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CE 134 - Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Chapter 6 Outline
1. Introduction

Chapter 6 2. Development of Straight Bars in Tension

3. Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks
Bond, Anchorage and
Development Length of Rebars 4. Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
5. Development of Deformed Bars in Compression
6. Bar Bends and Cut-offs
Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD
7. Bar Splices
2

6.1 Introduction
Bond Stresses Due to Flexure Bond Stresses Due to Flexure (Cont.)

Therefore, it is essential that bond force is

In reinforced concrete beams it is assumed that developed on the interface between concrete and
strain in the embedded reinforcing bar εs is the steel to prevent significant slip from occurring at
same as that in the surrounding concrete εc. the interface.

a. Beam before loading

3
b. Unrestrained slip between concrete and steel 4

Bond Stresses Due to Flexure (Cont.) Sources of Bond Strength

• Weak chemical adhesion
• Mechanical friction between steel and concrete
• Slip induced interlocking of natural roughness of
the bar with concrete
• End anchorage, such as hooks providing tied
arch action even in a beam with little or no bond.

Round bar
reinforcement
5 6

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Actual Distribution of Flexural

Steel Force and Bond Stress
Bond Stress

7 8

Mechanism of Bond Transfer Bond Failure Modes

9 10

Ultimate Bond Strength Minimum Bar Covering and Spacing

11 12

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Pull-out Test of a Ribbed

Reinforcement Bar Bond Failure of Bars in Tension

a. Direct pullout is characterized by slippage of a

reinforcing bar, particularly plain bars and bars
with small deformations (lugs), relative to its
surrounding concrete.

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Bond Failure of Bars in Tension (Cont.) Development Length of Reinforcement

b. Splitting of the concrete along the bar when Development Length is defined as the length of
cover, confinement, or bar spacing is embedment needed to develop the full tensile
insufficient to resist the lateral concrete tension. strength of the bar.

Critical
section
A B C

Beam
Section
L1 L2
15 16

Development Length of Reinft. (Cont.) Development Length of Reinft. (Cont.)

If us is the failure stress against slippage acting

u u
T over the nominal surface area , then
L1 L2
Bond force = tensile force
where: π
us π db L1 = db 2fy (1)
u = bond stress per unit of bond surface area 4
π db2 db fy
T = Ab fy = fy = tensile force or L1 = (2)
4 4 us

17 18

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6.2 Development of Straight

Development Length of Reinft. (Cont.) Bars in Tension

On the other hand, if ub is the failure stress

against splitting and Abr is the average bearing Required Ld = Basic development length x
modification factors ≥ 300 mm
area per unit length, then
Basic development length Ld
Bond force = tensile force
π 1 fy α ⋅ β ⋅ γ
ub Abr L1 = d b2 fy Ld = ⋅ db (5)
4
(3) 1.1λ fc'  c + Ktr 
 
1 π 2  db 
or L1 = d b fy (4) (c + K tr ) ≤ 2.5 . This limit is
Abr ub 4 in which the term
db
19
imposed to avoid pullout failure. 20

Definition of Parameters Definition of Parameters (Cont.)

40 Atr
Ktr = transverse reinforcement index =
fy = yield strength of main reinforcement, MPa sn
Atr = total cross-sectional area
(mm2) of all transverse
c = spacing or cover dimension; the smaller of either reinforcement that is within Atr
• distance from the center of the bar to the the spacing s
nearest concrete surface s = maximum spacing of transverse Potential plane
• half the center-to-center spacing of the bars reinforcement within Ld center- of splitting
being developed to-center, mm.
n = number of bars or wires being developed
21
along the plane of splitting 22

Definition of Parameters (Cont.) Definition of Parameters (Cont.)

Note: α Bar Location: a) Top reinforcement α = 1.3

b) Other reinforcement α = 1.0
It shall be permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design
simplification even if transverse reinforcement is
β Coating factor: a) Epoxy-coated bars or β = 1.5
present.
wires with cover < 3db
or clear spacing < 6db
b) All other epoxy-coated β = 1.2
bars or wires
c) Uncoated reinforcement β = 1.0

23
Note: The product of αβ ≤ 1.7 24

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Modification Factor of
Definition of Parameters (Cont.) Development Length in Tension

γ Bar-size a) 20mmφ bars and smaller γ = 0.8 Excess Reinforcement

factor: b) 25mmφ bars and larger γ = 1.0
More flexural steel furnished As (required )
than required As ( provided )
λ Lightweight a) Lightweight aggregate λ = 1.3
aggregate concrete, fct not specified
factor: fct
b) When fct is specified λ = ≤ 1 .0
0.56 fc′
c) Normal-weight concrete λ = 1.0
where: fct = split cylinder tensile strength 25 26

Example 1 Example 1 (Cont.)

