NEE 514 – EE1

Illumination
Engineering
Design

Engr. R. O. Dacanay
Course outline
 Light and Lighting Fundamentals
 Light
 Radiant Energy, Light and Color
 The Eye and Vision

 Lighting
 Lighting Terminologies Introduction
 Lighting Concepts and Units

 Laws for Point Sources of Light

 Sources of Artificial Light
 Introduction

 Types of Modern Artificial Light Sources

 Commonly Used Types of Lamps

 Color Characteristics of Artificial Light

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Course outline (Cont’d)

 Lighting Systems and Luminaires

 Lighting Systems
 Luminaires
 Definition
 Function of Luminaires

 Photometric Data for Luminaires

 Light Loss Factor
 Overall Light Loss Factor

 Lighting System
 Typical Luminaire Installations
 Recommended Spacing for General Office Lighting Applications
 Recommended Spacing for Other Applications

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Course outline (Cont’d)

 Lighting System Design

 Introduction
 Basic Indoor/Interior Lighting Design
 Objectives and Design Considerations
 Determining Average Illuminance
 Indoor Lighting Calculations

 Basic Outdoor/Exterior Lighting Design

 Point-by-Point Method
 Design Factors
 Average Illuminance Equation
 Area Design Considerations
 Rule of Thumb Method

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Course outline (Cont’d)

 Obstrusive (Stray) Lighting

 Stray Lighting
 Sky Glow
 Light Trespass
 Glare
 Mitigating Obstrusive Light
 New Lighting Design
 Existing Lighting Design Installation
 Computer Aided Lighting Design Softwares
 Roadway Lighting Design
 Purpose of the Guidelines
 Purpose of Roadway Lighting
 Scope and Methodology of Roadway Lighting

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Course outline (Cont’d)

 Roadway Lighting Equipment

 Light Sources for Roadway Lighting
 Roadway Luminaires
 Roadway Lighting Electrical and Structural System
 Roadway Lighting Parameters
 Roadway Lighting Design Process and Applications
 Technical Specifications for Roadway Lighting

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BASIC illumination
LIGHT
Light is a form of radiant energy from natural sources (e.g. a candle and
electric lamps). It travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave, so it
has wavelength and a known speed. Like other electromagnetic
radiation, it can be reflected and refracted.

LIGHTING
Lighting is the application of light to illuminate objects, surfaces,
scenes, pictures and people. Since it is an application, it is both a
science and an art. Science, because it makes use of the science of light
and employs methods and techniques developed through time. It is an
art because the personal taste (preference) and artistic sense of the
designer and owner greatly influence the manner by which lighting is
applied.

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LIGHTING
Lighting is the application of light to illuminate objects, surfaces, scenes,
pictures and people. Since it is an application, it is both a science and an
art. Science, because it makes use of the science of light and employs
methods and techniques developed through time. It is an art because the
personal taste (preference) and artistic sense of the designer and owner
greatly influence the manner by which lighting is applied.

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Engr. J.L. Tumbaga 15
THE EYE

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Parts of the Eye

Cornea – is the transparent membrane that bulges out at the front of

the eye and where rays of the light enter.

Iris – is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling

the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount reaching the
retina.

Pupil – is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows
light to enter the retina. It appears black because light rays
entering the pupil are either absorbed by the tissues inside the eye
directly, or absorbed after diffuse reflections within the eye that
mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil.

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Lens – is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along
with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

Retina – is a light-sensitive layer of tissue, lining the inner surface

of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual
world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the
film in a camera.

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Optic Nerve – it transmit visual information from the retina to the
brain and it does not regenerate after transection.

Two Basic Types of Receptors

1. Rods
2. Cones

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Adaption – the ability of the eye to adjust to higher or lower levels of
luminance.
1. Photopic (Daytime) – the cones operate during the day and
nominal daylight conditions, and enable us to see in detailed
color. The eye peak sensitivity is 555 nanometers which is
yellow-green color.
2. Mesopic – if the light conditions are not bright, as the rods can
only “see” a black and white image, the overall impression is
much less brightly colored.
3. Scotopic (Nighttime) – at lower levels, much lower than the
average street lighting or moonlight, the cones cease to function.
The eye losses all its facility to see in color and the rods take over
giving completely black and white vision. The eye peak
sensitivity moves to 505 nanometers which is blue-green light.

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RELATIVE SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE
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Lighting Terminologies
Luminous Flux (Ф) – all the radiated power emitted by a light
source and perceived by the eye.

Luminous Flux is the

light output of a light
source.

Unit: lumen (lm)

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Luminous Intensity (I) – is the measure of light output in a specified
direction.

Unit: Candela (cd)

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Illuminance (E) – is a measure of the amount of light falling on a
surface. The distance of the light source from the area being
illuminated influences it. An illuminance of 1 lux occurs when a
luminous flux of 1 lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1
square meter. Unit of measurement is Lux (lx).

Average illumination of a
surface is luminous flux per
unit area.

Unit: Lux = lumens/m2

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Luminance (L) – The luminance (L) is the brightness of an
illuminated or luminous surface as perceived by the human eye.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).

Luminance is the measure of the brightness of a surface, as seen by on the

eye. It depends on the surface size seen and the light intensity reflected by
the surface towards the eye.
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Luminous Efficacy (η) – Luminous efficacy indicates the efficiency
with which the electrical power consumed is converted into light.
The unit of measurement is lumens per watt (lm/W).

Luminaire Efficiency – Luminaire efficiency (also known as the light

output ratio) is an important criterion in gauging the energy
efficiency of a luminaire. This is the ratio between the luminous
flux emitted by the luminaire and the luminous flux of the lamp
(or lamps) installed in the luminaire.

