HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

Groups within Society 3. Goals and Membership

also called as “special interest groups”,
SOCIETY secondary groups are created for the
• From the Latin word “socius” which attainment of some specific interest or ends.
means “companion” and from the Secondary group is voluntary, that is, persons
French term “societas” meaning, are free to join or leave the membership.
companionship.
• In general, society refers to “the web of 4. Group structure and member’s statuses and
relationships and interactions among roles
human beings.” (society 2008) in the case of secondary groups, the
various statuses and roles that members
Groups within society assume are also established. Distinctions based
Basic classification of groups within a society: on class, caste, skin color, religion, ethnicity,
and the less rigid, unlike in most primary
1. Primary and Secondary Groups group’s where one’s lineage, background,
traditions and custom do matter.
• Primary group: small group whose
members share intimate, personal and 5. Influence to members and nature of group
lasting relationship. control
family primary group are marked by member’s
childhood friends care, concern for each other and psychologically
close family friends comforting to the members. On the contrary,
secondary groups attachment and influence is
• Secondary Group: larger and less limited.
personal, temporary rather than long
lasting and just based on interests and 2. in-groups and out-groups
activities. ..to a large extent therefore,
the concept of secondary groups • in-group: group of people who show
explain how modern society is loyalty and preferential treatment to
organized, and vice versa. one another because they share
common interests, beliefs and
Primary and Secondary groups can be attitudes.
contrasted in terms of the following aspects:
• out-groups: it is a social group towards
1. Size and quantity which a person feels dislike, disdain,
In society, secondary group is more disagreement, unfriendliness,
than the primary. opposition and disapproval –
2. Relationship and communications among sometimes, even hatred, contempt,
members hostility, opposition or desire to
primary group is characterized by compete.
personal, close and enduring relationship while
secondary are marked by informal, impersonal
and contractual relations (or lacks intimacy)
3. Reference Group
- is the social group that we use as a
standard of comparison for
ourselves regardless of whether or
not we are a part of that group
- a collection of people to which
people compare themselves,
basically for the purpose of self-
evaluation.
- we use reference group to assess
appropriateness, worth feelings,
behavior, role performance and
circumstances

4. Networks
In sociology, a social network is a series
or web of weak social ties involving
people or groups of individuals
connected to each other, such through
friendship, family, business
relationships, academic institutions,
religious organizations and socio-
political clubs.
Looking Back At Human Biocultural Neolithic Period
and Social Evolution • The term Neolithic is not
only limited to new stone-
Cultural Evolution working methods but also
new methods of food
Paleolithic Period production.
- Based on hunting, gathering, • Farming and stock raising
and fishing rather than stock also set the stage for
raising and farming profound alterations in
domestic and political
A. Subdivisions of Paleolithic Period economy centering on access
to land, water, and other
1. the long Lower Paleolithic basic resources, and for the
emergence of differences in
- -dominated by simple Oldowan
wealth and power.
tools, core biface tools and
• Without agriculture, the
simple flake tools
development of cities, states,
2. the brief Middle Paleolithic and empires could not have
occurred.
- enlarged and refined repertory
of core tools and flake points
3. the still briefer Upper Paleolithic
- enlarged and refined repertory
of blade tools and by specialized
ivory, bone and antler
implements and artifacts
Mesolithic Period
• The Mesolithic hunter achieved a
greater efficiency than did the
Paleolithic and was able to exploit a
wider range of animal and vegetable
food sources.
• Mesolithic people turned
increasingly to a broad spectrum of
plant foods and fish, mollusks, and
other riverine and maritime sources
of food
BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY PEER GROUP
 A group of people of
Enculturation and Socialization approximately the same age,
sharing similar interests and
Enculturation probably belonging to similar
 - the process by which backgrounds.
people learn the MASS MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
requirements of their  It is the strongest and the
surrounding culture and most argued indirect agent
acquire the values and of socialization.
behavior appropriate or  It sends across a multitude
necessary in that culture. idea without having any kind
Socialization of interpersonal
 - refers to a lifelong communication.
experience by which people WORK PLACE
develop their human  a person meets people of
potential and learn culture. different age, groups and
belonging to different social
UNDERSTANDING SOCIALIZATION: and cultural backgrounds.
Agents of Socialization  This makes him come in
close contact with different
FAMILY thought processes, belief
 The first source through systems, etc.
which we commence our RELIGION
social communication.  It is a collection of cultural
 It is with the aid of the family systems, belief and
that we become familiar with worldviews that relate
social culture. humanity to spirituality and
SCHOOL sometimes to moral values.
 It has an explicit mandate to  Many religions have
socialize people in the narratives, symbols,
country and specially traditions and sacred
children, into the norms and histories that are intended to
values of our culture. give meaning to life or to
 Fulfils the function of explain the origin of life and
teaching children values and universe.
customs of the larger society
GOVERNMENT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 State or government is an
Roles – refer to the characteristic
indirect agent of
way of behaving of an individual
socialization.
according to his or her status.
 This means, though we do
not encounter the institution Status - defined by Max Weber as
directly, it does have an the esteem or “social honor” given
impact on our social life and to certain individuals or group.
well-being.
What will happen if citizens oppose
 The government sets rules
the norms, values, roles and even
and regulations which the
the status of the society?
people of state or country
need to follow and breach of
There will be a;
them often becomes not
Deviance –
only a moral wrong but a
 a behavior that elicits a
social wrong as well.
strong negative reaction
from group members and
involves actions that violate
NORMS AND VALUES:
commonly held social norms.
A Review
Norms - are formal understanding What happens when we follow the
that govern the behavior of set rules and regulations?
members of a society.
There will also be a;
Values - are the criteria people use
Conformity-
in assessing their daily lives which
 process of altering one`s
account for the stability of social
thoughts and actions to
order.
adapt to the accepted
Through the process of socialization, behavior.
the students learned that it is the
norm to greet their teacher. The
value from which this norm is
derived is RESPECT.
HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS AND
COMMON GOOD

Human dignity- means that an

individual or group feels self-respect
and self-worth. It is concerned with
physical and psychological integrity
and empowerment.

Human rights - Rights inherent to all

human beings, regardless of race,
sex, nationality, ethnicity, language,
religion or any other status.

Common good- refers to either

what is shared and beneficial for all
or most members of a given
community.

Societies are organized around an

unequal division of labor and
decision-making.

Modern societies are expected to

provide protection, law and order,
economic security, and a sense of
belonging to their members.

Trying to understand how societies

organize themselves is the goal of
the SOCIAL SCIENCES.