Dg3 Filtration

FILTRATION
MEMBRANE PORE SIZE
mm 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
SALTS VIRUSES CRYPTO,

GIARDIA,FUNGI,ALGAE
DOC – COLOUR BACTERIA
RO RGF
NF MICROFILT
ULTRAFILT
SSF
SLOW SAND FILTRATION
• First in London 1829
• Currently: London, Amsterdam,
Antwerp, Japan
• WHO recommends for developing
countries
• USA for Giardia, Cryptosporidium
Comparison Rapid Slow
Rate v (m/h) 5-15 0.1-0.3
Sand- ES d10 (mm) 0.5-2.0 0.15-0.35
Depth L (m) 0.6-1.0 0.6-1.0
Run (Days) 1-3 20-100
Cleaning Backwash/water+air skimming
Mechanism Physical/chemical Physical
Biological
Biochemical
Removes Fine particles/flocs Fine

particle/bacteria
Oxidises Fe, Mn, NH3 NO3 Organics (THM)
NH3 NO3
SLOW SAND FILTRATION CONT…
• Application
– Coliform removal 99.9% (106 103/100ml)
– Turbidity max 25mg/l ( 0.1NTU)
– Algae diatoms may block, micro
algae (green, blue green) may penetrate
– Reduces amount of organics (oxidised by aerobic
bacteria)
• Pre-treatment
– Sedimentation storage reservoirs (algae)
– Primary rapid filtration, RF, Micro
strainers (to remove algae)
Filtration Mechanism
• Biological layer- Schmutzdeke~ top 2cm

Bacteria, protozoa, worms, chironomid lavae
• Algae photosynthesis O2 day
respiration CO2 night
filamentous green- cladophora
“blanket weed”
• Sand collect fine particles, some bacteria in
depth
Slow sand filtration cont..
• Cleaning
– Skimming ~2cm each run
– Min depth 50cm
– Max depth 90-120cm
– Resanding by trenching
– Ripening After skimming 5-7 days
After resanding 2-3 weeks
New filter 2-3 weeks
start 0.02m/h up to 0.1m/h
SANDWICH FILTER (Thames Water,UK)
• Layer of granular activated carbon
(GAC) in the depth of the SSF
water
Sand 0.3-0.4m
GAC 0.2-0.3m 0.8-1.0m
Sand 0.3m
underdrain
SANDWICH FILTER cont…
• Objective is to reduce trace organics which
are resistant to bacterial degradation,
principally pesticides and herbicides
• Grading and thickness of GAC layer
determined by experiment. Important factor
is EBCT (=L/Va)
• Va -approach velocity of filtration
• L -thickness of GAC
• Skimming of upper sand = “life” of GAC
• Removal of GAC and separation by
hydrocyclone
• Regeneration of GAC by factory
MECHANICAL FILTRATION
• Ref. Annex4
• Micro strainers
– Peripheral distance =pπD
p =submergence 60% =0.6
Head loss Hs =Viα α=fabric permeability
Hs maximum 150
Experimental (laboratory)
β = Index m-1
α = Permeability s
Va = Average velocity m/s
Vi = Initial (clean fabric velocity m/s)
pA = Straining area (submerged) m2
Va = 1/βpT ln (1+βVipT)
Q = A/βT ln {1+(Hs/α)pT}
T = time for 1 revolution of the drum
MICRO STRAINERS cont..
• Design
– Choose D (manufacturer), Choose p (0.6)
– Choose drum speed (T)
– Hs = 150 (≤0.15m)
– Measure α,β (or from the manufacturer)
– For Q calculate A (no of drums and W)
• Operation
– If strainer clogs Va reducers and/or
Hs increases
1. Increase the drum rotational speed
2. Increase wash jet pressure
Rapid Sand Filter (RSF)
Wash water tank
Head on surface of
filter media
Wash trough
Settling basin
Filter media
Support gravel
Underdrain
Clean water tank

Drain to sewer
RAPID SAND FILTERS
• Objectives
1. Remove fine particles
turbidity <0.3 (.1)NTU
2. Oxidise Fe Mn
remove oxide
3. Oxidise Ammonia (nitrifying bacteria)
NH3 NO2 NO3
4. Flocculate particles (add Alum or ferric)
• Direct filtration
• Remove flocs
5. Remove algae
• First in USA, 1885
• D10 =0.5-2.0mm {2-3mm}
• V =5-15 m/h {20-30m/h}
• L =0.6-1.0m {2-3.0m}
{ resent-Los Angeles}
• Filter types
– Sand single material
• Down flow
• Up flow
– Two or three layer
• Anthracite-sand
• GAC-sand
• GAC-anthracite-sand
• Anthracite-sand-garnet (Ilmenite)
Filtration Mechanism
For deep bed filtration Dp≤0.155Dc
Dp -Diameter of the particle in suspension
Dc -Diameter of the filter media (collector)
Removal mechanism!
1. Sedimentation
Due to the action of the gravity particle
can cross stream lines and settle on the
filter medium (Dp≥10μm for significant
gravitational effect)
ηS = (ρp-ρl)gDp2/18μvo
Filtration Mechanism cont..
2. Interception
Particle in suspension is intercepted by
the filter media
ηIC =3/2(Dp/Dc)2
3. Inertia
If velocity is sufficiently high it can cross
the stream lines because of its own
inertia
ηInertia =4Vo2 (1-1/√2)2ζ2/Dc2
ζ =ρpDp2/18μ
Filtration Mechanism cont..
4. Diffution
Smaller particles can move about from the
path of stream lines due to the Brownian
motion (defusion) of water molecules
(Dp<1µm for significant impact)
ηD =0.9{kT/μDpDcVo}2/3
Where k-Boltzman’s constant

T- Absolute Temperature
Vo-Filtration rate
Removal Efficiency E%
• E (%) =100 (1-C/Co)
Where C/Co=exp{-3/2(1-ε)αηL/Dc}
η =ηS+ηIC+ηIn+ηD
Example: Dc=0.05cm, L=24cm , Vo=2gpm/ft2

(0.1358cm/s), ρp=1.05g/cm3, ε=0.4,
α=1(asume)
Deep filtration Dp≤0.155Dc=77.5µ
Substituting; ηS=201.6Dp2, ηIC=600Dp2,
ηIn=85Dp4, ηD=1.45*10-7(1/Dp)2/3
Example cont..
Dp (μ) ηS ηIC ηIn ηD
0.01 2.016*10-7 - - 1.43*10-3
0.1 2.016*10-7 6*10-8 - 3.42*10-4
1 2.016*10-5 6*10-6 - 6.73*10-5
10 2.016*10-3 6*10-4 - 1.45*10-5
100 2.016*10-1 6*10-2 8.5*10-7 3.12*10-6

Example cont..
• E(%)=100(1-C/C0)=100{1-exp(-432η)}
• Filter resistance (Ref. Annex 5)
• Pressure diagram and total head loss
(Ref. Annex 6)
• Backwashing (Ref. Annex 7)
• Fluidisation (Ref. Annex 8)
• Backwash head loss & Air scour (Ref.
Annex 9&10)
Filter Cracks
Kalatuwawa Filter cracks-2001

Jewel Filters (Labugama)
Pilot filter (Kalatuwawa/TU Delft)
Kaluganga Filters
Backwashing (Kaluganga filters)
Backwashing/Filter media
Adsorption
Objective
To collect soluble substances that are in solution on a soluble
interface
Principle
Mass Transfer phenomenon: Liquid/gas phase pollution to
solid phase pollution.
Ability of certain materials to fix on the surface of solid or liquid
matrix.
Liquid phase
Pore
Absorbant phase
GAC Filters
Disinfection
• UV radiation UV radiation ?
Chlorination
Chlorine Neutralization
NaOH
Caustic Soda
Ozonation Systems
Figure 4: A close-up of a
diffuser in operation
Figure 3: View inside a diffusion chamber, the

ozone gas enters the chamber through diffusers

Dg3 Filtration

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Dg3 Filtration

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FILTRATION

MEMBRANE PORE SIZE

mm 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

SALTS VIRUSES CRYPTO,

Removes Fine particles/flocs Fine

• Biological layer- Schmutzdeke~ top 2cm

GAC 0.2-0.3m 0.8-1.0m

Clean water tank

Where k-Boltzman’s constant

Example: Dc=0.05cm, L=24cm , Vo=2gpm/ft2

Deep filtration Dp≤0.155Dc=77.5µ

Substituting; ηS=201.6Dp2, ηIC=600Dp2,

0.01 2.01610-7 - - 1.4310-3

0.1 2.01610-7 610-8 - 3.42*10-4

1 2.01610-5 610-6 - 6.73*10-5

10 2.01610-3 610-4 - 1.45*10-5

100 2.01610-1 610-2 8.510-7 3.1210-6

Kalatuwawa Filter cracks-2001

Figure 3: View inside a diffusion chamber, the

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