Oral Revalida Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism (3) • It has 3 forms: cutaneous, inhalation, &

• Aerobic Metabolism: the way our body gastrointestinal anthrax.

3rd Line of Immunity (Ch 16) creates energy through the combustion of • Marked hemorrhaging & serous effusions
• Introduction: known as specific host defense carbohydrates, amino acids, & fats in the in various organs & body cavities.
mechanism—defend against specific pathogen presence of oxygen.
o Primary function: differentiate b/t self & • Anaerobic Metabolism: the creation of energy Clostridium botulinum (spore-forming, anaerobic,
nonself; destroy which is nonself through the combustion of energy through the gram +)
o Antigens – a molecule combustion of carbohydrates in the absence of • Fatal microbial intoxication caused by
o Immunity – the condition of being oxygen. botulinum toxin
immuned. • 4 stages: • Can cause nerve damage, visual
§ Active Acquired Immunity o Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose w/ or difficulty, respiratory failure, flaccid
• Natural & Artificial (explain) w/o oxygen à fermentation no O2) – paralysis of voluntary muscle, brain
§ Passive Acquired Immunity glucose is converted into 2 molecules of damage, coma & death
• Natural & Artificial (explain) pyruvate (3-carbon molecule), 2 ATP is • Could be added to food & water supplies
• Artificial: gamma globulin is made & NAD+ is converted into 2 NADH since its tasteless & odorless; wound
given to provide temporary o Pyruvate Oxidation – 2 pyruvate undergoes (entry)
protection (ex: Rabies) the Acetyl-Co-A-formation, which
o Vaccine – material that can artificially converted them into 2-carbon molecule Variola major (small pox)
induce immunity to an infectious disease. bound to Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). CO2 • Its highly contagious, & sometimes fatal
§ Briefly explain some examples of is released and 2 NADH is generated. viral disease
types of vaccine o Krebs Cycle – acetyl CoA combines w/ 4- • Fever, malaise, skin rash, vomiting,
• Body: HMI & CMI (explain) carbon molecule or oxaloacetate to produce severe backache & etc.
o HMI—Explain the ff: citric acid, then it goes through a cycle of • It can become severe w/ bleeding into the
§ Characteristic of Antigens reactions. 2 ATP, 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 skin & mucous membranes, followed by
§ Structure of Antigen are produced and CO2 is released. death
§ 5 Immunoglobulin Classes o Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron • Eradicated but most people don’t receive
o CMI—Explain the ff: Transport Chain) – the NADH and FADH2 vaccination from it = more susceptible
§ Cells involved (T, B cells & etc.) deposit their electrons in ETC, turning
§ Complement Cascade System (30 them back into their forms of NAD+& Yersinia pestis (plague) – gram (-)
proteins floating in the blood— FAD. As electrons move down the chain,
• Zoonotic – transmitted by fleabite
activated by antigen) energy is released & used to pump protons
• 5 plagues: bubonic (tender lymph
• Conclusion: out of the matrix, forming a gradient.
nodes—buboes), septicemic (cause septic
o Hypersensitivity (an overly sensitive or Protons flow back into the matrix through
shock, meningitis, or death) pneumonic
overly reactive immune system) & an enzyme called ATP synthase, making
(highly communicable—lungs), plague
Hypersensitivity Reactions (Explain) ATP.
meningitis
§ Immediate type: Type 1 o NADH – can produced 2-3 ATPs
• Can be disseminated via aerosols, which
(anaphylactic/allergic reactions), o FADH – can produced 1.5-2 ATPs
can cause numerous severe & potentially
Type 2 (Cytotoxic reactions), Type fatal pulmonary infections
3 (Immune complex reaction— • Transmission: person to person
autoimmune diseases—Lupus, SLE) Chain of Infection (4)
§ Delayed type: Type 4 (Cell- Pathogenesis (8) – Ch. 14
mediated reaction—organ 1. Pathogen
2. Source of Pathogen • Introduction: the steps or mechanism
transplant) involved in the development of a disease.
o Immunosuppression, & Diagnosis 3. Portal of Exit—a way for the pathogen to
escape from the reservoir o Infection: the colonization by a pathogen
§ IDP-used to diagnose disease while o Infectious disease: is a disease caused by
using the principles of immunology 4. Mode of Transmission—way for the
pathogen to be transmitted to the other a microbe—microbes that causes
• Skin Testing infectious disease are collectively known
host (Airborne, droplet, & etc.)
• Blood Typing—to learn the as pathogens
5. Portal of Entry—a way for the pathogen
person’s blood type, which is o You can be infected but don’t have the
to gain entry to the host