A simply supported RC beam subjected to a Determine the minimum development length
uniform load, is reinforced with shear required to develop the full design capacity of the
reinforcement (stirrups) in excess of the minimum reinforcing bars. Also, check whether the bar length
amount prescribed by the Code. The designer has is adequate for this design.
400 mm
determined that 10-28 mm diameter bars 10 m A wu
long placed in two layers are required to resist the 12 mmφ @

625 mm
maximum bending moment at the mid-span. 200 mm o.c.
Regular uncoated reinforcing bars are used. A 10-28 mm φ
Concrete f’c = 28 MPa and main bar fy = 414 MPa. 65
65
10 m
65 270 65
27 28
Source: Brzev and Pao (2006) Section A-A

Example 2 Example 2 (Cont.)

A simply supported RC slab with a thickness of 300 Determine the minimum development length
mm is subjected to a uniform load as shown in the required to develop the full design capacity of the
figure. The designer has determined that 20 mm reinforcing bars. Also, check whether the bar length
diameter bars at 300 mm spacing on center are is adequate for this design.
required at the bottom face to resist the maximum
bending moment at the mid-span. The bar length is wu
equal to 6 m and the clear cover to the bottom bars
300 mm
is equal to 25 mm. Due to the aggressive
environmental conditions, epoxy-coated rebars are 20 mm φ
6m
required for this design. Concrete f’c = 28 MPa and @300 mm o.c.
main bar fy = 414 MPa.
29 30
Source: Brzev and Pao (2006)

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6.3 Anchorage of Tension Bars

by Hooks Stirrup and Tie Anchorage by Hooks

When embedment of straight bars is not enough, it is a. 16 mmφ and smaller

necessary to provide special anchorage at the end of
the bars by means of hook:

b. 20 mm and 25 mmφ

a. 90°Hook b. 180°Hook
c. 25 mmφ and smaller
Min. diameter of bend, D: 10 to 25 mmφ - 6db
28, 32, 36 mmφ - 8db
31 32
larger than 36 mmφ - 10db

Development of Standard Development of Hooks in

Hooks in Tension Tension

Required Ld = Basic development length x

modification factors ≥ 8db ,150mm
(where db = bar diameter)

Basic development length Ldh

0.24 β fy
Ldh = ⋅ db (6)
λ fc '

(Bars with = 414 MPa)

33 34

Modification Factors
Definition of Parameters (Cont.) (Standard Hooks in Tension)
fy
a. Bars with fy other than 414 MPa
β Coating a) Epoxy-coated β = 1.2 415
factor: reinforcement b. Concrete cover (36 mmφ main bar and smaller) 0.70
b) Other cases β = 1.0 • Side cover (normal to plane of hook) > 65 mm
• For 90˚ hook, cover on bar extension beyond
hook > 50 mm
λ Lightweight a) Lightweight concrete λ = 0.75 c. Stirrups and ties (36 mmφ main bar and smaller) 0.80
aggregate • Hook enclosed within ties/stirrups along Ld
factor: b) Other cases λ = 1.0
• Stirrup spacing < 3db
As (required )
d. Excess reinforcement
35 As ( provided
36 )

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Modification Factors
(Standard Hooks in Tension) Example 3
Determine the development or embedment length required
• For bars being developed by a hook at
for the uncoated top bars of the beam shown in the figure:
discontinuous ends of members
a.if the bars are straight, assuming Ktr = 0

Side cover and top (or bottom) cover over hook < 65 mm
b.if a 180˚ hook is used

Hook enclosed within ties/stirrups along Ld
c.if a 90˚ hook is used 62.5 225 62.5

Stirrup spacing < 3db
62.5
f’c = 28 MPa 112.5

500 mm
Factor for ties or stirrups shall not apply. 6-28 mm φ
A fy = 414 MPa
12 mmφ
• Hooks shall not be considered effective in stirrups
developing bars in compression. A
L 350 mm
37 38
Section A-A

6.3 Development of Deformed Bars Development of Deformed Bars in

in Compression Compression (Cont.)

