Microwave Communication System Design

linking the Tambang point and Municipality of

Makahadok, Quezon Province
Caballero J. ,Cruzata A. ,Ebrada N. , Lucena D. , Luzada J. , Panes A.

 Azimuth. The angle of rotation that a ground based parabolic

Communication nowadays, there is a fast observing
antenna must be rotated through the point to a specific satellite
development such as the wireless communication.
Analysis and planning and evaluation is necessary in in geosynchronous orbit.
microwave link. Equipments of the microwave can be
installed after finishing a thorough analysis and planning. Bandwidth. For a particular purpose it is the range between
An unsuccessful path design can cause periodic system the highest and the lowest frequencies employed.
outrages as a result of increased in suppressed system,
worst case or total failure of the system.
The purpose of this report is to link the Tambang Point, Branching Losses. Losses come from the hardware used to
Camarines Sur to the Municipality of Makahadok, Quezon
Province. Considerations were used inorder to have a line deliver the transmitter/receiver output to/from the antenna.
of sight propagation and to have a high reliability.

Index Terms- Antenna. It is a device whose usually function Clutter Losses. Describe as the attenuation due to trees and

is to radiate electromagnetic energy and intercept buildings in front of the antenna.

electromagnetic radiation.
Diffraction. Electromagnetic waves to spread when partially

Antenna Bandwidth. The frequency range which the antenna obstructed by an edge is available, thus, creates a shadow area.

performance meet specifications.

Diversity. This occurs when there is multi-path or method of

Antenna Gain. It is a measure of directivity properties and transmission available between a transmitter and a receiver.

the efficiency of the antenna..

Elliptical Waveguide. Wave guide used from the antenna to

Antenna Height. It is the height of the center of radiation of a the radio equipment without the addition of miscellaneous

transmitting antenna above the effective ground level. flex-twist or rigid section as for rectangular waveguide.

Atmospheric Losses. These are the attenuation due to the Fading. It defined as the variation of the strength of a received

absorption of electromagnetic waves by oxygen molecule and radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and/or ground

water vapor in the atmosphere. and water reflections in the propagation6path

Attenuation. It refers to the deduction of in energy signal First Fresnel Zone. Circular portion of a wave front

travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. transverse to the line between an emitter and a more distant
point, where the resultant disturbance is being observed,
whose center is the intersection of the front with the direct ray,
and whose radius is such that the shortest path from the
emitter through the periphery to the receiving point is one-half Refraction–Diffraction Fading .For low k values, the Earth’s
wavelength longer than the direct ray. surface becomes curved and terrain irregularities, man-made
structures8andother objects may intercept the Fresnel Zone.
Flat fade Margin. In an analog microwave radio system, the For high k values, the Earth’s surface gets close to a plane
flat fade margin is equal to the system total Gains minus surface and better LOS(lower antenna height) is obtained. The
system total losses.. probability of refraction-diffraction fading is therefore
Free Space Loss. These are the signal attenuation that would indirectly connected to obstruction attenuation for a given
result if all absorbing, diffracting, obstructing, refracting, value of Earth–radius factor. It is also known as k-type fading.
scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed
so as to have no effect on propagation. Reliability. It involves line-of-sight microwave system of
links and tandem or just only a link.
Fresnel Zone. Wave front transverse to a line between an Waveguide. It permits remote installation of microwave
emitter and a point where the disturbance is being observed antenna from its own equipment. Waveguide is a hollow metal
circular portions; then nth zone includes all7pathswhose tube that allows the transmission of microwave signal.
lengths are betweenn-1 and n half-wavelengths longer than the
I. INTRODUCTION
line-of sight path. It is also known as half-period zones.

Line of Sight. This is an unobstructed view from transmitter

T echnology is important to our lives now a days. People
make use every least of it in almost everything. Also in
communications, it plays a very important role to the field.
With the observation to this fast development, wireless
to receiver.
communication was put in to practice.