determined by the types of infectious disease caused by that
6. Susceptible Host
antigens present on the surface pathogen. You can also be not infected.
of his/hers RBC. o Several factors: person’s immune system,
Breaking the Chain
• Eliminate or contain the reservoirs of nutritional status, & over all health status
pathogens • Body: 4 periods, types of infections, Acute,
Cell Structures (2) symptoms v. signs
• Prevent contact with any infectious
substances o 4 periods of an infectious disease:
Nucleus – contains genetic material of cell § Incubation – pathogen & b4 SS
Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis • Eliminate means of transmission
§ Prodromal – feel “out of sorts”
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – synthesizes • Block exposure to entry pathways
§ Period of Illness – symptoms r out
proteins & transport them to Golgi apparatus • Reduce or eliminate the susceptibility of § Convalescent – recovery
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – site of lipid potential host
o Localized infection- infection that is
synthesis & participates in detoxification How Do You Break It? contained at the site of infection
Golgi Apparatus – modifies protein structure & • Effective hand washing o Generalized/Systemic infection – when
packages proteins in secretory vesicles • Retain good nutrition (well-rested & the infection has spread throughout the
Secretory Vesicle – secreted by exocytosis reduce stress) body
Lysosome – breakdown material taken into the cell • Immunizations o Types of Illness:
Peroxisome – breaks down hydrogen peroxide, fatty • Protective equipment § Acute – rapid onset, rapid recovery
acids, & amino acids (may last for few days or weeks)
Mitochondrion – major site of ATP synthesis § Chronic – slow onset, last a long
Microtubule – supports cytoplasm Bioterrorism Agents (5) time usually more than 6 mos.
Centrioles – facilitate the movement of • Pathogens used by terrorists § Subacute – in the middle of acute
chromosomes during cell division and chronic illness (ex: bacterial
Cilia – move substances over the surface of the cell Bacillus anthracis (spore-forming, gram +) endocarditis)
Flagella – propel sperm cells --the spores can be disseminated via aerosols or
Microvilli – increase surface area of certain cellsk contamination of food supplies.
 o S& S o Facultative – (parasites) pathogens that o Fever: the production of it is stimulated
§ Signs – objective (what you can can live w/in & outside host cells by pyrogens (ex: interleukin 1)
observed from the patient) • Conclusion: § Elevated body temp slows down the
§ Symptoms – subjective (what the o Mechanisms-Escape Immune Response growth rate of certain pathogens &
patient is experiencing & he/she can § Antigenic Variation – some pathogens can even kill some fastidious ones
only tell) periodically change their surface o Interferons: are small antiviral proteins
§ Symptomatic (clinical) disease – antigens = no permanent antibodies are produced by virus-infected cells
disease which a patient is produced § Interfere w/ viral replication
experiencing symptoms § Camouflage & Molecular Mimicry – § 3 types: alpha, delta & gamma
§ Asymptomatic (subclinical) disease (C) conceal their foreign nature by interferons that are produced by B
– disease that a patient is unware of coating themselves w/ host proteins; cells, monocytes, macrophages, and
coz he/she is not experiencing (M) the pathogens surface antigens fibroblast. Some are only activated
symptoms closely resemble the host antigens, by T cells and NK cells.
§ Sign of disease – objective evidence which for both can’t be detected as o Complement System: composed of ~30
of a disease (ex: lab test) foreign different proteins that assist in the
o Latent Infections § Destruction of Antibodies – some destruction of many different pathogens
§ Disease that is lying dormant, not produces enzymes that destroys in a stepwise manner.
currently manifesting itself antibodies that are produced by the § Opsonization: process in which
o Primary (1st pathogen) & Secondary body phagocytosis is facilitated by the
infections (different pathogen) deposition of opsonins (markers)
o Steps of Pathogenesis of Infectious o Inflammation: the primary purpose of it is
disease Nonspecific Host Defense (9) – Ch. 15 to localize an infection, prevent the
Entry Invasion or spread • Introduction: Host defense mechanism— spread of microbial invaders, neutralize
Attachment Evasion ways in which the body protects itself from toxins, & aid in the repair of damaged
Multiplication Damage pathogens tissue.
• Virulent strains – one that can cause disease o Nonspecific Host Defense Mechanism– § 5 cardinal signs: redness (rubor),
