4. Describe step by step what happens to the clay.

Make
U1M1 – PLATE TECTONICS an analogy of your simulated type of plate boundary.
> The Lithosphere (Greek, Lithos for Stone) is the rigid,
outermost layer of outer crust and uppermost mantle. B.1. Take 2 cardboard sheets and place them on the
This makes up the “Plate” of Plate *Tectonics. table roughly half a centimetre away from each other.
>aka Lithospheric plate 2. Get a small piece of clay and roll it into a ball the size
> a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of a marble.
of slow and continuously moving plates that interact in 3. Press the clay ball onto the boundary between the 2
various ways or changing of its size and position. sheets and flatten it.
>Plate edges colliding - geologic activity 4. Slowly move the 2 sheets toward each other.
>Cause of Earthquakes & Volcanoes 5. Describe step by step what happens to the clay. Make
>Creates Mountains an analogy of your simulated type of plate boundary.
>Deep ocean vents – site of creation of life
C.1. Place 2 cardboard sheets side by side on the table.
*TECTONICS is the very slow but constant movement of the 2. Make a clay ball and flatten it along the boundary of
plate/s. the 2 sheets.
3. Get some clay of another color and make 3 thin
The CRUST > is the thinnest and the outermost layer of stripes. Press these on the surface of the flatten clay.
the Earth that extends from the surface to about 32 4. Slowly move 1 of the cardboard sheets toward you,
kilometres below. Underneath some mountains, the and the other one away from you.
crust’s thickness extends to 72 kilometres. 5. Describe step by step what happens to the clay. Make
>is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, an analogy of your simulated type of plate boundary.
metamorphic, and igneous.
>It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its thickness -Do and practice the simulation assigned to your group.
ranges from 5 to 50 km. It is thickest in a part where a Brainstorm in your group. Do this activity in less than 7
relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along minutes.
the ocean floor. -Each group will choose their 1-2 presenters who will
present their simulation and explain elaborately in less
What is the difference between crust and plates? than 5 minutes.
Plates can be made up of both oceanic crust, which is -For acknowledgement, the FIRST group to FINISH
thinner and denser, and continental crust, which is thicker should have their leader immediately raise his/her right
and less dense. You can think of plates as the sections hand and yell “plus 3 points!” The SECOND group to
that move in plate tectonics. ... So if crust is the outer finish, leader yells “plus 2 points!” and the LAST group to
shell of the earth, the plates are the sections that move finish, the GROUP yells “1pt lng, Humaygash!!!”
because of *convection in the mantle.
(Rubrics for Group activity and recitation will be applied.)
*CONVECTION is the movement caused within a fluid by the
tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, Types of Plate Boundaries
and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of
gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.
1- CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
>occurs where two plates are pushing toward each other
2 Types of Plates
or colliding.
• Oceanic plates - plates which is only 4 to 6 miles (7 to
> Examples: the boundary between the Eurasian Plate
10 km) thick below the oceans which are relatively
and the Indian Plate at the Himalayas; the boundary
thinner but denser than continental plate
between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate
• Continental plates - plates below the continents which
along the west coast of South America
are about 20 to 40 miles (35 to 70 km) thicker but less
dense and usually older than oceanic plate.
a-Converging Oceanic Crust Leading Plate and
Continental Crust Leading Plate (Oceanic-Continental
ACTIVITY: Simulation of Plate Boundary through Clay
Convergence) leads to:
Model
Do this activity QUIETLY. Whisper when conversing. Go to > rise to the formation of a volcanic arc near the edge of
your designated groups for the Performance Task. Each a continental leading plate.
learner should engage and participate in order to draw or make >one important geologic feature is formed in the oceanic
a conclusion of the said activity. crust, and that is the trench also called “submarine
valleys”.
Objectives: >subsequent effect of the continuous grinding of plates
• Explain the processes that occur along the 3 different against each other is the occurrence of earthquakes.
types boundaries. >The reason or cause of this occurrence is because the
• Determine the results of plates after their specific denser oceanic crust (Plate A) undergoes what we call
movements. *subduction process. Since the mantle is hotter than the
crust, the tendency is, the subducted crust melt (OC)
Needed materials: (2 small sheets of used cardboard, 2 forming *magma. Addition of volatile material such as
coloured modelling clay ) water will cause the magma to become less dense,
hence allowing it to rise and reach the crust once again
Procedure: and causing volcanic activities on the continental leading
A.1. Get a small piece of clay and roll it into a ball the plate.
size of a marble. * SUBDUCTION an event in which a slab of rock thrusts into the
2. Press the clay ball onto the boundary between the 2 Mantle or the bending of the crust towards the Mantle.
sheets and flatten it. *MAGMA a mass of molten rock formed at depth, including
3. Slowly move the sheets away from each other. Watch dissolved gases and crystals.
out for any changes in the clay. Stop the moment you see b-Convergence of Oceanic Plates (Oceanic-Oceanic
something happen. Convergence)
> cause formation of trenches, and these trenches will
become sources of earthquakes. Objective: Emphasize by illustrating both the difference of
> can generate *Tsunamis, Japanese term for “harbor the natural phenomena of Seismic Waves
wave”
>resulting to the leading edge of the subducted plate that Needed: Stopwatch, 1 Student (records data),
will eventually reach the mantle causing it to melt and 1 Student (pusher and time keeper)
turn into magma. The molten material will rise to the
surface creating a Volcanic Island Arc (is a chain of Directions:
volcanoes position in an arc shape) parallel to the trench. A.1. P Wave
> Philippines originated from the collision of two oceanic 1-Class forms 1 straight line from petite to tallest
plates. 2-Stand side by side, with feet shoulder width apart.
3-Everyone should be calm and relax, not rigid.
*TSUNAMIS is a series of ocean waves with very long 4-Place arms over the other shoulder of classmate.
wavelengths (typically hundreds of kilometers) caused by 5-Assigned students at each end of the line
large-scale disturbances of the ocean. 6-Assigned time keeper pushes the first student at the
side of the starting line, in sync with the stopwatch and
c- Convergence of Continental Plates (Continent- stops the watch after watching the last student at the end
Continent Convergence) of the line receiving the applied force.
> a collision zone is formed and associated with shallow 7-Time Keeper informs the recorder of the time.
earthquake activities. 8- Do this 2x.
> subduction ceases for this particular type of (P Wave Method 2- Holding Hand Position)
convergence.
>No trench, no volcano, and definitely no island arc are A.2. S Wave
created during this process. Instead, what is created is a 1-Class forms 1 straight line from petite to tallest
large group of tall mountains called Mountain Range. 2-Stand side by side, with feet shoulder width apart.
3-Everyone should be calm and relax, not rigid.
2- DIVERGENT BOUNDARY 4-Place arms over the other shoulder of classmate.
>marks two plates that are moving apart from each other 5-Assigned students at each end of the line
creating a zone of tension. 6-Assigned time keeper pushes the first student’s back to
> Examples: the boundary between the African Plate and make a bow then go back at attention at the starting line,
the Arabian Plate in the Red Sea; the boundary between in sync with the stopwatch and stops the watch after
the Pacific and Antarctic Plates; the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, watching the last student at the end of the line receiving
made up of the boundary between the North American the applied force.
and Eurasian Plates in the North Atlantic, crossing 7-Time Keeper informs the recorder of the time.
Iceland, and the South American and the African Plates 8- Do this 2x.
in the South Atlantic. (S Wave Method 2- Holding Hand Raise Position)

3- TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY >Recorder writes data on the board in a Table Form.
>a boundary produced when two plates slide past each >Each learner prepares a long coupon bond following our
other. activity template and secure the data from the activity.
> Most transform faults join two segments of a mid-ocean >Make a Table indicating the differences between the P
ridge and S waves.
> mostly are located within the ocean basins, there are a >Write a conclusion of the said activity.
few that cut through the continental crust. An example of (Rubrics for Group activity and recitation will be applied.)
this is the San Andreas Fault. The immediate concerns
An earthquake releases 3 Types of Seismic Waves:
about transform fault boundaries are earthquake activities
1-Primary (P-waves) > (compressional waves) are the fastest
triggered by movements along the fault system. form of wave which can move through solids, liquids and some
> Examples: the boundary between the Pacific Plate and gases. Causes rock particles to move back and forth in the
the Australian Plate, crossing New Zealand; the boundary same direction as the wave is traveling (push-pull).
between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate > the first type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic
in California. station that starts to travel from the *Focus.
2-Secondary (S-waves) > (shear wave) are slower than the
*Before we study more about plate tectonics, let’s discuss primary and travel through solids only. Causes rock particles to
first one of the consequences of moving crustal plates move back and forth at right angles to the line of wave
which is crucial in studying plate tectonics:EARTHQUAKE. movement.
>second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic
station that also starts to travel from the *Focus.
* WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE AND WHEN WILL IT OCCUR?
Earthquake is shaking of the ground cause by a release of
*SEISMIC FOCUS/FOCUS/HYPOCENTER> is the point inside
energy from beneath it. Earthquake occurs when rocks along a
the earth which is the origin of earthquake shocks whereas the.
fault suddenly move due to the release of energy from the
*EPICENTER is the point on the surface of the earth which is
ground as friction limits between rocks is reached.
vertically above the seismic focus.
*WHAT IS A WAVE? Wave is a rhythmic disturbance that 3-Long surface waves (L-waves)> (Surface Waves/Land
carries energy without transporting matter from place to waves) ONLY move along the surface of the earth and cause it
place. to move up and down like something bobbing on the surface of
WHY DO SEISMIC WAVES DIFFER FROM OTHER the ocean.
WAVES LIKE SOUND WAVES? Seismic waves differ > Their speeds vary depending on the material, rock or soil,
from other waves like sound waves because it is the forming the surface. These waves cause the surface to move
wave that carries the energy from beneath the ground up and down. These are the waves that cause the buildings
during earthquakes. and other structures to move during an earthquake.

ACTIVITY: Human Wave, Analogy Modelling Seismic *Determining the location of earthquake epicenters plays a
vital role in laying the foundations of plate tectonics.
Waves