8th STD Computer
8th STD Computer
8th STD Computer
C O MP U T E R
8TH STANDARD
Contents
About Ms-Word
Tools in Drawing Tool Bar
How to Use Drawing Tool Bar
Changing Object Size
Word Art
Text Box
Picture, Clip Arts and Shapes
Tables
About Tables
Rows & Columns
Merge & Split Cells
Formatting Cells
Table Properties
3. BASIC MS-DOS …………………….………..……… 18
Internal Commands
External Commands
4. HTML …………………………...…………………… 22
Introduction to HTML
Basic Tags
KREIS I
8th Standard Page |1
CHAP TER - 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A Computer is an Electronic Machine which accepts the Data, Process it, stores in
its memory and gives out the result. The word computer is derived from Latin word
compute which means to calculate or manipulate. It performs four basic operations:
Speed: Current computers systems can amass manipulate and provide data in fractions of
a second. Computer can [perform in minute’s task that would take a person year to
complete. The speed of a computer is closely related to the amount of date it must
process.
Accuracy: The computer must process data accurately as well as quickly. Accuracy is a
prime consideration in installing computers. Computers rarely make mistakes and can
accurately perform all kinds of complex computations.
Reliability: Computer systems are particularly adept at repetitive tasks. They do not take
sick days and coffee breaks. Computer systems are widely accepted because of their
exceptional reliability. Unlike most humans, they are capable of operating under the most
adverse conditions for extended periods of time without showing any signs of fatigue.
Storage Capability: Computer systems have total and instant recall of data and an
almost unlimited capacity to store the data. A typical mainfra me computer system will
have many billions characters and perhaps thousands of graphic images, stored and
available for instant recall.
Reduced Costs: With the ever-increasing advances being made in the state-of the art, the
cost of computer equipment has dropped drastically over the years. Hardware cost of
acquiring their own computer system many now find it not only feasible to acquire a
system, but cost-effective as well.
Versatility: Computers are being used in different fields such as offices, schools,
hospitals etc. to perform various tasks. Versatile means ability to perform various tasks
and computer can capable to do so. A computer can process any kind of data.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Today, computer can be seen almost everywhere from office, shopping malls,
schools, to almost every home. Computers are as common place as pencils and have been
marketed in such a way as make them available to almost anyone, it has gone thro ugh
many stages of evolution and it is continuously changing. To fully understand and
appreciate the impact that computers have on our lives and promises they hold for the
future, it is important to understand their evolution.
Instead of ten years, census takers compiled their results in just six weeks with
Hollerith’s machine. In addition to their speed, the punch cards served as a storage
method for data and they helped to reduce computational errors. Hollerith brought his
punch card reader into the business world, finding the tabulating Machine Company in
1896, later to become International Business machines (IBM) in 1924 after a series of
mergers. Both business and government used punch cards for data processing until then
1960’s
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was
being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying
hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software,
which together make up an entire computer system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has
been discussed in detail along with their time period, characteristics. We've used
approximate dates against each generation which are normally accepted.
First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes
like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the
installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large
organizations.
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used. In this
generation, Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.
There were machine codes and electric wired board languages used.
Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC
3600, and UNIVAC 1108
Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Support machine and assembly languages
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size and Faster
Generate less heat
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language
Some computers of this generation were DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1
(Super Computer), CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer).
ULSI technology
Development of true artificial intelligence
Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
Advancement in Superconductor technology
More user friendly interfaces with multimedia
features
Availability of very powerful and compact
computers at cheaper rates
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Computer in Business
The computer's characteristic as high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy,
reliability, or versatility has made it an integrated part in all business organizations.
Payroll Calculations
Budgeting
Sales Analysis
Financial forecasting
Managing employees database
Maintenance of stocks, etc.
Computer in Banking
Today Banking is almost totally dependent on
computer. Banks provide following facilities:
Computer in Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the Education System.
Computer in Military
Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks,
missiles, weapons, etc., employ computerized control systems.
Some military areas where a computer has been used are:
Missile Control
Military Communication
Military operation and planning
Smart Weapons
Computer in Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is
received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some
main areas in this category are:
E-mail
Chatting
Usenet
FTP
Telnet
Video-conferencing
Budgets
Sales tax department
Income tax department
Male/Female ratio
Computerization of voters lists
Computerization of Driving Licensing system
Computerization of PAN card
Weather Forecasting.