Required Ld = Basic development length x

• For bars in compression,
modification factors ≥ 200mm
embedment lengths will be
smaller than those required
Basic development length Ld
for bars in tension since
slipping is unlikely to occur. 0.24 fy
Ld = ⋅ db ≥ 0.043dbfy (7)
• Bearing of ends of bars onto λ fc '
concrete also helps develop Column and footing
the load. bars where: λ = lightweight aggregate concrete factor
(as defined earlier)
39 40

Modification Factors
(Deformed Bars in Compression) Example 4
As shown in the figure, the forces in the column bars are to
As (required )
a. Excess reinforcement be transferred into the footing with 28 mm φ dowels.
As ( provided ) Determine the development lengths needed for the dowels
(a) up into the column Ld1 and (b) down into the footing Ld2
b. Spiral stirrups 0.80 if fy = 414 MPa.
• Bar diameter ≤ 10 mm
• Pitch ≤ 100 mm f’c = 34 MPa

c. Tied stirrups 0.75

Ld1
• 12 mm bar diameter
• Spacing ≤ 100 mm f’c = 21 MPa Ld2
41 42

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Development Length of
Bundled Bars Bar Bends and Cut-offs
When space for proper bar clearance is restricted,
bundled bars are used: • The beams designed up to this point have been
selected on the basis of maximum moments.

• No more than four bars bundled in contact • These moments have occurred at or near span
centerlines for positive moments and at the
• Bar larger than 36 mmφ shall not be bundled in
beams faces of supports for negative moments. At
other points in the beams, the moments were
• Termination of each bar must be staggered at least
40 db less.
• Development length based on single bar in a bundle

Increase 20% for 3 bars
43 44

Increase 33% for 4 bars

Bar Bends and Cut-offs (Cont.) Bar Bends and Cut-offs (Cont.)

• When the bending moments are sufficiently

small, some reinforcing bars can be reduced or
cut-off.
• Reinforcing steel is quite expensive, and cutting
it off where possible may appreciably reduce
costs.

45 46

Development of Reinforcement at
NSCP Bar Cut-off Requirements Simple Supports

47 48

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Development of Reinforcement at Standard Cut-off and Bend

Inflection Points Points for Bars

49 50

Example 5 Bar Splices

For the uniformly loaded simple beam shown, determine • In general, reinforcing bars are stocked by suppliers
the theoretical points on each end of the beam where two in specific lengths. In the Philippines, bars are
bars can be cut off and then determine the points where available in lengths of 6 m, 7.5 m, 9 m, 10.5 m and
two more bars can be cut off. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 414 12.5 m. On special order, 15 m can be made
MPa. 450 mm available.
• Because of the limited bar length available, and
10 mmφ because it is more convenient to work with shorter
750 mm

wu = 75 kN/m
stirrups bar lengths, it is frequently necessary to splice bars
675

in the field.
6-28 mm φ
• Splices in reinforcement at points of maximum
9m stress should be avoided, and when splices are
75

75 300 75 51 used, they should be staggered. 52

Methods of Lap-Splicing Bars Lap-Splice

Simply to lap the bars one over the other and the
The most common methods of splicing 36 mm bars are wired together.
diameter bars or smaller are:
a. Lap-splice
b. Welded splice
c. Mechanical connectors

53
Lap-spliced deformed bars 54

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Welded Splice Mechanical Connectors

Consist of some type of sleeve splice, which fits
Welding the bars together so that the connection over the ends of the bars to be joined into which a
can develop at least 125% of the specified yield metallic grout filler is placed to interlock the
strength of the bars. grooves inside the sleeve with the bar
deformations.

