties.
Wool is naturally fire-resistant; Wool carpet comes in endless design options.
Carpet made from synthetic fibers often contains petroleum products, and petroleum is a
non-renewable resource. Wool, on the other hand, renews itself quite rapidly.
The Benefits of Choosing Carpet
The benefits derived from selecting good quality carpets in any type of
application are manifold: what other type of floor covering will provide sound insulation,
energy savings, underfoot comfort, a safe, non-slip floor, and be easy to clean and install,
with good wear and non-allergenic properties.
ECONOMIC PAYBACK OF CARPET USE
Sound Insulation
The usage of carpet gives excellent noise proof thus providing a quiter
environment for the workers.
66
Energy Saving
Carpets can make a measurable contribution to retaining the warmth in a room

and therefore saving energy. Carpets have low heat conduction and are natural thermal
insulators creating a heat barrier.
As a result, as much as 10% of the heat in a room which would be dissipated with
smooth floor covering is retained in the room by the carpet.
This, combined with the outstanding underfoot comfort of a carpet, can result in a
considerable reduction in the use of heating in the transition from a warm to a cold
season. It has been estimated that up to 30 days heating can be saved, resulting in an
energy saving of around 4-6% and a consequent reduction in heating bills.
Safety
Safety covers two aspects - reduced slippage, especially when wet, and a decrease
in stress on joints The soft resilient fibres of a carpet provide a cushioning effect and
excellent orthopedic properties.
The underfoot safety of carpets is an important feature, both in the home and the
workplace. Infants and the elderly in particular benefit from the non-slip aspects of
carpets and, in the event of a fall, the soft resilience of the carpet lowers the risk of injury.
Health
With their superb dust-trapping properties, carpets are conducive to a healthy

living environment. Dust settles quickly and is then securely held by the pile fibres of the
carpet until it is vacuumed again.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Cleaning and maintenance of carpet is quick, easy and low cost.
67
"GREEN BUILDING" CREDITS
Provision of WOOL CARPET helps gain Energy saving and Innovative design points.
7.6 OTHER PROPOSALS

HVAC ventilation co2 sensors
HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) refers to technology of
indoor or automotive environmental comfort. HVAC system design is a major sub
discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid
mechanics, and heat transfer.
CHILLER
A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or
absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat
exchanger to cool air or equipment as required.
In air conditioning systems, chilled water is typically distributed to heat
exchangers, or coils, in air handling units, or other type of terminal devices(Vents) which
cool the air in its respective space(s), and then the chilled water is re-circulated back to
the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat
from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stresam.
68
REFERENCE:
1. "Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures", by Dr. Krishna Raju.
2. "R.C.C DESIGN", by Dr.S. Ramamrutham.
3. INDIAN STANDARD code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete,
IS456:2000
1. Code of practice for load calculation IS 875:1987.
2. Code of practice for load calculation SP 16.
3. "Limit state Design of reinforced concrete" by P.C. Varghese .
4. Illustrated design of R.C Buildings" by K.L Shah and S.R Karve.
5. Structural design and drawings" by Dr. KrishnaRaju.
6. Soil mechanics and foundation engineering" by B.C Punmia.
69

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PLANNING, ANALYSING AND DESIGNING OF AN IT

PARK WITH GREEN HOUSE CONCEPT

Under The Guidance Of

BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NATTRAMPALLI

ANNAUNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600 025

Submitted for the VIVA - VOICE examination held on..............................

for all the floors.

The concept and significance of “GREEN BUILDING” and incorporation of certain

“GREEN MATERIALS” for the deigned “IT BUILDING” is detailed.

1. BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDING.

2. IGBC AND LEED RATING SYSTEM.

3. REQUIREMENTS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL IN AN IT BUILDING.

4.1Reinforcement details of slabs

4.2Reinforcement details of beams

4.3Reinforcement details of columns

4.4 Reinforcement details of footings

5. COMPARISSION OF NORMAL AND WUL’S

IGBC - Indian Green Building Council

LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Certification

WLU - Water less Urinals

ACP - Aluminum Composite Panel

VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds

HVAC - Heating. Ventilation and Air Conditioning

GDP - Growth Development Period

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

SGG - Self Cleaning Glass

1.2 Information Technology Park

1.3 Advantages of IT-Park

1.4 Green Building Concept

1.5 Need for study

2.2 Types of Analysis

3. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION 9

3.2 Data Collected

5.1 Key plan 14

6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN WITH REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 16

6.1 Design of Slab 17

6.3 Design of lintel 39

6.4 Design of Columns 44

6.5 Design of Footing 52

6.6 Design of Staircase 56

7.1 Water less urinals

7.1.1 Economic payback

7.1.2 Green building credits

7.2 Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP)

1.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PARK IN INDIA

GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT

Some of the salient features of a Green Building are:

Tangible Benefits Intangible Benefits

Electricity saving-40% to 50% Daylight and Views

Tangible Cost Premiums

Intangible Cost Premiums

Advantages of Green Buildings

Meets high standards of energy efficiency and environmental responsibility.

1.4.1 IGBC AND LEED RATING SYSTEM

IGBC Green Building Certification Levels

S.NO CRITERIA DESCRIPTIONS POINTS/CREDITS

1 Daylight Indoor environmental 1

3 Chemical and pollutant source Controllability of 1

4 Composite wood,agrifiber products Low emitting 1