(avirulent – opposite) general & serve to protect the body heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain
o Virulence – used to describe the severity against many harmful substances (dolor), loss of function
of the disease that are caused by o 1st line: Intact skin, intact mucous (functiolaesa)
pathogens membranes § Sends signals to the body that it
• Virulent Factors: phenotypic characteristics o 2nd line: Inflammation & phagocytosis & needed to be repaired or healed
that enable microbes to be virulent etc. o Phagocytosis: the process of ingesting
o Attachment – anchor themselves to cells • Body: 1st & 2nd Line of Defense pathogens or particular matter
after they have gained access to the body o 1st line—intact skin & mucous membrane § Professional phagocytes:
o Receptors or Adhesins – where pathogens serves as a physical or mechanical barrier macrophages (rid the body of
can attach to in a host cell to pathogens unwanted & often harmful
§ Adhesins – what connects the § Cellular & Chemical Factors: substances) & neutrophil (increases
pathogen & the receptors of the host § The dryness, acidity, temp of the = bacterial infection)
cell skin inhibits colonization & growth § 4 steps: chemotaxis (sends signals to
§ Bacterial fimbrae – enables bacteria of pathogens; perspiration flushes when phagocytosis is needed),
to attach to surfaces of the cells & them away. attachment, ingestion, digestion
tissues w/in the human body § Sticky mucus - traps pathogens • Conclusion: There’s several factors that can
§ Capsules – serve an antiphagocytic which contains lactoferrin, contribute to the impairment of host defense
function (protect encapsulated bac.) lactoperoxidase, &lysozomes (the mechanisms
§ Flagella – enables flagellated bac. to most rapidly dividing cells) o Nutritional status, stress, age, drugs,
invade areas of the body that • Lysozomes: destroys bacterial genetic defects, cancer, chemotherapy,
nonflagellated bac. can’t reach cell walls by degrading AIDS, & increased in iron levels.
§ Exoenzymes – produces by peptidoglycan
pathogens that can cause disease • Lactoferrin: protein that binds
• Necrotizing enzyme – type of it iron (inhibits pathogen from Tuberculosis (15)
that cause destruction of cells & acquiring free irons) Caused by: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tissues • Lactoperoxidase: an ezyme that Diagnosis: older than 15 yrs. old, masquerader
• Coagulase – causes clotting produces superoxide radicals (often mimics other diseases)
• Kinases – dissolve clots (toxic to bacteria) • Prompt diagnosis – a must
§ Hyaluronidase & collagenese – The mucociliary covering the epithelial cells in • Notifiable infectious disease
dissolve hyaluronic acid& collagen, the respiratory tract moves trapped dust, & microbes Presumptive TB: patients who represents w/
enables pathogen to invade deeper upward toward the throat where they are swallowed symptoms or signs of TB (CXR)
tissue & expelled Clinically-diagnosed case of TB: no sputum test
§ Lecithinase - exoenzyme that Pathogens often entering the GI tract are often (diagnosed based on signs & symptoms).
causes destruction of host cell killed by digestive enzymes, acidity of the stomach • Start anti TB meds
membranes. (pH~1.5), or alkalinity of the intestines Bacteriologically-confined case of TB: + on Direct
§ Toxins – ability of pathogens to Peristalsis & urination serve to remove pathogens Sputtum Smear Microscopy (DSSM) or Xpert
damage host tissues & cause disease from the GI tract & urinary tract MTB/Rif (can detect TB & rifampicin resistance)
may depend on the production of The acidity of the vaginal fluid usually inhibits
toxins the colonization of pathogens in the vagina (certain Acid-fast stain: Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
• Endotoxin – can cause fever & oral contraceptives can increase the pH of the vagina + = red - = blue
shock = make susceptible to some infections)
• Exotoxin – can be secreted by Treatment: 2 months—intensive phase
various pathogens. • 2nd line of Defense: Transferrin, fever, Isoniazid (H) Pyrazinamide (Z)
• Neurotoxin – affects the CNS interferons, complement system, inflammation Rifampicin (R) Ethambutol (E)
• Enterotoxins – affects the GI & phagocytosis [E- can cause visual impairment; optic nerve
tract o Transferrin: glycoprotein synthesized in damage (ETON)]
• Obligate Intracellular Pathogens – must live the liver has a high affinity fro iron, blurring of vision, color desaturation
w/in the host cell to multiply & survive which helps deprive the pathogen
(Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Virus) § Increase in # in the blood = 4 months—continuation phase