Microwave. These are the ultra-high, super high and

extremely high frequencies directly above the lower frequency A ccording to Wayne Tomasi, electronic
communications is the process of conveying information from
ranges.
one place to another. Communications includes a transmitter,
transmission medium,a receiver and a system noise. A
transmitter is a collection of one or more electronic devices or
Parabolic Antenna. Frequencies from 1.7 to 23.6 GHz can be
circuits that converts the original source information to a form
accommodated just by changing out the Feed assembly more suitable for a transmission over a particular transmission
medium. The transmission medium or communications
channel provides a means of transporting signals between a
Path Attenuation. Is the reduction or loss that would be transmitter and a receiver and can be as simple as a pair of
copper wires or as complex as sophisticated microwave,
obtained between two isotropic antennas in free space, where
satellite, or optical fiber communications system. System
there are no existing ground influences or obstruction. noise is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the
information signal. A receiver is a collection of electronic
devices and circuits that accepts the transmitted signals from
Practical Threshold. The minimum acceptable receiver the transmission medium and then converts those signals back
to their original form.
equipment level input could not be lower than FM
Electronic communications has become more
improvement threshold, but higher if it is established as an advance through the years. The electromagnetic spectrum used
for radio signals have been very compact. Many
arbitrary value of noise on the top channel.
communications services have been added and the increased
number of users has crowded the airways. Extending the radio
communications into higher frequencies in the spectrum is the
Propagation Losses. These are the losses due to Earth’s
primary solution to this problem. The primary expansion will
atmosphere and terrain. take place on the frequencies beyond 1 GHz, known as
microwaves. Microwaves offer tremendous bandwidth for
communications and at least temporarily resolve the in
spectrum crowding.
Designing a microwave communication will broaden the different authors and publications. These involve careful
knowledge of an Electronics Engineering student. Thus, using analysis of all the data gathered and scheme of the researchers.
the knowledge gained through research and classroom It uses vivid documentary method.
instructions, the proponents decided to design a microwave
communications system linking Tambang Point, Tinambac, Research Procedure
Camarines Sur to Makahadok, Quezon Province The following procedure was implemented to
Statement of the Problem comprehend the study.

The objective of this study is to have an effective and 1. Planning and Preparation
highly efficient microwave communication system design Choosing the sites that are within the line-of-sight
between Tambang Point, Tinambac, Camarines Sur to to each other was relied on the topographical maps
Makahadok Quezon Province. with scale of 1:50,000 from the National Mapping
and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)
This study answers the following questions: office. Plans of line-of-sight between two locations
1. What are the important design considerations when were the total path lengths were made was
planning a microwave communication link? calculated approximately. Researchers choose the
2. How to achieve a barrier free location with exact numbers preliminary band of frequency band from the list
of repeaters and stations through a line of sight microwave
available on National Telecommunications
communications system between Tambang Point, Tinambac,
Commission (NTC).
Camarines Sur to Makahadok Quezon Province?
2. Site Selection
3. Is the study efficient and effective Two different station away from each other were
distinguished with the help of the topographical
Objectives of the Problem maps. The preliminary path profile was made
with the considerations of geographical
General Objective characteristics such as the terrain type and other
The objective of this study aims to design considerations like the availability of power and
Microwave Communication System Tambang Point, water supply also the telephone communication.
Tinambac, Camarines Sur to Makahadok Quezon 3. Site survey
Province with a minimum distance of 200 kilometers. 4. Data and Information gathering
The design was based on engineering
Specific Objective considerations for microwave. To take out the
 To establish the frequencies needed information needed from the published and
resources and appropriate equipment needed unpublished materials and also from the
to construct the Microwave Communication worldwide web, diverse study was made to have
System. the specification sheets used on the microwave
equipment.
 To apply the knowledge and concepts
5. Path Profile and Calculations
learned by designing a system with a Sites of the stations were selected with the help
reliability of 99.99999% of the topographic maps and the different
 To execute the design with clear path for parameters of the microwave design were
line of sight of a Microwave computed. Researches also viewed the elevation
Communication System linking Point, review and possible obstruction at the selected
Tinambac, Camarines Sur to Makahadok path. From the result of the map survey,
Quezon Province. computations for the coordinates, distances,
azimuth tower, antenna height, losses on the
II. METHODOLOGY design, reflection points and reliability were
established.
Thorough planning and analysis is needed in designing a 6. Completion of Write-Ups
microwave link. This tends to describe and evaluate the After the completion of gathering data and
methods used and approach of making a line-of-sight computations, proponents were able to
communication system and also explain what has the study finalized the paper.
has conducted.
FRAMEWORK
Research Method This explains the interrelated principles, theories,
parameters, boundaries, ideas and concepts that were
This was created from the various existing theories and necessary in microwave system design. It guides the
principles of microwave communication system design from researchers in determining what things to measure and what
statistical relationship to look for. This also helps to
understand the variables that have been considered significant
to the problem. RECOMMENDATION
Below are the basic recommendations which is very
Theoretical frameworks necessary for planning efficient wireless network through
There are a lot of theories and principle that designing a microwave link:
significantly contribute in designing a successful microwave 1. Avoid lower frequency bands in urban areas.
link design such as in mathematical analysis and the operation 2. If possible, in areas with very heavy precipitation,
of the system. This have handled on using the Principle of use frequency bands below 10GHz.
Microwaves and Theory of Design and Theory of wave 3. Leave enough spare capacity for future expansion of
propagation. the system.
4. The activities of frequency planning and microwave
Theory of wave propagation comprehends that in Earth path planning preferably should perform in parallel
environment, electromagnetic waves transmit in ways that be with line of sight activities and other network design
determined by not only on their properties but also on those of activities for best efficiency.
the environment itself. When propagation near the Earth is 5. Use updated maps that are not more than a year old.
examined, several factors, which did not exist in free space The terrain itself can change drastically in very short
must be considered time period. Make sure everyone on the project is
Principles os Microwaves and Theory of Design. This using the same maps, data and coordinates system.
theory is the method of applying the various techniques and 6. Perform detailed path surveys on all microwave
scientific principles for the purpose of defining a device, a links. Maps are used only for initial planning as a
process or a system is sufficient detail to permit its realization. first approximation.