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LAWS FOR POINT SOURCES OF LIGHT

The Inverse Square Law and the Cosine Law of Incidence are
used to calculate the illuminance at a single point in a plane.

a. Inverse Square Law. In order to determine the required

illuminance for different task applications, importance is placed
in determining the method for calculating this quantity. In the
mid-18th century, J.H. Lambert established one of the earliest
lighting laws to enable the calculation of illuminance, called the
Inverse Square Law (Lambert’s First Law)

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The illuminance (E) equals I,
the intensity of the light
source, divided by the square
of the distance.
I
E 2
d

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b. Cosine Law. If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an
angle, the illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance
will drop accordingly. The ratio of the original illuminated area to
the new area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the
surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will fall by the
factor of the cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law
comes in, the COSINE LAW of illuminance.
I
E  2 cos 
d

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ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING
involves the study of light and its application in order for us to see
things that are desired to be seen easily. It also takes into account the
proper selection of the lighting fixtures to be used in order for it to blend
with the surrounding.

The responsibility of a lighting engineer are as follows:

1. To provide adequate visibility so that tasks can be performed with
required standards of speed and accuracy.
2. To provide lighting levels that will permit one to work with minimum
effort.
3. To provide lighting conditions that will result in maximum safety and
absence of visual disability and visual discomfort.
4. To obtain the required lighting result at reasonable cost.

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LIGHTING EFFICIENCY
Factors Affecting the Light Efficiency
1. Quantity of Light
2. Quality of Light

QUANTITY OF LIGHT
The quantity of light needed for any visual object is based on the
size of the object details, the contrast between the details and their
background, and the time allowed for the viewing objects. While these
factors remain constant, visual performance improve as the quantity or
level of illumination increases.

QUALITY OF LIGHT
The quality of light pertains to the distribution of brightness in the
lighting installation. The main factor considered in producing light of high
quality is to keep brightness ratio low, that is, both the brightness of the
object and its surroundings is made nearly the same or a maximum ratio of
3 is to 1and no very high or very low brightness should exist anywhere in
the entire installation.
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Quality of light includes several elements, namely:
1. Color
2. Psychological Effect
3. Aesthetics
4. Economics

Factors that Affect Illumination

1. Brightness
2. Contrast
3. Glare
4. Diffuseness

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ILLUMINATION CALCULATIONS

Illumination Calculations and Estimate

The quantity of light of illumination can be easily measured or
calculated. The amount of heat generated or lost is measured in terms of
BTU per hour and the light generated continuously is expressed in units of
lumens (lm).
A lumen is the light output of a standard candle that fall on each
square foot of a sphere of 1 foot radius, placing the candle at the center of
the sphere.

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 The amount of light that falls on the areas
illuminated can be measured in terms of lumens per
square foot. This quantity of light flux density is called
footcandles (fc). This is the unit of measure commonly
used when describing the amount of light in a room.

footcandles  lumens
squarefoot

The footcandle is an important unit of light

to the technologist in calculating the required
illumination and the layout of the fixtures.

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 The rule of thumb for illumination level is the
10-30-50 rule which means:

10 footcandles is adequate for halls and corridors.

30 footcandles is adequate for areas between

work stations such as in office other than the
desk areas.

50 footcandles is satisfactory on spaces where

office work is done.

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 Metric Lighting Units
Table of Comparison English and Metric Measurements
English Metric (SI)

Length feet meter

Area square foot square meter
Luminous flux lumens lumens
Illumination footcandles lux
(flux density)

Conversion:
One footcandle = 10.76 Lux
One Lux = 0.09294 fc

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 Level of Illumination for Various Types of Occupancy

Types of Occupancy Lux

I. Residential
a. Living Rooms:
General 150
Locally (reading, writing, etc.) 500 - 1000
b. Bedrooms:
General 150
Locally (mirrors, dressing, tables, 250 - 500
Bed lighting)
c. Kitchens:
General 150
Locally (stove, dresser, table) 250 – 500
d. Hallways, Staircase, Lofts, Garages
General 150
Locally (workbenches, hobby, 250 – 500
tables)
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1. Problem:
A 40-Watts by 1.2 meter fluorescent lamp produces
3,200 lumens of light on a room having a general
dimension of 4 x 8 meter. Find the illumination on the
floor.

Solution:
I 3, 200 lumens
E= E=
A 4 x 8 m2
Lumens
E= E = 100 lux
Area (m 2 )

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2. Problem:
A piece of paper lies on a table 2 meters away from
a point directly below a bulb of 100 candela and is 4
meters above the table. Calculate the illumination on
the center of the paper in lux.

Answer: 4.47 lux

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3. Problem:

An unshaded lamp is placed 95 cm from the screen

of photometer. If a glass is placed between the screen
and the lamp, the lamp must be moved 5 cm closer to
the screen to produce the same illumination as before.
The glass blocks what percent of the light produced by
the lamp?

Answer: 10.2%

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4. Problem:
An unknown lamp placed 6 meter from a
photometer screen provides the same illumination as a
90-candela placed 4 meter from the screen. What is the
candlepower of the unknown lamp.

Answer: 202.5 candela

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5.
Problem:
Two lamps A and B having intensities of 300
candela and 500 candela respectively are situated 12 ft
apart. A screen is placed between them in order that
the illuminations on any sides are equal. How much is
this illumination?

Answer: 10.92 footcandle

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6. Problem:

A light is to be placed on a wall in order to obtain

maximum brightness of illumination. To achieve this
brightness, how high on the wall should this light bulb
be placed to a point on the floor that is 3.6 meter from
the wall?

Answer: 2.54 meter

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