systematic bacterial infection Isoniazid (H) Rifampicin (R)
Targets of the Meds o 5. Take off the elastic band or tourniquet & § Blood – requires additional testing
H – cell wall E – cell wall remove the needle from the vein since it may be sign of anything like
R – nucleic acid S - ribosome o Some uses butterfly needle to access infection, kidney damage & etc.
Z – membrane transport system superficial veins o Microscopic Exam
o For infants: heel stick collection is done by § WBC – sign of infection
pricking the infant’s heel with the lancet, & § RBC – may be a sign of kidney
Measles (16) gently squeezes blood into the vial. disease, blood disorder or another
Caused by: Measles/Rubeola Virus o Test may take a few hours to a day for the underlying medical condition
Contagious acute respiratory illness results to be available. § Bacteria or yeasts – indicate an
-Prodrome of high fever, malaise, the 3Cs & koplik • Interpreted: infection
spots o RBC, Hb, & Hct – measure aspects of your § Casts (tube-shaped proteins) – may
-3Cs: conjunctivitis, cough, coryza RBC. (low levels = anemia; high level = form as a result of kidney disorders
-rash usually appears after 14 days underlying medical conditions like § Crystals – sign of kidney stones
-infectious 4 days before to 4 days after the rashes polycythemia vera or heart disease)
appear o WBC – higher than normal, you may have
-has generalized red maculopapular rash an infection or inflammation. It could also Gram-staining: principle behind (20)
MOT: airborne spread & contact w/ secretions indicate immune system disorder or a bone • Introduction: It’s a common technique to
marrow disease. (higher level = reaction to distinguish the difference b/t the 2 large groups
Common Complications: meds) of bacteria based on their cell wall constituents.
Otitis media, bronchopneumonia, § Neutrophils – bacterial • Body: Steps of Gram-Staining
laryngotracheobronchitis, & diarrhea § Lymphocytes – viral o 1. Application of crystal violet (purple dye)
§ Basophils – histamines/allergies o 2. Application of iodine (mordant—fixes
Patients at High risk: § Eosinophils – worms crystal violet to cell wall)
Infants & children aged <5 yrs. § Monocytes – low: bone marrow o 3. Alcohol wash (decolorization)
Adults aged >20 yrs. failure; high: chronic infection, o 4. Application of safranin (counterstain)
Pregnant Women autoimmune disease • Conclusion:
Immunocompromised people o Platelet Count – if it’s lower o The procedure differentiates between the
(thrombocytopenia) or higher Gram positive & negative groups by
Treatment: isolated for 4 days after they develop a (thrombocytosis) than normal is often a coloring these cells red or violet.
rash; no specific antiviral therapy for measles sign of underlying medical condition. o Gram + = thick layer of peptidoglycan
• supportive therapy = strengthen immune Urinalysis (long sugar chains connected by proteins)
system • Background info: used to detect & manage a in their cell wall, which retains the color of
• Vit A should be given on diagnosis & wide range of disorders, such as UTIs, kidney the blue to purple (lipoteichoic, and
repeated the next day disease & diabetes. teichoic acid)
o Involves checking the appearance, § Cell wall structure: plasma membrane,
Prevention: concentration, & content of urine periplasmic space (b/t the membrane &
Vaccination—MMR (Measles-Mumps-Rubella) o The sample must be collected midstream peptidoglycan) peptidoglycan, &
• 2 doses = ~ 97% effective using a clean-catch method capsule
• 1 dose = ~ 93% effective o If it’s collected at home, it must be brought o Gram - = thin layer of peptidoglycan in
• 1st (12 mos. – 15 mos.) then 2nd (4 – 6 yrs. w/in 30 minutes to the lab so it can get their cell wall, which retains the color of
o at least 28 days after the 1st dose) accurate results stain red to pink (lipopolysaccharide)
• Collection: § Cell wall structure: Inner membrane,
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis: o 1. Clean the urinary opening periplasmic space (b/t inner & outer
MMR vaccine w/in 72 hrs. of initial exposure o 2. Begin to urinate into the toilet. membrane) peptidoglycan, outer
measles or immunoglobulin w/in 6 days of exposure o 3. Pass the container into your urine stream membrane, lipopolysaccharide, &
o 4. Urinate at least 1 to 2 oz. into the capsule
container
CBC & Urinalysis – collected & interpreted (18) o 5. Deliver urinating sample as directed by
your doctor 3 Clinical Specimens (7) – Ch. 13
Complete Blood Count • Interpreted: evaluated in 3 ways by visual • Introduction: Clinical Specimen—are used to
• Background info: Blood test used to evaluate exam, dipstick test, & microscopic exam. diagnose & follow the progress of infectious
