AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY
----------- UTTAR PRADESH-----------

BASIC SIMULATION LAB

Shubhangi Singhal
A2305216321
4CSE5-X
INDEX
 EXPERIMENT NO 1

Aim: Creating a One-Dimensional Array (Row / Column Vector) ; Creating a

Two-Dimensional Array(Matrix of given size) and
(A). Performing Arithmetic Operations - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication
and Exponentiation.
(B). Performing Matrix operations - Inverse, Transpose, Rank.

Tool Used: MATLAB 7.0

Theory:

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment
where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
Typical uses include Math and computation, Algorithm development, Data
acquisition, Modeling, simulation, and prototyping, Data analysis, exploration,
and visualization, Scientific and engineering graphics, Application
development, including graphical user interface building.
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that
does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical
computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a
fraction of the time it would take to write a SUGGESTED PROGRAM: in a
scalar non interactive language such as C or Fortran. The name MATLAB
stands for matrix laboratory.
Starting MATLAB on Windows platforms, start MATLAB by double-clicking
the MATLAB shortcut icon on your Windows desktop.
Quitting MATLAB: To end your MATLAB session, select File > Exit
MATLAB in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. You can run a
script file named finish.m each time MATLAB quits.
Consider two matrices A and B. If A is an m x n matrix and B is a n x p matrix,
they could be multiplied together to produce an m x n matrix C. Matrix
multiplication is possible only if the number of columns n in A is equal to the
number of rows n in B.In matrix multiplication, the elements of the rows in the
first matrix are multiplied with corresponding columns in the second
th
matrix.Each element in the (i, j) position, in the resulting matrix C, is the
th
summation of the products of elements in i row of first matrix with the
 th
corresponding element in the j column of the second matrix.In MATLAB,
matrix multiplication is performed by using the * operator.
The inverse of a matrix does not always exist. If the determinant of the matrix is
zero, then the inverse does not exist and the matrix is singular.
In MATLAB, inverse of a matrix is calculated using the inv function. Inverse of
a matrix A is given by inv(A).
The transpose operation switches the rows and columns in a matrix. It is
represented by a single quote(').
The rank function provides an estimate of the number of linearly independent
rows or columns of a full matrix.
k = rank(A) returns the number of singular values of A that are larger than the
default tolerance, max(size(A))*eps(norm(A)).
k = rank(A,tol) returns the number of singular values of A that are larger than
tol.

Procedure:

To plot the graph of a function, you need to take the following steps:
1. Define x, by specifying the range of values for the variable x, for which
the function is to be plotted.
2. Define the function, y = f(x).
3. Call the plot command, as plot(x, y).
Suggested Program:

b = [10;20;30;40;50;60;70]
c = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
d = c;
a = b;
c + d;
c - d;
c * d;
inv(c);
rank(c);
rank(a);
rank(b);
rank(d);
2^5;
1000000000 ^1000000;
a = [1 2 3 4 5];
b = a;
b.^2;
b.^3;
Output:
Ans (c+d) = 2 4 6
8 10 12
14 16 18
Ans (c-d) = 000
000
000
ans (c*d) = 30 36 42
66 81 96
102 126 150
Ans (inv(c)) = 1.0e+016 *
-0.4504 0.9007 -0.4504
0.9007 -1.8014 0.9007
-0.4504 0.9007 -0.4504

Ans (rand(c)) = 2
Ans (rank(a)) = 1
Ans (rank(b)) = 1
Ans (rank(d)) = 2
Ans (2^5) = 32
Ans (100… ^ 100…)= Inf
Ans (b.^2) = 1 4 9 16 25
Ans (b.^3) = 1 4 27 256 3125
 EXPERIMENT NO 2

AIM: Performing Matrix Manipulations - Concatenating, Indexing, Sorting,

Shifting, Reshaping, Resizing and Flipping about a Vertical Axis / Horizontal
Axis; Creating Arrays X & Y of given size (1 x N) and Performing
(A). Relational Operations - >, <, ==, <=, >=, ~=
(B). Logical Operations - ~, &, |, XOR

TOOL USED: MATLAB 7.0

THEORY:
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical manipulations. MATLAB is designed to operate primarily on whole
matrices and arrays. Therefore, operators in MATLAB work both on scalar and
non-scalar data. MATLAB allows the following types of elementary
operations:
● Arithmetic Operators
● Relational Operators
● Logical Operators
● Bitwise Operations
● Set Operations
● Arithmetic Operators
MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic operations:
● Matrix arithmetic operations
● Array arithmetic operations
Matrix arithmetic operations are same as defined in linear algebra. Array
operations are executed element by element, both on one-dimensional and
multidimensional array.
The matrix operators and array operators are differentiated by the period (.)
symbol. However, as the addition and subtraction operation is same for
matrices and arrays, the operator is same for both cases. The following table
gives brief description of the operators:
PROCEDURE:
Operator Description
Addition or unary plus. A+B adds A and B. A and B must have
+ the same size, unless one is a scalar. A scalar can be added to a
matrix of any size.
Subtraction or unary minus. A-B subtracts B from A. A and B
- must have the same size, unless one is a scalar. A scalar can be
subtracted from a matrix of any size.
Matrix multiplication. C = A*B is the linear algebraic product of
the matrices A and B. More precisely,

*
For nonscalar A and B, the number of columns of A must equal
the number of rows of B. A scalar can multiply a matrix of any
size.

Array multiplication. A.*B is the element-by-element product of

.* the arrays A and B. A and B must have the same size, unless one
of them is a scalar.
Slash or matrix right division. B/A is roughly the same as
/
B*inv(A). More precisely, B/A = (A'\B')'.
Array right division. A./B is the matrix with elements
./ A(i,j)/B(i,j). A and B must have the same size, unless one of them
is a scalar.
Backslash or matrix left division. If A is a square matrix, A\B is
roughly the same as inv(A)*B, except it is computed in a
different way. If A is an n-by-n matrix and B is a column vector
\
with n components, or a matrix with several such columns, then
X = A\B is the solution to the equation AX = B. A warning
message is displayed if A is badly scaled or nearly singular.
Array left division. A.\B is the matrix with elements B(i,j)/A(i,j).
.\
A and B must have the same size, unless one of them is a scalar.
Matrix power. X^p is X to the power p, if p is a scalar. If p is an
integer, the power is computed by repeated squaring. If the
^ integer is negative, X is inverted first. For other values of p, the
calculation involves eigenvalues and eigenvectors, such that if
[V,D] = eig(X), then X^p = V*D.^p/V.
Array power. A.^B is the matrix with elements A(i,j) to the B(i,j)
.^
power. A and B must have the same size, unless one of them is a
 scalar.
Matrix transpose. A' is the linear algebraic transpose of A. For
'
complex matrices, this is the complex conjugate transpose.
Array transpose. A.' is the array transpose of A. For complex
.'
matrices, this does not involve conjugation.
Relational Operators
Relational operators can also work on both scalar and non-scalar data.
Relational operators for arrays perform element-by-element comparisons
between two arrays and return a logical array of the same size, with elements
set to logical 1 (true) where the relation is true and elements set to logical 0
(false) where it is not.
The following table shows the relational operators available in MATLAB:

Operator Description
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
Logical Operators
MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and functions:
● Element-wise - these operators operate on corresponding elements of
logical arrays.
● Short-circuit - these operators operate on scalar, logical expressions.
Element-wise logical operators operate element-by-element on logical arrays.
The symbols &, |, and ~ are the logical array operators AND, OR, and NOT.
Short-circuit logical operators allow short-circuiting on logical operations.
The symbols && and || are the logical short-circuit operators AND and OR.
Bitwise Operations
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. The truth
tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:
p Q p&q p|q p^q
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; Now in binary format they will be as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
MATLAB provides various functions for bit-wise operations like 'bitwise and',
'bitwise or' and 'bitwise not' operations, shift operation, etc.
The following table shows the commonly used bitwise operations:

Function Purpose
bitand(a, b) Bit-wise AND of integers a and b
bitcmp(a) Bit-wise complement of a
bitget(a,pos) Get bit at specified position pos, in the integer array a
bitor(a, b) Bit-wise OR of integers a and b
bitset(a, pos) Set bit at specific location pos of a
Returns a shifted to the left by k bits, equivalent to
multiplying by 2k. Negative values of k correspond to shifting
bitshift(a, k) bits right or dividing by 2|k| and rounding to the nearest
integer towards negative infinite. Any overflow bits are
truncated.
bitxor(a, b) Bit-wise XOR of integers a and b
swapbytes Swap byte ordering
Set Operations
MATLAB provides various functions for set operations, like union,
intersection and testing for set membership, etc.
The following table shows some commonly used set operations:

Function Description
Set intersection of two arrays; returns the values common
intersect(A,B)
to both A and B. The values returned are in sorted order.
Treats each row of A and each row of B as single entities
intersect(A,B,'rows') and returns the rows common to both A and B. The rows
of the returned matrix are in sorted order.
Returns an array the same size as A, containing 1 (true)
ismember(A,B) where the elements of A are found in B. Elsewhere, it
returns 0 (false).
Treats each row of A and each row of B as single entities
ismember(A,B,'rows') and returns a vector containing 1 (true) where the rows of
matrix A are also rows of B. Elsewhere, it returns 0 (false).
Returns logical 1 (true) if the elements of A are in sorted
order and logical 0 (false) otherwise. Input A can be a
issorted(A) vector or an N-by-1 or 1-by-N cell array of strings. A is
considered to be sorted if A and the output of sort(A) are
equal.
Returns logical 1 (true) if the rows of two-dimensional
matrix A are in sorted order, and logical 0 (false)
issorted(A, 'rows')
otherwise. Matrix A is considered to be sorted if A and the
output of sortrows(A) are equal.
Set difference of two arrays; returns the values in A that
setdiff(A,B) are not in B. The values in the returned array are in sorted
order.
Treats each row of A and each row of B as single entities
and returns the rows from A that are not in B. The rows of
setdiff(A,B,'rows') the returned matrix are in sorted order.
The 'rows' option does not support cell arrays.

setxor Set exclusive OR of two arrays

union Set union of two arrays
unique Unique values in array

Suggested Program with output:

a = [1,2,3;4,5,6];
b = [4,5,6;7,8,9];
c = [a;b]
c = [a b]
c(1)
c(1,6)
magic(4)
x = magic(4);
y = rand(4,4)
z = rand(4,4)
y1 = rand(4,4)
w = magic(4)
x-w
y-y1
x(1,:)
x(2,2:3,4)
x(2:3,2:4)
sort(x)
sort(x,1)
sort(x,2)
sort(x,'descend')
reshape(x,2,8)
reshape(x,8,2)
reshape(x,1,16)
reshape(x,16,1)
rot90(x)
rot90(x,1)
rot90(x,2)
rot90(x,3)
fliplr(x)
flipud(x)
flipdim(x,1)
flipdim(x,2)
x>y
x<y
x >= y
x <= y
x == y
x ~= y
and(x,y)
x|y
~x
xor(x,y)

Output:
>> c = [a;b]
c=
1 2 3
4 5 6
4 5 6
7 8 9
>> c = [a b]
c=
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 5 6 7 8 9
>> c(1)
ans =
1
>> c(1,6)
ans =
6
>> magic(4)
ans =
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1
>> x = magic(4);
>> y = rand(4,4)
y=
0.9501 0.8913 0.8214 0.9218
0.2311 0.7621 0.4447 0.7382
0.6068 0.4565 0.6154 0.1763
0.4860 0.0185 0.7919 0.4057
>> z = rand(4,4)
z=
0.9355 0.0579 0.1389 0.2722
0.9169 0.3529 0.2028 0.1988
0.4103 0.8132 0.1987 0.0153
0.8936 0.0099 0.6038 0.7468

>> y1 = rand(4,4)
y1 =
0.4451 0.8462 0.8381 0.8318
0.9318 0.5252 0.0196 0.5028
0.4660 0.2026 0.6813 0.7095
0.4186 0.6721 0.3795 0.4289
>> w = magic(4)
w=
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1
>> x-w
ans =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
>> y-y1
ans =
0.5050 0.0451 -0.0167 0.0900
-0.7007 0.2369 0.4251 0.2354
0.1408 0.2538 -0.0658 -0.5332
0.0673 -0.6536 0.4125 -0.0232
>> x(1,:)
ans =
16 2 3 13
>> x(2:3,2:4)
ans =
11 10 8
7 6 12
>> sort(x)
ans =
4 2 3 1
5 7 6 8
9 11 10 12
16 14 15 13
>> sort(x,1)
ans =
4 2 3 1
5 7 6 8
9 11 10 12
16 14 15 13
>> sort(x,2)
ans =
2 3 13 16
5 8 10 11
6 7 9 12
1 4 14 15
>> sort(x,'descend')
ans =
16 14 15 13
9 11 10 12
5 7 6 8
4 2 3 1
>> reshape(x,2,8)
ans =
16 9 2 7 3 6 13 12
5 4 11 14 10 15 8 1

>> reshape(x,8,2)
ans =
16 3
5 10
9 6
4 15
2 13
11 8
7 12
14 1

>> reshape(x,1,16)
ans =
16 5 9 4 2 11 7 14 3 10 6 15 13 8 12 1
>> reshape(x,16,1)
ans =
16
5
9
4
2
11
7
14
3
10
6
15
13
8
12
1
>> x
x=
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1
>> rot90(x)
ans =
13 8 12 1
3 10 6 15
2 11 7 14
16 5 9 4
>> rot90(x,1)
ans =
13 8 12 1
3 10 6 15
2 11 7 14
16 5 9 4
>> rot90(x,2)
ans =
1 15 14 4
12 6 7 9
8 10 11 5
13 3 2 16
>> rot90(x,3)
ans =
4 9 5 16
14 7 11 2
15 6 10 3
1 12 8 13
>> fliplr(x)
ans =
13 3 2 16
8 10 11 5
12 6 7 9
1 15 14 4
>> flipud(x)
ans =
4 14 15 1
9 7 6 12
5 11 10 8
16 2 3 13
>> flipdim(x,1)
ans =

4 14 15 1
9 7 6 12
5 11 10 8
16 2 3 13
>> flipdim(x,2)
ans =
13 3 2 16
8 10 11 5
12 6 7 9
1 15 14 4
>> x > y
ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> x < y
ans =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
>> x >= y
ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> x <= y
ans =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
>> x == y
ans =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
>> x ~= y
ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> and(x,y)
ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> x | y
ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> ~x
ans =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
>> xor(x,y)
ans =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
 EXPERIMENT 3

AIM- a) To generate Random Sequence and plot them

b) To calculate sum matrix, cumulative sum matrix and plot the sum matrix.

TOOLS USED- Matlab 7.0

THEORY:
When you create random numbers using software, the results are not random in
a strict, mathematical sense. However, software applications, such as
MATLAB®, use algorithms that make your results appear to be random and
independent. The results also pass various statistical tests of randomness and
independence. These apparently random and independent numbers are often
described as pseudorandom and pseudoindependent. You can use these numbers
as if they are truly random and independent. One benefit of using
pseudorandom, pseudoindependent numbers is that you can repeat a random
number calculation at any time. This can be useful in testing or diagnostic
situations.
Although repeatability can be useful, it is possible to accidentally repeat your
results when you really want different results. There are several ways to avoid
this problem. The documentation contains several examples that show how to
ensure that your results are different when that is your intention.
All the random number functions, rand, randn, randi, and randperm, draw
values from a shared random number generator. Every time you start
MATLAB®, the generator resets itself to the same state. Therefore, a command
such as rand(2,2) returns the same result any time you execute it immediately
following startup. Also, any script or function that calls the random number
functions returns the same result whenever you restart.

PROCEDURE:

There are four fundamental random number functions: rand, randi, randn,
and randperm. The rand function returns real numbers between 0 and 1 that are
drawn from a uniform distribution. For example,
r1 = rand(1000,1);
r1 is a 1000-by-1 column vector containing real floating-point numbers drawn
from a uniform distribution. All the values in r1 are in the open interval, (0, 1).
A histogram of these values is roughly flat, which indicates a fairly uniform
sampling of numbers.
The randi function returns double integer values drawn from a discrete uniform
distribution. For example,
r2 = randi(10,1000,1);

r2 is a 1000-by-1 column vector containing integer values drawn from a discrete

uniform distribution whose range is 1,2,...,10. A histogram of these values is
roughly flat, which indicates a fairly uniform sampling of integers between 1
and 10.
The randn function returns arrays of real floating-point numbers that are drawn
from a standard normal distribution. For example,
r3 = randn(1000,1);

r3 is a 1000-by-1 column vector containing numbers drawn from a standard

normal distribution. A histogram of r3looks like a roughly normal distribution
whose mean is 0 and standard deviation is 1.
You can use the randperm function to create arrays of random integer values
that have no repeated values. For example,
r4 = randperm(15,5);

r4 is a 1-by-5 array containing randomly selected integer values on the closed

interval, [1, 15]. Unlike randi, which can return an array containing repeated
values, the array returned by randperm has no repeated values.
Successive calls to any of these functions return different results. This behavior
is useful for creating several different arrays of random values.

SUGGESTED PROGRAM:

x = rand(1,100);
plot(x)
x = magic(4)
sum(x)
sum(x,1)
sum(x,2)
y = [1:10]

cumsum(y)
cumsum(x)
cumsum(x,2)
mn = size(x);

SUM = 0;
for i = 1:mn(2)
ROWSUM = 0;
for j = 1:mn(1)
ROWSUM = x(i,j) + ROWSUM;
SUM = x(i,j) + SUM;
end
ROWSUM
end
SUM

OUTPUT
x=
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12

4 14 15 1

ans =
34 34 34 34
ans =
34 34 34 34
ans =
34
34
34
34
y=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ans =
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55
ans =
16 2 3 13
21 13 13 21
30 20 19 33
34 34 34 34
ans =
16 18 21 34
5 16 26 34
9 16 22 34
4 18 33 34
ROWSUM =
34
ROWSUM =
34
ROWSUM =
34
ROWSUM =
34
SUM =
136