CHAP TER - 2
STARTING MS-WORD
The Microsoft Word program will load, and a blank document will appear on your
Typing Text
To enter text, type just as you would if you were using a typewriter. To capitalize
a letter, hold down the SHIFT key while typing the letter. Or, press the CAPS LOCK
key on the left-hand side of your keyboard. You will have to press the CAPS LOCK key
again—once you are done capitalizing—to remove the lock. You do not need to press
ENTER to start a new line—Microsoft Word will automatically wrap your sentence at
the end of the line.
To move the cursor from its position at the end of your sentence to anywhere else
on the page, use the mouse or the arrow keys to move the cursor where you want the
letters or spaces to be (left-click the mouse to place the cursor) and then type what you
want to add—the text will automatically adjust to include it. Press ENTER to start a new
paragraph (this is sometimes called a “carriage return”).
Deleting Text
There are two different buttons on the keyboard that will allow you to erase text.
They are the “Delete” key and the “Backspace” key (#s 1 and 2 on the keyboard map on
page. The “Backspace” key deletes words to the LEFT of the cursor, and the “Delete”
key deletes words to the RIGHT of the cursor.
BACKSPACE ↔ DELETE
The UNDO and REDO features of Microsoft Windows applications are great tools to
rely on (especially in MS Word). The program will keep a list of the last 25 commands
that you have performed, and it allows for taking “one step” backwards in order to erase
what you have just done.
Click on the UNDO button in the Quick Access Toolbar to go back one step (up
to 25).
Click on the REDO button in the Quick Access Toolbar to go forward one step
(up to 25).
Formatting Text
Changing the look of what you’ve written is called “formatting.” This can include
changing the text style, size, color, and more.
used independently of each other—in other words, you can bold, underline, and italicize a
single piece of text.
The alignment of the text can be altered using the buttons with the horizontal lines
on them. You can align text
To The LEFT
To The CENTER
To The RIGHT
Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Text
CUTTING a selection will place it on the clipboard, just in case you want to PASTE it
elsewhere. To CUT a selection, first highlight it. Then, click on the CUT icon from the
Home Tab.
The highlighted text will disappear, as you have just cut it out, but a copy is now on your
clipboard, and MS Word is waiting for you to paste it somewhere else.
To PASTE this cut selection, place your cursor where you want the selection to go. Click
on the PASTE icon from the Home Tab toolbar, and it will pop the text into place, right
where you have your cursor.
To COPY, simply follow those same steps, replacing the CUT command with COPY.
The COPY command will not alter your original selection at all, as it simply makes a
copy of the selection without changing or deleting it in any way.
Drawing objects include shapes, diagrams, flowcharts, curves, lines, and WordArt. These
objects are part of your document. You can change and enhance these objects with colors,
patterns, borders, and other effects. A drawing in Word refers to a drawing object or a
group of drawing objects. For example, a drawing object that is made up of shapes and
lines is a drawing.
1. Click a shape or shapes to insert into your document. You can also change
the shape and add text to it.
2. Draw on the canvas. To draw, click Shapes, and then click Freeform or
Scribble under Lines.
3. Adjust the size of the canvas by selecting it and then clicking the arrows in
the Size group, or click the Size Dialog Box Launcher to specify more
precise measurements.
4. Apply a style to a shape. In the Shape Styles group, rest your pointer over a
style to see what your shape will look like when you apply that style. Click
the style to apply it. Or, click Shape Fill or Shape Outline and select the
options that you want.
WORDART
How would you like to create cool text effects with shadows and 3D? Check out
the WordArt functions!
Your selected text will be transformed by the WordArt you have chosen!
Draw Textbox
These are the basic types of graphics that you can use to enhance Word
documents: drawing objects, Smart Art, charts, pictures, and clip art. Drawings refer to a
drawing object or a group of drawing objects.
It’s really easy to insert a picture to your document. Here’s what you need to do:
1. Click at the point in your document where you’d like to add a Picture.
2. Click on the Insert ribbon tab.
3. Click on the Picture button.
4. Locate the picture that you want to insert.
5. Double-click the picture that you want to insert.
You can add pizzazz to your documents with ClipArt, the ready-made
pictures that come with Word! Here’s what you need to do to add ClipArt graphics to
your document:
[ENTER].