your overall health & detect wide range of o Visual – examines the appearance & it’s diseases.
disorder, including anemia, infection, & typically clear. Unusual odor or cloudiness o It must be of the highest possible quality
leukemia. may indicate a problem, such as infection. o Lab professionals make lab observations &
o Components: (color = can be influence by what you’ve generate test results that are used by
§ RBC – carry O2 just eaten; blood in the urine may make it clinicians to diagnose infectious diseases &
§ WBC – fights infection (neutrophils, look red or brown) initiate appropriate therapy
lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, o Dipstick test o Importance (high quality) – High quality
eosinophils) § Acidity – abnormal pH levels = specimens are required to achieve accurate
§ Hb – oxygen-carrying protein in RBC indicate kidney or urinary tract clinically relevant laboratory results
§ Hct – the proportion of RBC to the disorder § If the specimen is high quality, then it
fluid component, or plasma, in your § Concentration – higher than normal = would be the same to the quality of the
blood not drinking enough fluids lab work performed
§ Platelets – help with blood clotting § Protein – larger amounts = kidney o 3 components of specimen quality: proper
• Collection: You can typically eat or drink problem specimen selection, proper specimen
before a CBC. However, it depends on your § Sugar – any detection = follow-up collection, proper transport of the specimen
doctor’s order if you have to fast or not. testing for diabetes to the laboratory.
o Lab technician will draw blood from a § Ketones – any detection = signs of • Body: Urine
vein, typically from the inside of your diabetes • Scotch Tape Test
elbow or at the back of your hand § Bilirubin – any detection = indicate • Throat Swab
o 1. Clean your skin w/ an alcohol liver damage or disease
o 2. Place a tourniquet around your upper § Evidence of infection – if presence of
arm to help the vein swell with blood nitrites or leukocyte esterase= sign of Healthcare Epidemiology (6) – Ch.12
o 3. Insert a needle into a vein UTI
o 4. Pull the blood sample into a vial or
syringe
Malaria (19) • Treatment: Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline Acne
• Caused by: Plasmodium spp. (tetracycline—bacteriostatic) • Caused by: Propionibacterium acnes
• Description: systemic sporozoan infection • Description: occurs when your hair follicles
• Signs & Symptoms: fever, chills, sweating, Ophthalmia neonatorum become plugged w/ oil & dead skin cells
nausea • Caused by: Chlamydia trachomatis &/or • Signs & Symptoms: whiteheads, small red
o Plasmodium vivax (most common) Neisseria gonorrhoeae tender bumps
o Plasmodium falciparum (most deadly) • Signs & Symptoms: edema of the eyelids, • Prevention: keep your hands away from your
o Plasmodium malariae purulent discharge w/ tinged of blood face; never pick or try to pop pimples—
o Plasmodium ovale • MOT: infected vagina of the mother scarring
• Treatment: Chloroquine & sulfadoxine- • Treatment: hospitalized—frequent irrigation of • Acne Management: salicylic acid, benzoyl
pyrimethamine (SP) the conjunctiva & IV/IM administration of peroxide, antibiotics (doxycycline,
• Prevention: taking antimalarial drugs (SP), ceftriaxone (max: 25 to 50 mg/kg-125 mg) erythromycin & etc.), retinoid medicine, &
insecticide resistance, indoor spraying with • Prophylaxis: Erythromycin eye ointment low-dose of birth control pills
residual insecticides (.5%)—apply after the baby is born on the eyes
• RTS,S/AS01 – the 1st & to date, the only
vaccie to show partial protecting against Syphilis 5 Viral Infectious Diseases (11)
malaria in young children (P. falciparum) • Caused by: Treponema pallidum
• Description: 4 stages (primary, secondary, Measle
latent, tertiary) • Caused by: Measles.Rubeola Virus
HIV Infection & AIDS (17) • Signs & Symptoms: chancre (lesion) • Description: Contagious acute respiratory
• Caused by: HIV Virus • Diagnosis: darkfield microscopy illness
• Description: symptoms usually occur w/in • Treatment: Penicillin • Signs & Symptoms: 3C’s, koplik spots
several weeks or months after infection. It also • Treatment: no medications used but it’s self-
includes self-limited mononucleosis-like Tetanus limited virus, & usually disappear w/in 2 to 3
illness lasting 1 or 2 week (initial symptoms) • Caused by: Clostridium tetani weeks (meds—fever reducers)
• Signs & Symptoms: fever, rash • Signs & Symptoms: lock jaw, muscle spasm, o Prevention: get vaccinated by MMR
• Diagnosis: ELISA (most common screening difficulty in swallowing (Measles-Mumps-Rubella)
