Advanced Power System Analysis

EPExxx

Unsymmetrical Faults

Prof. Dr. Laiq Khan

Electrical Engineering Department COMSATS University Islamabad

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Abbottabad Campus
Unsymmetrical Faults
• The currents flowing out of the original balanced system are
𝐼𝑓𝑎 , 𝐼𝑓𝑏 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑓𝑐
• 𝑉𝑗𝑎1 , 𝑉𝑗𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑗𝑐 will denote, respectively, the positive-,
negative-, and zero-sequence components of the line-to- ground
voltage V at bus j during the fault.
• The line-to-neutral voltage of phase a at the fault point before the
fault occurs will be designated simply by 𝑉𝑓 , which is a positive-
sequence voltage since the system is balanced.

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Unsymmetrical Faults
• Consider a single-line diagram of a power system containing two
synchronous machines. This simple system is sufficiently general
that the equations derived are applicable to any balanced system
regardless of the complexity. The point where a fault is assumed
to occur is marked P, and in this example it is called bus k on the
single-line diagram and in the sequence networks.

• Single line diagram of a balanced three-phase system

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Unsymmetrical Faults

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Unsymmetrical Faults

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Unsymmetrical Faults
System Representation
• A three-phase power system is represented by its sequence
networks
• The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks of system
components—generators, motors, transformers, and transmission
can be used to construct system zero-, positive-, and negative-
sequence networks. We make the following assumptions:
1. The power system operates under balanced steady-state
conditions before the fault occurs. Thus the zero-, positive-, and
negative sequence networks are uncoupled before the fault
occurs. During unsymmetrical faults they are interconnected
only at the fault location.
2. Prefault load current is neglected. Because of this, the positive
sequence internal voltages of all machines are equal to the
prefault voltage VF. Therefore, the prefault voltage at each bus
in the positive-sequence network equals VF.
3. Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittances are
neglected.
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System Representation
4. Transmission-line series resistances and shunt admittances are
neglected.
5. Synchronous machine armature resistance, saliency, and
saturation are neglected.
6. All nonrotating impedance loads are neglected.
7. Induction motors are either neglected (especially for motors
rated 50 hp (40 kW) or less) or represented in the same manner
as synchronous machines.

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System Representation
• General three-phase bus

• Sequence networks at a general three-phase bus in a balanced

system

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Example-Power-system sequence networks and their Thevenin
equivalents
• A single-line diagram of the power system considered is shown in
Figure, where negative- and zero-sequence reactances are also given.
The neutrals of the generator and D–Y transformers are solidly
grounded. The motor neutral is grounded through a reactance Xn ¼ 0:05
per unit on the motor base. (a) Draw the per-unit zero-, positive-, and
negative sequence networks on a 100-MVA, 13.8-kV base in the zone of
the generator. (b) Reduce the sequence networks to their The´venin
equivalents, as viewed from bus 2. Prefault voltage is VF ¼ 1:05 0 per
unit. Prefault load current and D–Y transformer phase shift are
neglected.
Example-Power-system sequence networks and their Thevenin
equivalents
• The negative-sequence network is
• Sequence Networks similar to the positive-sequence
network, except that there are no
sources
• In the zero-sequence network
the zero-sequence generator,
motor, and transmission-line
reactances are shown.
• Since the motor neutral is
grounded through a neutral
reactance Xn, 3Xn is included
in the zero-sequence motor
circuit.
Example-Power-system sequence networks and their Thevenin
equivalents
• Thevenin Equavalent • Positive Seq.
• 𝑗 0.15 + 0.10 + 0.105 + 0.10 ∥ j0.20
• 𝑗0.455 ∥ 𝑗0.20 = 𝑗0.13893 pu
• Negative Seq
• 𝑗 0.17 + 0.10 + 0.105 + 0.10 ∥ 𝑗0.21
• 𝑗0.475 ∥ 𝑗0.21 = 𝑗0.14562 pu
• Zero Seq
• 𝑗 0.10 + 0.15 = 𝑗0.25
• as seen to the right of bus 2; due to the Δ
connection of transformer T2, the zero-
sequence network looking to the left of
bus 2 is open.
Example-Three-phase short-circuit calculations using sequence
networks
• Calculate the per-unit subtransient fault currents in phases a, b,
and c for a bolted three-phase-to-ground short circuit at bus 2
Fault