Butt-welded splice

55 Rebar coupler 56

NSCP Code Provisions on Lap Splices Tension Splices

• Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger
than 36 mm diameter, except as provided in The Code divides tension lap splices into two
NSCP Sections 412.17.2 (Compression Splice) classes, A and B. The class of splice used is
and 415.9.2.3 (Development of Bundled Bars). dependent on the level of stress in the reinforcing
• Lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based and on the percentage of steel that is spliced at a
on the lap splice length required for individual particular location.
bars within the bundle, increased in accordance
with NSCP Section 412.5. Individual bar splices
within a bundle shall not overlap. Entire bundles
shall not be lap spliced.
57 58

Tension Splices (Cont.) Tension Splices (Cont.)

Class A splices are those where the reinforcing is The Code states that lap splices for deformed bars
lapped for a minimum distance of Ld (but not less and deformed wire in tension shall be Class B
than 300 mm) and where one-half or less of the splices except that Class A splices may be used
reinforcing is spliced at only one location. when:
• The area of reinforcement provided is at least
Class B splices are those where the reinforcing is twice that required by analysis over the entire
lapped for a minimum distance of 1.3 Ld (but not length of the splice; and
less than 300 mm) and where all the reinforcing is
spliced at the same location. • One half or less of the total reinforcement is
spliced within the required lap length.
59 60

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Tension Splices (Cont.) Compression Splices

Moreover, based on the Code: Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, end-
• When bars of different sizes are lap spliced in bearing, and by welding or use of mechanical
tension, splice length shall be the larger of the connectors.
development length of larger bar, or the tension lap
splice length of smaller bar. • Compression lap splice length shall not be less
• Splices shall be staggered at least 600 mm.
than 300 mm and is calculated as
Lap Length 0.071 fy d b (for fy ≤ 420 MPa)
(0.13fy − 24 )db (for fy > 415 MPa)

If f’c = 21 MPa, length of lap shall be increased by

Lap Length
600 mm
61
one third. 62

Compression Splices (Cont.) Compression Splices (Cont.)

Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, end-
bearing, and by welding or use of mechanical • When bars of different size are lap spliced in
connectors. compression, splice length shall be the larger of
the development length of the larger bar, or the
• Compression lap splice length shall not be less compression splice length of the smaller bar.
than 300 mm and is calculated as
• Lap splices of 42 and 58 mm diameter bars to 36
0.071 fy d b (for fy ≤ 420 MPa) mm diameter and smaller bars shall be
permitted.
(0.13fy − 24 )db (for fy > 415 MPa)

If f’c = 21 MPa, length of lap shall be increased by

one third. 63 64

Compression Splices (Cont.) Beam Typical Details

• The transfer of forces between bars that are

always in compression can be accomplished by
end-bearing, according to Section 412.17.4 of
the NSCP Code. For such transfer to be
permitted, the bars must have their ends square
cut (within of a right angle) and they must be
suitably confined (by closed ties, closed stirrups,
or spirals).
Non-perimeter beam

65 Source: ACI 315-99 66

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Beam Typical Details Column Typical Details

Perimeter beam Typical

Column
Source: ACI 315-99 67
Source: ACI 315-99 detail 68

Typical Typical Beam Seismic Details

Column
Seismic
Detail

Source: ACI 315-99

69 70
Source: ACI 315-99

Improper Detailing Improper Detailing

http://myphilippinelife.com/our-philippine-house-project-gallery-of-blunders/

http://myphilippinelife.com/our-philippine-house-project-gallery-of-blunders/ 71 72

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References
ACI 315-99: Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement. American Concrete
Institute.http://pdf.ebooks6.com/ACI-315-99-Details-and-Detailing-of-Concrete-
Reinforcement-%28ACI-download-w6644.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2011.

Thank you for

Brzev, S. and Pao, J. 2006. Reinforced Concrete Design: A Practical Approach. Pearson
Education Canada Inc.: Toronto.

Bengusta, F. 2004. Syllabus in CE 34 - Reinforced Concrete Design. Department of Civil

Engineering, UPLB.

Jiravacharadet, M. Lecture Notes in Reinforced Concrete Design: Bond. School of Civil

listening!
Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand. Accessed June 10,
2013.

Nilson, A. H. 1997. Design of Concrete Structures. 12th Edition. McGraw-Hill:

Singapore.

McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J.K. 2005. Design of Reinforced Concrete. 6th Edition.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New Jersey.

National Structural Code of the Philippines. 2010. Association of Structural Engineers73of 74

the Philippines: Quezon City.

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