III. CONCLUSION A. REFERENCES

The researchers found out that it is possible to establish a COMSCOPE, “Microwave Communication Basic”,
microwave communication system link design between the California USA,1990
Tambang Point, Camarines Sur and Municipality of
Frenzel, Louis W., “Communications Electronics”, 6 th
Makahadok, Quezon Province. Subsequent design process and
Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company
calculations, the design came up with a system with an overall
reliability of using the frequency diversity case of Kennedy, George and Davis, Bernard, “Electronics and
This study answers the following questions: Communications System”, 4th Edition, Glencoe Division of
McMillan/McGraw-Hill Planning Co., 1993
Problem 1:
What are the important design considerations when Rule, Many, “Microwave Communications System Design
planning a microwave communication link? Module”, 2000
Findings:
Sharma, K. K,. “Fundamentals of Microwave and Radar
Problem 2. Engineering:” 1st edition, S. Chand Publishing, 2011.
How to achieve a barrier free location with exact
numbers of repeaters and stations through a line of sight Shrader, Robert L., “Electronic Communications”,McGraw-
microwave communications system between Tambang Hill Book Company, 1993.
Point, Tinambac, Camarines Sur to Makahadok Quezon
Province? Tomasi, Wayne, “Advanced Electronics Communications”,
Findings: 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1994.
In defining the exact path of transmission, path profile is
very important. Surveying the locations of each link and White, Robert, “Engineering Considerations for Microwave
examining the physical conditions of the chosen areas were Communications System” GTE Lenkurt Inc., California,
the use of the topographical maps for the specific location. USA, 1987
Theories and formulas affecting the transmission of the
system were also considered. Internet Site:
Conclusion: History of Wireless Communications
Computations provide the exact value of the data than http://wireless.ece.ufl.edu/jshea/HistoryOfWirelessCommun
path profiling. ication,html

Problem 3
Is the study efficient and effective?
Findings:
 AUTHORS He studied at the Laboratory High School of Central Bicol
State University of Agriculture and graduated on 2015.
Jullie Agorita Caballero a twenty year old fourth year Jan Carlo Duran Luzada was born on January 1, 1998 at
electronics communications engineering student of Bicol State Camaligan, Camarines Sur.
College of Applied Sciences and Technology. She was born He graduated at the Laboratory High School of Bicol State
on April 5, 1998 College of Applied Sciences and Technology on 2014 and is
She graduated highschool at Calabanga National currently a fourth year electronics and communications
Science HIghschool on 2014 and spent her grade school days engineering in the same school.
at Ratay Elementary School, 2004 – 2010.
Anthony Luna Panes a nineteen year old fourth year
Archie Rois Cruzata was born on December 15, 1998 at electronics communications engineering student of Bicol State
Naga City. He is a fourth year electronics communications College of Applied Sciences and Technology.
engineering student of Bicol State College of Applied He was born on June 19, 1999 at Naga City.
Sciences and Technology. He graduated at Sta. Cruz National High school on 2015
He graduated at Ateneo De Naga University on 2015.

Nikka Abegail Francisco Ebrada was born on June 16. 1997

at Naga City. She was a fourth year electronics
communications engineering student of Bicol State College of
Applied Sciences and Technology.
She graduated at Barcelonita Fisheries School on 2014

Darryll Joe Estrada Luceña a nineteen year old fourth year

electronics communications engineering student of Bicol State
College of Applied Sciences and Technology.