6. The ClipArt Gallery will show you all the available graphics related to this
theme.
7. Clicking on a picture will insert it in your document.
To remove a graphic from your document, click on it and then press the [DEL] key.
TABLES
If you need to include structured text in your document, then using a table is the
easiest way to make sure that it will remain neatly formatted, even when you edit it.
Creating a table
It’s really easy to create a table. Here’s what you need to do:
After you create a table, the Design ribbon will be displayed giving you a choice of
standard table styles. Or use the Borders and Shading buttons to design your own!
1. After you’ve created the table, the cursor will be blinking in the first cell. You can
begin typing here.
2. To move on to the next cell, just press the [TAB] key.
3. When you want to move to the next line, just press [TAB] again. Don’t press
[ENTER] – that will create a new line inside the current cell.
You need to have the Layout ribbon visible for this too.
Merge Cells
If you want to merge the two or more cells in table?
1. Select two or more cells to be merged.
2. Click on the Layout ribbon tab.
3. Click on the Merge Cells button.
Split a Cell
If you want to split the cells in table?
1. Select the cell to be divided.
2. Click on the Layout ribbon tab.
3. Click on the Split Cells button and specify the
number of rows and columns to split the cell into.
Formatting Cells
You can easily format the cells. Here’s what you need to do:
To Change the Alignment of the Text in a Cell
1. Place the cursor in a cell or select multiple cells or
select the whole table.
2. Select the appropriate text alignment template from
the Layout ribbon tab.
Auto Fit
To fit the cell automatically in a table
Table Properties
The preferred method for changing the size of a row or column is to right-click in
a cell in the row or column and selects “Table Properties…” from the menu. This action
opens the Table Properties dialog box, which allows the user to specify the alignment of
the table, the size of rows and columns as well as to indicate how text wraps around the
table.
CHAP TER - 3
MS-DOS
INTRODUCTION
The word DOS is often taken to stand for Disk Operating System, but this is not
historically accurate. The current versions of DOS were developed from QDOS, which
stood for Quick and Dirty Operating System, a reference to the fact that it was a simple
and not very sophisticated system in comparison to others around at the time!
At one time, most PCs used DOS as their primary OS. Back then it looked after
everything: the hard disk, the CPU, the memory, and communication with I/O devices
such as the keyboard and printer. Gradually, Windows took over and DOS was relegated
to the background. In fact, many people today are unaware of its continued existence.
However, it still has an important role to play in running modern computers and a vital
role when it comes to maintenance and trouble shooting.
Unlike Windows, this uses a graphical user interface (GUI), DOS uses a Text User
Interface (TUI) i.e. you type commands and the computer carries out your instruction.
This makes it less "user friendly" as you have to remember lots of individual commands -
and if you make a tiny mistake, it won't understand you! On the other hand, once you
have learnt DOS you will have a better understanding of how a computer operates and the
underlying directory structure of your hard disk. Hence it is worth making the effort to get
to know it well.
STARTING DOS
There are several ways to get to DOS, but the easiest is from within Windows is
1. Click Start
2. Select Programs in that Accessories
3. Click on Command Prompt
DOS will open in a window rather like any other program window, except that it
has white text on a black background and a rather strange-looking tool bar.
The screen will clear and you will be left at the command prompt which, by default, looks
like:
The flashing cursor (an underscore) means that it is ready to accept an input from the
keyboard.
1. Internal Commands
2. External Commands
Internal Commands:
These are for performing basic operations on files and directories and they do not
need any external file support.
1. DATE
This command is used to display the system current date setting and prompt you
to enter a new date. The syntax is: DATE [/T | date]
If you type DATE without parameters then it displays current date and prompts to
enter new date. We should give new date in mm-dd-yy format. If you want to keep the
same date just Press ENTER. DATE command with /T switch tells the command to just
output the current system date, without prompting for a new date.
2. TIME
This command is used to displays or set the system time. The syntax is: TIME [/T | time]
Same as DATE command, typing TIME with no parameters displays the current time and
a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time.
3. COPY CON
4. TYPE
This command is used to display the contents of a text file or files. The syntax
is: TYPE [drive:][path]filename
5. CLS
6. REN
Here, filename1 is source file for which you wanted to change the name, and
filename2 will obviously becomes your new file name. Also note that you cannot specify
a new drive or path for your destination file.