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Example-Three-phase short-circuit calculations using sequence
networks
• The terminals of the positive-sequence network are shorted, The
positive-sequence fault current is

• since subtransient machine reactances are used, the current

calculated above is the positive-sequence subtransient fault
current at bus 2. Also, the zero-sequence current 𝐼0 and negative-
sequence current 𝐼2 are both zero. Therefore, the subtransient fault
currents in each phase are, from

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Single line-to-ground Fault
•

interconnecting the sequence networks in series at the

fault terminals through the impedance 3𝑍𝐹 . The
sequence components of the fault currents are:

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Example-Single line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA for a
bolted single line-to-ground short circuit from phase a to ground at
bus 2 in. Also calculate the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at
faulted bus 2.

Fault

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Example-Single line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• The zero-, positive-, and negative-
sequence networks are connected in
series at the fault terminals
• Since the short circuit is bolted, 𝑍𝐹 = 0.
the sequence currents are:

• In phsors

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Example-Single line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• the sequence components of the voltages at
the fault are

• Transforming to the phase domain, the line-

to-ground voltages at faulted bus 2 are

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Line-to-line Fault
• line-to-line fault from phase b to c,
• Fault conditions in phase domain Line-to-line fault
I a  0 I c   I b Vbg  Vcg  Z F I b

• In sequence domain

Vbg  Vcg  Z F I b
• As from above matrix eq. 𝐼0 = 0 and 𝐼2 = −𝐼1

• Fault conditions in phase domain Line-to-line fault

I 0  0 I 2   I1 V1  V2  Z F I1

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Line-to-line Fault
• Above Eqs. Are satisfied by connecting the
positive- and negative-sequence networks in
parallel at the fault terminals through the fault
impedance 𝑍𝐹 , so fault current are

• Transforming to the phase domain and using

the identity 𝑎2 − 𝑎 = −𝑗 3

• Also

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Example-Line-to-line short-circuit calculations using sequence
networks
• Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA for a
bolted line-to-line fault from phase b to c at bus 2

Fault

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Example-Line-to-line short-circuit calculations using sequence
networks
• The sequence networks are

• The positive- and negative-sequence networks are connected in

parallel at the fault terminals,

• With 𝑍𝐹 = 0, the sequence fault currents are

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Example-Line-to-line short-circuit calculations using sequence
networks
• the subtransient fault current in phase b is

• Using 4.1837 kA as the base current at bus 2

• Also

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Double Line-to-ground Fault
• A double line-to-ground fault from phase b to phase c through
fault impedance 𝑍𝐹 to ground
• Fault conditions in the phase domain forDouble line-to-ground
fault
I a  0 Vcg  Vbg Vbg  Z F ( I b  I c )

• Transforming into sequence network

I a  I 0  I1  I 2  0
Vcg  Vbg  V0  aV1  a 2V2  V0  a 2V1  aV2

• Simplifying
(a 2  a )V2  (a 2  a )V1  V2  V1

• As Vbg  Z F ( I b  I c )

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Double Line-to-ground Fault
• Fault conditions in the sequence domain Double line-to-ground
fault

• Connecting the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks

in parallel at the fault terminal; additionally, 3𝑍𝐹 is included in
series with the zero-sequence network

current division
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Double line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• Calculate
• (a) the subtransient fault current in each phase,
• (b) neutral fault current, and
• (c) contributions to the fault current from the motor and from
• the transmission line, for a bolted double line-to-ground fault from
phase b to c to ground at bus 2
• Neglect the D–Y transformer phase shifts.
Fault

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Double line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks are
connected in parallel at the fault terminals. 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑍𝐹 = 0
• 𝐼1 = −𝑗4.5464 pu
• 𝐼2 = 𝑗2.8730 pu
• 𝐼0 = 𝑗1.6734 pu
• Transforming to phase domain

• From PU to actual

• The neutral fault current is

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Double line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• From the zero-sequence networks are

• From the positive-sequence networks are

• From the positive-sequence networks are

negative-sequence

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Double line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
• Transforming to the phase domain with
• base currents of 0.41837 kA for the line
• and 4.1837 kA for the motor,

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