EXPERIMENT NO 1

AIM: Creating a One-Dimensional Array (Row / Column Vector) ; Creating a

Two-Dimensional Array(Matrix of given size) and
(A). Performing Arithmetic Operations - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and
Exponentiation.
(B). Performing Matrix operations - Inverse, Transpose, Rank.

TOOL USED: MATLAB 7.0

THEORY:

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation, Algorithm
development, Data acquisition, Modeling, simulation, and prototyping, Data
analysis, exploration, and visualization, Scientific and engineering graphics,
Application development, including graphical user interface building.

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that

does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical
computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a
fraction of the time it would take to write a SUGGESTED PROGRAM: in a
scalar non interactive language such as C or Fortran. The name MATLAB
stands for matrix laboratory.

Starting MATLAB on Windows platforms, start MATLAB by double-clicking

the MATLAB shortcut icon on your Windows desktop.

Quitting MATLAB: To end your MATLAB session, select File > Exit
MATLAB in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. You can run a
script file named finish.m each time MATLAB quits.

Consider two matrices A and B. If A is an m x n matrix and B is a n x p matrix,

they could be multiplied together to produce an m x n matrix C. Matrix
multiplication is possible only if the number of columns n in A is equal to the
number of rows n in B.In matrix multiplication, the elements of the rows in the
first matrix are multiplied with corresponding columns in the second matrix.Each
element in the (i, j)th position, in the resulting matrix C, is the summation of the
 products of elements in ith row of first matrix with the corresponding element in the
jth column of the second matrix.In MATLAB, matrix multiplication is performed
by using the * operator.

The inverse of a matrix does not always exist. If the determinant of the matrix is
zero, then the inverse does not exist and the matrix is singular.
In MATLAB, inverse of a matrix is calculated using the inv function. Inverse of a
matrix A is given by inv(A).
The transpose operation switches the rows and columns in a matrix. It is
represented by a single quote(').
The rank function provides an estimate of the number of linearly independent rows
or columns of a full matrix.

k = rank(A) returns the number of singular values of A that are larger than the
default tolerance, max(size(A))*eps(norm(A)).

k = rank(A,tol) returns the number of singular values of A that are larger than tol.

PROCEDURE:

To plot the graph of a function, you need to take the following steps:
1. Define x, by specifying the range of values for the variable x, for which
the function is to be plotted.

2. Define the function, y = f(x).

3. Call the plot command, as plot(x, y)

SUGGESTED PROGRAM:
1)
A=[1 2 3 4];
display(A);
B=[5 6 7 8];
display(B);

ADD=A+B;
display(ADD);

SUBTRACT=A-B;
display(SUBTRACT);
MULTIPLY=2*A;
display(MULTIPLY);

DIVISION=B/2;
display(DIVISION);

EXP=exp(A);
display(EXP);

OUTPUT

A=

1 2 3 4

B=

5 6 7 8

ADD =

6 8 10 12

SUBTRACT =

-4 -4 -4 -4

MULTIPLY =

2 4 6 8

DIVISION =

2.5000 3.0000 3.5000 4.0000

EXP =

2.7183 7.3891 20.0855 54.5982

b)
X=[1 20 3; 5 6 7; 8 9 10];
display(X);

RANK=rank(X);
display(RANK);

INVERSE=inv(X);
display(INVERSE);

TRANSPOSE=X';
display(TRANSPOSE);

OUTPUT:

X=
1 20 3
5 6 7
8 9 10

RANK =

INVERSE =

-0.0278 -1.6019 1.1296

0.0556 -0.1296 0.0741
-0.0278 1.3981 -0.8704

TRANSPOSE =

1 5 8
20 6 9
3 7 10

RESULT: The experiment is done successfully using the above mentioned

software.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Shut down the computer when not in use.

2. Always save the work you do.

3. Check for loose connections if any before starting your system.

 EXPERIMENT NO 2

AIM: Performing Matrix Manipulations - Concatenating, Indexing, Sorting,

Shifting, Reshaping, Resizing and Flipping about a Vertical Axis / Horizontal
Axis; Creating Arrays X & Y of given size (1 x N) and Performing
(A). Relational Operations - >, <, ==, <=, >=, ~=
(B). Logical Operations - ~, &, |, XOR

TOOL USED: MATLAB 7.0

THEORY:
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or
logical manipulations. MATLAB is designed to operate primarily on whole
matrices and arrays. Therefore, operators in MATLAB work both on scalar and
non-scalar data. MATLAB allows the following types of elementary operations:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators

 Bitwise Operations

 Set Operations

 Arithmetic Operators
MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic operations:
 Matrix arithmetic operations

 Array arithmetic operations

Matrix arithmetic operations are same as defined in linear algebra. Array

operations are executed element by element, both on one-dimensional and
multidimensional array.
The matrix operators and array operators are differentiated by the period (.)
symbol. However, as the addition and subtraction operation is same for matrices
and arrays, the operator is same for both cases. The following table gives brief
description of the operators:
PROCEDURE:

Operator Description
Addition or unary plus. A+B adds A and B. A and B must have
+ the same size, unless one is a scalar. A scalar can be added to a
matrix of any size.
Subtraction or unary minus. A-B subtracts B from A. A and B
- must have the same size, unless one is a scalar. A scalar can be
subtracted from a matrix of any size.
Matrix multiplication. C = A*B is the linear algebraic product of
the matrices A and B. More precisely,

*
For nonscalar A and B, the number of columns of A must equal
the number of rows of B. A scalar can multiply a matrix of any
size.

Array multiplication. A.*B is the element-by-element product of

.* the arrays A and B. A and B must have the same size, unless one
of them is a scalar.
Slash or matrix right division. B/A is roughly the same as
/
B*inv(A). More precisely, B/A = (A'\B')'.
Array right division. A./B is the matrix with elements
./ A(i,j)/B(i,j). A and B must have the same size, unless one of
them is a scalar.
Backslash or matrix left division. If A is a square matrix, A\B is
roughly the same as inv(A)*B, except it is computed in a
different way. If A is an n-by-n matrix and B is a column vector
\
with n components, or a matrix with several such columns, then
X = A\B is the solution to the equation AX = B. A warning
message is displayed if A is badly scaled or nearly singular.
.\ Array left division. A.\B is the matrix with elements B(i,j)/A(i,j).
 A and B must have the same size, unless one of them is a scalar.
Matrix power. X^p is X to the power p, if p is a scalar. If p is an
integer, the power is computed by repeated squaring. If the
^ integer is negative, X is inverted first. For other values of p, the
calculation involves eigenvalues and eigenvectors, such that if
[V,D] = eig(X), then X^p = V*D.^p/V.
Array power. A.^B is the matrix with elements A(i,j) to the B(i,j)
.^ power. A and B must have the same size, unless one of them is a
scalar.
Matrix transpose. A' is the linear algebraic transpose of A. For
'
complex matrices, this is the complex conjugate transpose.
Array transpose. A.' is the array transpose of A. For complex
.'
matrices, this does not involve conjugation.
Relational Operators
Relational operators can also work on both scalar and non-scalar data. Relational
operators for arrays perform element-by-element comparisons between two arrays
and return a logical array of the same size, with elements set to logical 1 (true)
where the relation is true and elements set to logical 0 (false) where it is not.

The following table shows the relational operators available in MATLAB:

Operator Description
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
Logical Operators
MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and functions:

 Element-wise - these operators operate on corresponding elements of logical

arrays.
 Short-circuit - these operators operate on scalar, logical expressions.

Element-wise logical operators operate element-by-element on logical arrays. The

symbols &, |, and ~ are the logical array operators AND, OR, and NOT.

Short-circuit logical operators allow short-circuiting on logical operations. The

symbols && and || are the logical short-circuit operators AND and OR.

Bitwise Operations
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables
for &, |, and ^ are as follows:

p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; Now in binary format they will be as follows:

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

MATLAB provides various functions for bit-wise operations like 'bitwise and',
'bitwise or' and 'bitwise not' operations, shift operation, etc.

MATLAB provides various functions for set operations, like union, intersection
and testing for set membership, etc.
SUGGESTED PROGRAM:

Concatenation and Indexing

A=[1, 2,3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9];
B=[7, 8, 9; 4, 5, 6; 1, 2, 3];
display(A);
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

>> display(B);
B=
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3

>> C=[A ; B]
C=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3

>> cat(1,A,B)

ans =
1 2 3
 4 5 6
7 8 9
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3

>> cat(2,A,B)

ans =
1 2 3 7 8 9
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 9 1 2 3
D= A(2,2)
D=
5

>> E= A(1:2 , 2:3)

E=
2 3
5 6

>> F= A(1:3 , 2)
F=
2
5
8

>> F= A(:,2)

F=
 2
5
8

>> F= A(2,:)
F=
4 5 6
SORTING
G= sort(B)
G=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

>> G=sort(B,1) //sorting col wise asec.

G=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

>> Z=[2, 1, 5; 1, 4, 2; 7, 8, 1]
Z=

2 1 5
1 4 2
7 8 1

>> G=sort(Z,1)
G=
1 1 1
2 4 2
7 8 5
>> G=sort(Z,2) // sorting row wise asec.
G=
1 2 5
1 2 4
1 7 8

>> G=sort(Z,'descend') //sort col wise desc.

G=
7 8 5
2 4 2
1 1 1
G=sort(Z,2,'descend') //sort row wise desc.

G=
5 2 1
4 2 1
8 7 1

SHIFTING
H=rot90(A)
H=
3 6 9
2 5 8
1 4 7
H=rot90(A,2)

H=
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1

RESHAPING
Q=[1, 2, 3, 4 ; 5, 6, 7 ,8 ; 9, 10, 11, 12]
Q=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12

>> I=reshape(Q,4,3)
I=
1 6 11
5 10 4
9 3 8
2 7 12

>> I=reshape(Q,6,2)

I=
1 3
5 7
9 11
2 4
6 8
10 12

FLIPPING
J=fliplr(Q) //LEFT RIGHT ROT.
J=
4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5
12 11 10 9

>> J=flipud(Q) //UP DOWN ROT

J=
9 10 11 12
5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4

LOGICAL & RELATIONAL OPERATIONS

K=A<B

K=
3×3 logical array
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0

>> K=A>B

K=
3×3 logical array
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1

>> K=A<=B
K=
3×3 logical array
1 1 1
1 1 1
0 0 0

>> K=A>=B
K=
3×3 logical array
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
>> K=A==B

K=
3×3 logical array
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0

>> K=A~=B

K=
3×3 logical array
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
L=or(A,B)

L=

3×3 logical array

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

>> L=and(A,B)

L=

3×3 logical array

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

>> L=not(A)

L=

3×3 logical array

 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

>> L=xor(A,B)

L=

3×3 logical array

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

RESULT: The experiment is done successfully using the above mentioned

software.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Shut down the computer when not in use.

2. Always save the work you do.

3. Check for loose connections if any before starting your system.

 EXPERIMENT 3
AIM-a) To generate Random Sequence and plot them
b) To calculate sum matrix, cumulative sum matrix and plot the sum matrix.

TOOLS USED- Matlab 7.0

THEORY:

When you create random numbers using software, the results are not random in a
strict, mathematical sense. However, software applications, such as MATLAB®,
use algorithms that make your results appear to be random and independent. The
results also pass various statistical tests of randomness and independence. These
apparently random and independent numbers are often described
as pseudorandom and pseudoindependent. You can use these numbers as if they
are truly random and independent. One benefit of using pseudorandom,
pseudoindependent numbers is that you can repeat a random number calculation at
any time. This can be useful in testing or diagnostic situations.
Although repeatability can be useful, it is possible to accidentally repeat your
results when you really want different results. There are several ways to avoid this
problem. The documentation contains several examples that show how to ensure
that your results are different when that is your intention.
All the random number functions, rand, randn, randi, and randperm, draw values
from a shared random number generator. Every time you start MATLAB ®, the
generator resets itself to the same state. Therefore, a command such
as rand(2,2) returns the same result any time you execute it immediately following
startup. Also, any script or function that calls the random number functions returns
the same result whenever you restart.

PROCEDURE:

There are four fundamental random number functions: rand, randi, randn,
and randperm. The rand function returns real numbers between 0 and 1 that are
drawn from a uniform distribution. For example,
r1 = rand(1000,1);

r1 is a 1000-by-1 column vector containing real floating-point numbers drawn

from a uniform distribution. All the values in r1 are in the open interval, (0, 1). A
histogram of these values is roughly flat, which indicates a fairly uniform sampling
of numbers.
The randi function returns double integer values drawn from a discrete
uniform distribution. For example,
r2 = randi(10,1000,1);

r2 is a 1000-by-1 column vector containing integer values drawn from a discrete

uniform distribution whose range is 1,2,...,10. A histogram of these values is
roughly flat, which indicates a fairly uniform sampling of integers between 1 and
10.
The randn function returns arrays of real floating-point numbers that are drawn
from a standard normal distribution. For example,
r3 = randn(1000,1);

r3 is a 1000-by-1 column vector containing numbers drawn from a standard

normal distribution. A histogram of r3looks like a roughly normal distribution
whose mean is 0 and standard deviation is 1.
You can use the randperm function to create arrays of random integer values that
have no repeated values. For example,
r4 = randperm(15,5);

r4 is a 1-by-5 array containing randomly selected integer values on the closed

interval, [1, 15]. Unlike randi, which can return an array containing repeated
values, the array returned by randperm has no repeated values.
Successive calls to any of these functions return different results. This behavior is
useful for creating several different arrays of random values.

SUGGESTED PROGRAM:

C=rand(3,3)

C=

0.8147 0.9134 0.2785

0.9058 0.6324 0.5469

0.1270 0.0975 0.9575

>> C=randi(2,3)
C=

2 2 1

1 1 1

2 2 2

>> C=randi(2,3,2)

C=

2 1

2 2

2 2

>> C=randn(3,3)

C=

0.4889 -0.3034 0.8884

1.0347 0.2939 -1.1471

0.7269 -0.7873 -1.0689

>> C=randperm(5,3)

C=

1 3 4

>> C=randperm(5,3)

C=

5 2 1
>> C=randperm(3)

C=

2 1 3

plot(C);

>>xlabel('rows');

>>ylabel('col');

>>title('random matrix');

B)
A = [1 4 7; 2 5 8; 3 6 9]

A = 3×3

1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9

B = cumsum(A)
B = 3×3

1 4 7
3 9 15
6 15 24

A = [1 3 5; 2 4 6];

A = 2×3

1 3 5
2 4 6

B = cumsum(A,2)

B = 2×3

1 4 9
2 6 12

RESULT: The experiment is done successfully using the above mentioned

software.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Shut down the computer when not in use.

2. Always save the work you do.

3. Check for loose connections if any before starting your system.