test), Western Blot Analysis (confirming test), • MOT: anything that’s contaminated (soil, dust
Cd4 cell count (below 200 = AIDS) or feces) Mumps
• Treatment: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is the • Treatment: tetanus immunoglobulin can help • Caused by: Mumps Virus
use of medicines to treat HIV infection. Taken but can’t cure. • Description: inflammation of the parotid gland
every day to help people w/ HIV live longer, • Once the toxin (tetanospasmin) binds to the • Signs & Symptoms: swollen parotid gland,
healthier lives. (No cure) nerve endings its irreversible pain while chewing or swallowing
• Treatment: no treatment (can recover w/in a
HIV infection – 10 to 15 years until it become AIDS Botulism few weeks)
(90% chance) • Caused by: Clostridium botulinum o Isolate the kid; use warm or cold compress
• Secondary infections caused by viruses • Description: to ease the pain
(Cytomegalo--virus), protozoa • Prevention: get vaccinated (2 doses)
• Signs & Symptoms: weakness of the muscles
(Toxoplasma), bacteria (mycobacterium),
that control the eyes, faces, mouth & throat
&/or fungi (candida) become systemic and Chickenpox
(slurred speech)
cause death. • Caused by: Varicella-Zoster Virus
• Prevention: Check the condition of the can of
• They died = overwhelming infections • Description: acute, generalized viral infection,
any canned goods & following the safety rules
caused by a variety of pathogens. in preserving, canning, or fermenting food at with fever & a skin rash
• Kaposi Sarcoma (rare type of cancer) home • Signs & Symptoms: skin lesion—vesicular
frequent complication of AIDS (blisters)
• Treatment: antitoxin—prevents the toxin
• Retinitis – most common AIDS defining produced by C. botulinum from attacking the • MOT: person to person by direct contact or
infections in HIV + individuals caused by body’s nerves = prevents it from causing any droplet or airborne spread of vesicle fluid
cytomegalovirus more harm (it doesn’t heal the damage the • Treatment: Acyclovir (only anti-viral meds)
toxin has already done) o You can use over-the-counter medications
to control fever except aspirin & aspirin
10 Bacterial Infectious Diseases (10) Plague containing meds.
• Caused by: Yersinia pestis o Prevention: get vaccinated
Hansen’s Disease § Reye syndrome: severe
• Description: zoonosis; 3 types (bubonic,
• Mycobacterium leprae pneumonic, septicemic) encephalomyelitis w/ liver damage if
• Tuberculoid—few skin lesions, peripheral aspirin is given to children younger
• Signs & Symptoms: malaise, fever, nausea
nerve involvement tends to be severe w/ than 16
• MOT: rodents, fleas (pulgas)
lost of sensation Warts
• Treatment:
• Lepromatous—numerous nodules in skin, • Caused by: Human Papilloma Virus
involvement of nasl mucosa & eye • Description: many varieties of skin & mucous
Tularemia/Rabbit Fever
• MOT: nasal discharge & skin lessios membrane lesions
• Caused by: Francisella tularensis
• Treatment: Rifampicin, dapsone, • Signs & Symptoms: Common warts—often
• Description: most often presents as skin ulcer
clofazimine (6-12 mos.) appear on your fingers; plantar—show up on
& regional lymphadenitis
the soles of your feet; genital—usually a STD;
• MOT: tick bite, ingestion of contaminated food
Lyme Disease flat warts—appear in places you shave
or water
• Caused by: Borrelia burgdorferi frequently
• Signs & Symptoms: fever, ulceroglandular
• Signs & Symptoms: red skin lesion (15 cm • Treatment: chemical skin treatments, freezing,
(skin ulcer where the bacteria entered the body;
diameter), fatigue, chills surgical, & laser treatments can remove it
accompanied by swelling of regional lymph
• MOT: tick bite glands) • Prevention: get vaccinated by HPV
• Treatment: o 11 or 12 y/o should get two shots of HPV
• Treatment: streptomycin, doxycycline,
vaccines six to twelve mos. apart
gentamicin & ciprofloxacin
Anthrax (Woolsorter’s Disease)
• Usually last 10 to 21 days depending on the
• MOT: inhalation, ingestion, & entry of stage of illness & medications used
spore in the wounds
• Bacillus anthracis (spore-forming)
Rabies • Treatment:
• Caused by: Rabies Virus
• Description: fatal acute encephalomyelitis of
mammals
• Signs & Symptoms: salivation, fever, malaise Schistosomiasis
• MOT: bitten by dogs & other animals’ w/ • Caused by: Schistosoma (Trematodes)
rabies
• Treatment: after bitten= wash the wound for 15 • Description:
minutes w/ soap & water à get vaccinated
right after • Signs & Symptoms:
o 4 doses: 3rd, 7th, 14th days & another 2 shots
of rabies immune globulin • MOT:
• Prevention: Pre-exposure—3 doses
o Dose 1: as appropriate • Treatment:
o Dose 2: 7 days after dose 1
o Dose 3: 21 days or 28 day after #1

