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What Is Processor ?

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ARYA SINGH COMPUTER ARCHITEUTURE ASSESSMENT REG.NO.

:- 1847215

******************************************************************************

CIA 1 - B

What is Processor ?

The processor (short form for microprocessor and also often called the CPU or central
processing unit) is the central component of the PC. It is the brain that runs the show inside the
PC. All work that you do on your computer is performed directly or indirectly by the processor.
Obviously, it is one of the most important components of the PC.

Functions of Processor :
 Performance
 Software support
 Reliability and Stability
 Energy Consumption and Cooling
 Motherboard Support

PROCESSOR FAMILIES OF INTEL


 The processors here are grouped by "families", where we consider a family of
processors to be a group of processors that vary only in clock speed, not in architecture.
 I will discuss here about all the major processor families used on PC-compatible
computers. It covers every major x86 processor on the market, from the first Intel 8088
used in the original IBM PC, to the latest released hot chips.

1. INTEL 8088- FIRST GENERATION PROCESSOR


The first chip used in PCs was Intel's 8088. This was not, at the time it was chosen, the best
available CPU, in fact Intel's own 8086 was more powerful and had been released earlier. The
8088 was chosen for reasons of economics: its 8-bit data bus required less costly motherboards
than the 16-bit 8086. Also, at the time that the original PC was designed, most of the interface
chips available were intended for use in 8-bit designs.

2. INTEL 80286- A SECOND GENERATION PROCESSOR


The 80286 was the chip used in IBM's AT (advanced technology) system. The 286 was the first
major step up in PC processors, providing significant performance increases over the 8088 and
8086--double or more performance at the same clock speed. The 286 also widened the address
bus to allow access to 16 MB of memory, and introduced protected mode operation. It was
originally available in 6 MHz and 8 MHz versions, but was later expanded to faster versions, all
the way up to 20 MHz.

3. INTEL 80386DX- THIRD GENERATION PROCESSOR


 The Intel 80386DX was the first true 32-bit processor used on the PC platform. Its
internal register size was increased to 32 bits, and its data and address buses were as
well, doubling data path width to the processor and increasing addressable memory to 4
GB theoretical. The 80386 family of chips offered more performance than the 80286s
they replaced, largely through processor speed increases.
 The 386DX's increased power and improved processor modes.

4. INTEL 80386SX- THIRD GENERATION PROCESSOR


 The 80386SX is a "lite" version of the 80386DX chip. It uses only a 16-bit data
bus, the same external bus width as the 80286. It also only can address 16 MB of
memory, like the 80286. The SX version of the 386 chip was in fact released after the DX.
 The narrower data bus width of the 386SX creates a reduction in performance of
about 20-25% compared to an equivalent-speed 386DX.
 The 386SX is still a 32-bit processor internally and will run 32-bit software . It
available in speeds from 16 to 33 MHz

5. CYRIX 5x86 (“M1sc”)- FOURTH GENERATION PROCESSOR


 Despite having the same name as AMD's 5x86 processor, the Cyrix 5x86 is a totally
different . While AMD designed its 5x86 by further increasing the clock on the 486DX4,
Cyrix took the opposite approach by modifying its M1 processor core (used for the 6x86
processor) to make a "lite" version to work on 486 motherboards. As such, the Cyrix 5x86 in
some ways resembles a Pentium OverDrive (which is a Pentium core modified to work in a
486 motherboard) internally more than it resembles the AMD 5x86. This chip is probably
the hardest to classify as either fourth or fifth generation.

6. AMD K5-FIFTH GENERATION PROCESSOR


 AMD's entry in the fifth generation processor sweepstakes is called the K5
 The K5 is, internally, a very advanced processor, the most advanced of the fifth-
generation chips. Internally it is more comparable to the Pentium Pro. It is an x86
translation/emulation processor, decoding x86 instructions into RISC-like microinstructions
and executing them on a 6-pipeline internal core. This allows the K5 to achieve higher
performance than a Pentium of the same speed. In many ways, the K5 is sixth-generation,
but its performance level is held back to fifth-generation levels due its low clock speeds.

7. INTEL PENTIUM PRO(“P6”)- SIXTH GENERATION PROCESSOR


 The Pentium Pro was introduced in 1995 as the successor to the Pentium
 The Pentium Pro was the first mainstream CPU to radically change how it
executes instructions, by translating them into RISC-like microinstructions and executing
these on a highly advanced internal core.
 The Pentium Pro achieves performance approximately 50% higher than a
Pentium of the same clock speed

8. INTEL CORE 2- MULTI CORE PROCESSORS


 The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM
quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set, based on the Intel Core micro architecture,
derived from the 32-bit dual-core Yonah laptop processor.
 The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006[3]comprising the Solo (single-core),
Duo (dual-core), Quad (quad-core), and Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts)
branches, during 2007.[4] Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for
businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches.

PowerPC
What is PowerPc ?

PowerPC is a microprocessor architecture that was developed jointly by Apple, IBM, and
Motorola. The PowerPC employs reduced instruction-set computing. The three developing
companies have made the PowerPC architecture an open standard, inviting other companies to
build on it.

The PowerPC architecture provides an alternative to the popular processor architectures from
Intel, including the Pentium. (Microsoft builds its Windows operating system offerings to run on
Intel processors, and this widely-sold combination is sometimes called "Wintel".) The PowerPC
was first used in IBM's RS/6000 workstation with its UNIX-based operating system, AIX, and in
Apple Computer's Macintosh personal computers. Today, PowerPC chips are also used in diverse
applications including internetworking equipment, routers, telecom switches, interactive
multimedia, automotive control, and industrial robotics.

The PowerPC offers the following features that POWER does not:

 Support for running in little-endian mode.

 Addition of single precision floating-point operations.


 Control of branch prediction direction.

 A hardware coherency model (not in Book I).


 Some other floating-point instructions (some optional).

 The real time clock (upper and lower) was replaced with the
time base registers (upper and lower), which don't countin
sec/ns (the decrementer also changed).

 64-bit instruction operands, registers, etc. (in 64 bit processors).

Processors Families of PowerPc:


PowerPC 600 family

 601 50 and 66 MHz

 602 consumer products (multiplexed data/address bus)

 603/603e/603ev notebooks, embedded devices

 604/604e/604ev workstations and low end servers

 620 the first 64-bit implementation


PowerPC 7xx family

 740/750 (1997) 233–366 MHz


Motorola/Freescale

PowerPC 7xx family

 PowerPC 740 and 750, 233-366 MHz.

 745/755, 300–466 MHz


PowerPC 74xx family

 7400/7410 350 - 550 MHz, uses AltiVec, a SIMD extension of the original
PPC specs.

 7440/7450 micro-architecture family up to 1.5 GHz and 256 kB on-chip L2


cache and improved Altivec.
 7447/7457 micro-architecture family up to 1.83 GHz with 512 kB on-chip
L2 cache.

 7448 micro-architecture family (2.0 GHz) in 90 nm with 1MB L2 cache and


slightly improved AltiVec (out of order instructions).

 8640/8641/8640D/8641D with one or two e600 cores, 1MB L2 cache.

Advanced RISE Machine

What is ARM Processor ?

An ARM processor is one of a family of CPUs based on the RISC (reduced instruction set
computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines (ARM). ARM makes 32-bit
and 64-bit RISC multi-core processors. RISC processors are designed to perform a smaller
number of types of computer instructions so that they can operate at a higher speed,
performing more millions of instructions per second (MIPS). By stripping out unneeded
instructions and optimizing pathways, RISC processors provide outstanding performance at a
fraction of the power demand of CISC (complex instruction set computing) devices.

ARM processors are extensively used in consumer electronic devices such


as smartphones, tablets, multimedia players and other mobile devices, such as wearables.
Because of their reduced instruction set, they require fewer transistors, which enables a smaller
die size for the integrated circuitry (IC). The ARM processor’s smaller size, reduced complexity
and lower power consumption makes them suitable for increasingly miniaturized devices.

ARM processor features include:

 Load/store architecture.

 An orthogonal instruction set.

 Mostly single-cycle execution.

 Enhanced power-saving design.

 64 and 32-bit execution states for scalable high performance.

 Hardware virtualization support.


The simplified design of ARM processors enables more efficient multi-core processing and
easier coding for developers. While they don't have the same raw compute throughput as
the products of x86 market leader Intel, ARM processors sometimes exceed the
performance of Intel processors for applications that exist on both architectures.

The head-to-head competition between the vendors is increasing as ARM is finding its way
into full size notebooks. Microsoft, for example, offers ARM-based versions of Surface
computers. The cleaner code base of Windows RT versus x86 versions may be also partially
responsible -- Windows RT is more streamlined because it doesn’t have to support a number
of legacy hardwares.

Processors Families of ARM:


1. The ARM Processor Families:
The ARM7 Family
 32-bit RISC Processor.
 Support three-stage pipeline.

 Uses Von Neumann Architecture.

2. The ARM Processor Families:


The ARM9 Family
 32-bit RISC Processor with ARM and Thumb instruction sets.
 Supports five-stage pipeline.

 Uses Harvard architecture Fetch Deco.


3. The ARM Processor Families:
The ARM10 Family
 32-bit RISC processor with ARM, Thumb and DSP instruction sets.
 Supports six-stage Pipelines.

 Uses Harvard Architecture.

ARM1020E Processor
4. The ARM Processor Families:
The ARM11 Family
 32-bit RISC processor with ARM, Thumb and DSP instruction sets.
 Uses Harvard Architecture.
 Supports eight-stage Pipelines except ARM1156T2 uses ninestage pipeline.
 Widely used in automotive and industrial control systems, 3D graphics, security
critical
applications.

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