7. VER
8. PATH
This command displays the path that how we have come to the present position or
sets a search path for executable files. Its Syntax is PATH [drive:] [path]
9. DIR
10. VOL
It displays the disk volume label and serial number, if they exist for the drive
specified. If no drive is specified it displays for the active drive.
The Syntax is VOL [drive:]
11. DEL/ERASE
a. MD (or MKDIR) command stand for make directory and it is used to create a
directory. The Syntax is MD [drive:]path]
b. CD (or CHDIR) stands for create or change directory and it allows displaying
the name of or changing the current directory or rather we can say come out of
a directory. The Syntax is CD [/D] [drive:][path]
External Commands:
These external commands are for performing advanced tasks and they do need
some external file support as they are not stored in COMMAND.COM
1. EDIT
This command is used to
modify or change the data of a
file. The Syntax is
EDIT [filename(s)]
2. LABEL
It is used to create, change, or delete the volume label of a disk. The Syntax is
LABEL [drive:] [label]
3. CHKDSK
This command is used to check a disk and display a status report with properties
of disk like serial number, volume label, memory and other properties along with errors
on the disk if any. The Syntax is CHKDSK [volume path]
4. TREE
This command is very useful to view the list of directories and subdirectories present
on the disk in graphical form. Here is the syntax for this command with allowed
switches: TREE [drive][path]
5. DOSKEY
This command is generally used to edits command lines and recalls commands.
The Syntax is DOSKEY [/REINSTALL] [/HISTORY] [text]
6. SORT
This command is used to arrange the data of a file in alphabetical order (A-Z, 0-9) or
reverse alphabetical order. The Syntax is SORT [/R] [[drive1:][path]
/R in command line reverses the sort order
CHAP TER - 4
HTML
Introduction to HTML
HTML is a tag based language used to “markup” specific parts of a web page for
display. By adding tags to the page, you can give instructions to the web browser about
how you want the page displayed.
The Hyper Text Mark Up in HTML stands for its capability to link a text or
graphics hotspot to other web pages. This powerful feature, the hyperlinks, is one of the
main reasons HTML was adopted as the language for web.
HTML is maintained by a standard body called the World Wide Web consortium
(W3C). It is subset of SGML (Standardized General markup Language).
In the late 1980s, Tim Berners-Lee was working as a physicist at CERN (the
European Organization for Nuclear Research). He devised a way for scientists to share
documents over the internet. Prior to his invention, communication via the internet was
limited to plain text, using technologies such as email, FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
and Usenet-based discussion boards. The invention of HTML made use of a model of
content stored on a central server that could be transferred and displayed on a local
workstation via a browser. It simplified access to content and enabled the display of
"rich" content (such as sophisticated text formatting and the display of images).
What is HTML?
HTML is a markup language. It tells the web browser what content to display.
HTML separates "content" (words, images, audio, video, and so on) from "presentation"
(the definition of the type of content and the instructions for how that type of content
should be displayed). HTML uses a pre-defined set of elements to identify content types.
Elements contain one or more "tags" that contain or express content. Tags are surrounded
by angle brackets, and the "closing" tag (the one that indicates the end of the content) is
prefixed by a forward slash.
For example, the paragraph element consists of the start tag "<p>" and the closing tag
"</p>".
Most elements may contain other elements, forming a hierarchic structure. A very simple
but complete web page looks like this:
HTML documents are written in plain text. They can be written in any text editor
that allows content to be saved as plain text, such as Notepad, Notepad++. Tag names
may be written in either upper or lower case. However, the W3C recommends using
lower case (and XHTML requires lower case).
HTML attaches special meaning to anything that starts with the less-than sign
("<") and ends with the greater-than sign (">"). Such markup is called a tag. Make sure to
close the tag, as some tags are closed by default, whereas others might produce
unexpected errors if you forget the end tag.
Here is a simple example:
<p> This is text within a paragraph</p>
<HTML></HTML> Tag: It contains the entire document place these tags at the
top and bottom of you HTML file.
<HEAD></HEAD> Tag: It contains document head information and do not
contain any of the page’s actual content. The page title, which browser’s use for
bookmark and favorites list, should be including in these tags. You can also place
any of the following tags within the document head: <TITLE>, <SCRIPT>,
<STYLE>
<TITLE></TITLE> Tag: It gives the document an official title. The <TITLE>
tag appears inside the document header i.e. inside the <HEAD> tag.