2 Fungal Infectious Diseases (12) 3 Protozoal Infectious Diseases (14)

Thrush Giardiasis
• Caused by: Candida albicans • Caused by: Giardia lamblia
• Description:
• Description: • Signs & Symptoms:
• MOT:
• Signs & Symptoms: • Diagnosis:
• Treatment:
• MOT:
Malaria
• Treatment: • Caused by: Plasmodium spp.
• Description: systemic sporozoan infection
• Signs & Symptoms: fever, chills, sweating,
nausea
Yeast Vaginitis o Plasmodium vivax (most common)
• Caused by: Candida albicans o Plasmodium falciparum (most deadly)
o Plasmodium malariae
• Description: o Plasmodium ovale
• Treatment: Chloroquine & sulfadoxine-
• Signs & Symptoms: pyrimethamine (SP)
• Prevention: taking antimalarial drugs (SP),
• MOT: insecticide resistance, indoor spraying with
residual insecticides
• Treatment: • RTS,S/AS01 – the 1st & to date, the only
vaccie to show partial protecting against
malaria in young children (P. falciparum)

Chagas Disease
3 Helminth Infectious Diseases (13) • Caused by: Trypanosoma cruzi

Filariasis • Description:
• Caused by: Wucheriria bancrofti & Brugia
malayi • Signs & Symptoms:

• Description: • MOT:

• Signs & Symptoms: • Treatment:

• MOT:

• Treatment:

Enterobiasis
• Caused by: Enterobius vermicularis

• Description:

• Signs & Symptoms:

• MOT:

• Diagnosis: