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    Landslides 150301232437 Conversion Gate02 PDF

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    Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope under the influence of gravity. They are caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic activity as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities. Landslides can destroy infrastructure, settlements, and cause loss of life. While difficult to predict, landslide risk areas can be identified based on geology, hydrology, and vegetation. Mitigation measures include hazard mapping, drainage improvement, engineering structures, land use planning, afforestation, and developing early warning systems.

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    Landslides 150301232437 Conversion Gate02 PDF

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    malathi
    33 views21 pages
    Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope under the influence of gravity. They are caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic activity as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities. Landslides can destroy infrastructure, settlements, and cause loss of life. While difficult to predict, landslide risk areas can be identified based on geology, hydrology, and vegetation. Mitigation measures include hazard mapping, drainage improvement, engineering structures, land use planning, afforestation, and developing early warning systems.

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    Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope under the influence of gravity. They are caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic activity as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities. Landslides can destroy infrastructure, settlements, and cause loss of life. While difficult to predict, landslide risk areas can be identified based on geology, hydrology, and vegetation. Mitigation measures include hazard mapping, drainage improvement, engineering structures, land use planning, afforestation, and developing early warning systems.

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    33 views21 pages

    Landslides 150301232437 Conversion Gate02 PDF

    Uploaded by

    malathi
    Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope under the influence of gravity. They are caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic activity as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities. Landslides can destroy infrastructure, settlements, and cause loss of life. While difficult to predict, landslide risk areas can be identified based on geology, hydrology, and vegetation. Mitigation measures include hazard mapping, drainage improvement, engineering structures, land use planning, afforestation, and developing early warning systems.

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    of 21

    LAND

    SLIDES
    Alex K George
    2014-17-115
    LANDSLIDES
    • Landslides are defined as mass movement of rock, debris or earth
    down a slope and have come to include broad range of motions
    whereby falling, sliding and flowing under the influence of gravity
    dislodges earth material.
    - Khanna, B.K and Khanna, N., 2011.
    • Take place in conjunction with
    I. Earthquakes
    II. Floods/ prolonged rainfall
    III. Volcanoes
    • Hilly terrain is highly sensitive to landslides – Himalayas and Western
    Ghats
    LANDSLIDE FEATURES

    - GNS, New ZEALAND


    Types of landslides
    -Varnes, D. J., 1978
    CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
    Landslides occurs when several factors converge,
    A. Natural Factors
    oGravity – works more effectively on steeper slopes
    oGeological factors – weak, sensitive or weathered materials
    oHeavy and prolonged rainfall – rapid rise in water level and saturation
    oEarthquakes – plate tectonic moves the soil that covers it also moves
    oForest fire – causes erosion and induce floods and landslides
    oVolcanoes – kill vegetation over extensive area and spreads volcanic rocks,
    subsequent rainy season will trigger landslides
    oWaves – can erode the beach or the toe of a bluff, cutting into slope
    oFreezing and Thawing
    CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
    Landslides occurs when several factors converge,
    B. Anthropogenic Factors
    oInappropriate drainage system – natural drainage lines on slopes are
    blocked by terracing/ contour bounding
    oCutting and deep excavations on slopes for buildings, roads, canals
    and mining – modification of natural slopes, blocking of surface
    drainage, loading of critical slopes and withdrawal to toe support
    oChange in slope/ land use pattern, deforestation, settlements,
    agricultural practices on steep slope
    ELEMENTS AT RISK
    Settlements built
    on the steep slopes
    at the toe of slopes
    at the mouth of the streams
    emerging from mountain valley
    LANDSLIDE PRONE AREAS

    - IIT, Bombay.
    EFFECTS
    • Landslides destroys everything and anything that comes in their path.
    • Roads
    • Rail lines
    • Lines of communication
    • Settlements
    • River flows/ Damming
    • Agricultural production
    • Land area
    • Flooding
    • Water availability, quality and quantity
    • Flora and Fauna
    • Fatalities depends on the place and time of occurrence.
    • Estimated casualties per year, world-wide: 600 - 1000 persons
    LANDSLIDE LOSSES

    - ITC, Netherland
    WARNING

    • Very difficult to predict the occurrence


    • areas of high risk can be determined by
    • Geology
    • Hydrology
    • Vegetation cover
    • Post occurrence
    • System measures the water level in the ground, and then using a
    geotechnical mathematical model it evaluates the potential for a
    landslide. A warning message is then send to a website and also to
    people’s smartphones.
    - Landslide Early Warning System, NASA
    SIGNS OF LANDSLIDES

    • Springs, seeps, or saturated ground in areas that have not typically been wet before.
    • New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street pavements or sidewalks.
    • Soil moving away from foundations, and ancillary structures such as decks and patios
    tilting and/or moving relative to the house.
    • Sticking doors and windows, and visible open spaces.
    • Broken water lines and other underground utilities.
    • Leaning telephone poles, trees, retaining walls or fences.
    • Sunken or dropped-down road beds.
    • Rapid increase in a stream or creek water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
    turbidity (soil content).
    • Sudden decrease in creek water levels even though rain is still falling or just recently
    stopped.
    What to do if suspect imminent landslide
    danger:
    Contact local fire and police control rooms.
    Inform neighbours who are likely to be affected. Help them in
    evacuation.
    Evacuation out of the likely path of the landslide is the best protection.
    What to do during a landslide:
    Quickly move out of path of the landslide or debris flow.
    If inside a building, stay inside and take cover under a desk, table or
    other sturdy furniture.
    If escape is not possible, curl into tight ball and protect your head.
    What to do after a landslide:
    Check for injured and trapped persons, without entering the slide and direct
    and assist rescuers.
    Help vulnerable group persons in neighbourhood for emergency assistance.
    Listen to local radio or television station.
    Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow.
    Look for and report damaged utility lines to authorities.
    Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since erosion caused can lead
    to flash flooding.
    Seek professional advice for evaluation of landslide hazard and designing
    corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk.
    MAJOR LANDSLIDES
    YEAR PLACE CASUALTIES
    1248 Mount Granier (France) 1000+
    1919 Kelud (Indonesia) 5110
    1920 Haiyuan (China) >100000
    1933 Diexi (China) ~ 3100
    1941 Huaraz (Peru) 4000-6000
    1949 Gharm (Tajikistan) ~7200
    1962 Ranrahirca (Peru) 4000-5000
    1970 Yungay (Peru) >22000
    1985 Armero (Colombia) 23000
    1999 Vargas (Venezuela) 30000
    2013 Kedarnath (India) 5700
    Uttarakhand Floods and Landslides - 2013
    • Multi-day cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides
    becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami
    • Unscientific developmental programmes
    • Activities for 70 hydro electric power projects lead to ecological
    imbalance.
    MITIGATORY MEASURES
    National Core Group for Landslide Mitigation, 2004 (MHA).

     Hazard Mapping: locate areas prone to slope failures –


    help in planning developmental activities
     Proper Drainage and Drainage Correction: allowing
    excess water to move without hindrance – deep drainage
     Engineering Structure: slope stabilisation – geogids,
    nailing, anchors
     Insurance
     Proper Land use Measures
     Afforestation and Reforestation of the Areas
     Developmental Activities: only after detailed study of
    region, avoid constructions along natural drainage
     Creation of Awareness Among Local People
    SETTLEMENT POLICY
    Avoid permanent settlements in high risk zones.
    Diversion of stream channel in upper slopes, especially above
    settlements should be strictly disallowed.
    Adequate provision for drainage of storm water from high sloping
    terrain, to reduce saturation.
    Maintain existing natural drainage channels and hallows, without any
    blocking, division or modification.
    REFERENCES
    • Khanna, B.K. and Khanna, N. 2011. Disasters. New India Publishing Company, New
    Delhi, 278p.
    • http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/rn/resume/landslide/india.html
    • http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/pdf/landslide.pdf
    • http://www.adpc.net/casita/Course%20Modules/Landslide%20hazard%20assessment/Lan
    dslides_types_and_causes.pdf
    • http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/publications/consistent-messages-part-B-
    landslides.pdf
    • http://www.idahogeology.org/DrawOnePage.asp?PageID=83
    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landslides
    • https://2014.spaceappschallenge.org/project/landslide-ewas--early-warning-system
    • http://landslides.usgs.gov/learn/prepare.php
    • http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/85/2013/nhess-13-85-2013.pdf
    • http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/rap/files/NRE/Forestry_Group/Landslide_Policy
    Brief.pdf

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