<BODY></BODY> tag: It acts as a container for the body of the document. It
appears after the <HEAD> tag and is followed by the </HTML> tag. The
<BODY> tag also sets various color setting and background characteristics of the
document.
Paragraph tag (<P></P>): One of the first formatting option you might want to
use is to separate you text into paragraphs. The paragraph tags <P></P> the care
of this for you. These add a blank line before and after the text they enclosed.
Line Break tag (<BR>): The line break tag <BR> places the text that follows on
the left margin of the next line.
Bold & Italic Tag ( <B></B> & <I></I>): This physical formatting tag changes
the appearance in your document.
After saving the file in Notepad, you have to test the HTML document in browser
To use the header tags in your HTML document. You will add the <H1> and
<H2> header tags. Headings can delimited using the <Hn> and </Hn> tags. There are
six different levels, from <H1> the largest, down to <H6>. Header tags should not be
nested.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Adding Headers </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>Heading Tag 1</H1>
<H2>Heading Tag 2</H2>
<P> Karnataka Residential Education Institutional Society</P>
<P> Written by Keerthi </P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Using Lists
To add a bulleted list to your HTML document. You will use the <UL>, <OL>
and <LI> tags. The <UL> … </UL> tags are used to define the start and end of an
unordered list (bulleted). The <OL> … </OL> tags are used to define the start and end of
an ordered list (numbered). The <LI> tag is used to define list items.
<BODY>
<P>I have created this document using Notepad.</P>
<H2>Summary</H2>
<P>So far I have learnt:</P>
<UL>
<LI>How the TITLE tag is displayed</LI>
<LI>The role of the paragraph tag</LI>
<LI>The use of the H1 and H2 tags for headings</LI>
</UL>
<P>I am about to learn the following two things : </P>
<OL>
<LI>About unordered (bulleted) lists</LI>
<LI>About ordered (numbered) lists</LI>
</OL>
</BODY>
To create a hypertext link in your HTML document. You will use the <A> anchor
tag to add a link to the KREIS home page. The <A> tag is used to create links to other
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Using Hyperlinks </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>KREIS</P>
<A HREF="www.kreis.kar.nic.in”> Click here </A>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Note: Notice that the <A> tag always uses the syntax
Adding Images
To add an image file to your HTML document. You will use the <IMG SRC
=“image_filename”> tag to include an image. The <IMG SRC=“...”> tag specifies the
location of an image. You will normally use GIF or JPEG image formats in HTML
document.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Using Images </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>KREIS</P>
<IMG SRC=“D:/Logo.jpg” ALT=“KREIS, Bangalore”>
</BODY>
</HTML>
The ALT=“…” attribute is used in order to provide a text alternative for browsers which
can’t load images, or when loading of images is disabled. If the image was also a link to
another page, you would include a full description.
To create a simple table in your HTML document. You will use a number of basic
table tags. These include <TABLE>, <TR>, <TH> and <TD>.
Tables are a useful tool for improving layout and fitting more information onto a
page. Note that old browsers do not support them, and that they can cause difficulties for
audio-enabled browsers as used by the visually impaired.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Tables </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<TABLE BORDER=”1”>
<TR>
<TH>Contents</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Task 1 </TD>
<TD> Getting Started </TD>
<TD> Page 1 </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
The <TABLE> ... </TABLE> tag is a container for the whole table.
The <TR> ... </TR> tags define a table row and within this you use the <TD></TD>
tags to define cells in the row (table data).
The <TH> tag defines a heading, making the text inside it bold and centered.
To familiarize yourself with background colors. You will set the background color
for an HTML document. Using a background color can change the impact of your HTML
page.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Color HTML Document</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR= “#FFDDDD”>
<H2> This is my document</H2>
</BODY>
</HTML>
To change the color of your document’s text and hypertext links. You will
use a number of <BODY> element attributes.
(#rrggbb represents a hexadecimal color value, e.g. #FF0000 is red. Three pairs of digits
are used to specify the proportion of red/green/blue in a particular color, hence known as
RGB color values.)
Setting colors in the BODY tag will change the text and link colors for the whole page.
To add an image to your HTML document background. You will use the
BACKGROUND=“image.gif” attribute of the BODY tag. Using an image file as a
background allows you to use textured effects.
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