Application Notes

Valve sizing sample problems

Contents Page
Valve sizing for liquid service 2
Valve sizing for steam service 5
Valve sizing for gas service 7
Valve sizing for air service 9
Flow through pipelines 11

General information
These application notes provide a simplified procedure for
sizing control valves at standard service conditions.
The data required to size a valve, such as the nominal size,
nominal pressures and KVS, is contained in the SAMSON data
sheets for self-operated regulators and control valves.
Self-operated regulators and control valves can be sized
accurately using the DIN IEC 534 procedure. For most p1 p2
H100
applications, however, the following sizing equations
H0
formulated in the VDI/VDE Guideline 2173 provide a sufficient
degree of accuracy. t1
In order to calculate the valve flow coefficient KV, the operating Q W
data specified in the figure to the right is required.

Typical sizing coefficients

Explanatory notes
Control valves and self-operated regulators
Rated travel · The rated travel H100 is the amount of movement
of the valve closure member from the closed position to the des-
p1 Upstream pressure in bar
ignated full open position published by the manufacturer for
p2 Downstream pressure in bar
each control valve series. Δp Differential pressure (p1 – p2) across the valve in bar
KV · The valve flow coefficient KV is defined as the number of H Travel in mm
. .

cubic meters per hour (volume flow rate V) of 5 to 30 °C water V Volume flow rate in m3/h
that will flow through a control valve at a specified travel H with a W Mass flow rate in kg/h
ρ Density (general) in kg/m3
differential pressure (Δp = p1 – p2) of 105 Pa (1 bar) across it.
ρ1 Upstream density (for gases and steam) in kg/m3
KVS · The KVS value is the expected flow coefficient KV of the t1 Upstream temperature in ° C
valve at rated travel H100 indicated and published by the manu-
facturer for each valve type (series).
KV100 · The KV100 value is the effective (actual) flow coefficient
KV of the valve at rated travel H100. It must not deviate by more
than ±10 % from the indicated KVS value.
Self-operated regulators Fig. 1 · Operating data for determining the KV value
Self-operated flow regulators can only be sized if the upstream
pressure p1 is constant.
KVS KVS: Indicated KVS Conversion of the maximum volume flow rate for liquids
Safety factor S =
KV K : Calculated K with different densities
V V
For self-operated regulators: S ≈ 1.3 to 5
. . ⎛ ρA ⎞ ρ Density in kg/m3
To ensure the proper operation of a self-operated regulator, the VB = VA ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ .

kinematic viscosity ν if the medium to be controlled must not ⎝ ρB ⎠ V Volume flow rate in m3/h
exceed 1 · 10-4 m2/s = 100 cSt.

Edition May 2005

Application Notes AB 04 EN
 Liquid service

Equation (1) generally applies to liquids: Symbols and units

.
V = KV ·
1000 ⋅ Δp
(1)
This equation contains
the dimensional factor
p1
p2 } Absolute pressure
in bar
ρ Δp In bar
1.
ρ Density in kg/m3
.
.
Diagram 1 shows the relationship between V, KV and Δp for liquids that have V Volume flow rate in m3/h
a density of ρ = 1000 kg/m3 at a temperature of t = 20 °C. KV KV in m3/h
Flow regulators · Differential pressure across the valve Δpmin Minimum differential pressure across the
valve in bar
Calculate the minimum required differential pressure across the valve using
Δprestriction Differential pressure in bar created
Equation (2):
deliberately across the restriction in the
⎛ . ⎞2 flow path for flow measurement purposes
V
Δpmin = Δprestriction + ⎜ ⎟ (2) KVS Indicated valve sizing coefficient in m3/h
⎜ KVS ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Sizing sample problem 1

Determine: Min. differential pressure Δp across fully open valve KVS = 20 m3/h
Given: Type 42-36 Self-operated Flow Regulator, diff. pressure Δ restriction = 0.2 bar
.
across restriction 0.2 bar, DN 40, KVS 20, volume flow rate V = 10 m3/h
Solution: Calculate Δpmin using Equation (2):
10 2
⎛ . ⎞2 Δpmin = 0.2 + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 0.45 bar
V ⎝ 20 ⎠
Δmin = Δprestriction + ⎜ ⎟ (2)
⎜ KVS ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Δprestriction = 0.2 to 0.5 bar depending on regulator version

Sizing sample problem 2

Determine: Volume flow rate of acetone (m3/h) with valve fully KVS = 25 m3/h 1)
open Δp = p1 – p2 = 0.5 bar
Given: Type 3241-1 Pneumatic Control Valve, DN 40, ρ = 800 kg/m3
differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2 · Density of acetone
in kg/m3 .
V = 25 ·
1000 ⋅ 0.5
= 19.76 m3/h
Solution: 800
.
Calculate V using . 1000 ⋅ Δp
V = KVS · (1) 1)
.
Equation (1): ρ KVS and hence also V, the calculated volume flow
rate, have a permissible tolerance of ±10 %.

Sizing sample problem 3

.
Determine: Type … Pressure Reducing Valve, KVS , nominal valve size V = 12 m3/h
Given: Volume flow rate of water · Differential pressure · Density Δp = p1 - p2 = 2.1 bar
of water ρ in kg/m3 ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Solution: Calculate the KV value using Equation (3) derived from
Equation (1):
1000
KV = 12 · = 8.2 m3/h
. ρ 1000 ⋅ 21
.
KV = V · (3)
1000 ⋅ Δp
KVS = 1.3 · KV = 1.3 · 8.2 = 10.7 m3/h
Determine the KVS value from the following equation using
Selection: Type 41-23, DN 40, KVS = 20
the calculated KV value. In general: KVS ≈ 1.3 · KV
Solution provided by Diagram 1:
Determining S, the safety factor:
.
For Δp = 2.1 bar and V = 12 m3/h, a KV value of ap- KVS 20
S = = ≈ 2.4
proximately 8.2 m3/h is indicated in Diagram 1. KV 8.2

The value for the flow velocity in the pipe can be found in
.
Diagram 4 on page 11 using V = 12 m3/h and DN 40:
wpipe ≈ 2.8 m/s

2 AB 04 EN
 m3
Kv
h
1000
800
600
500
400
300 00
10
0
80
200 0
60 0
50
0
40
0
100 30 0
25
0
80 20
0
60 16
0
50 12
0
10
40 80
30 60
50
40
20
30
25
20
10 16
8 12
10
6 8
5 6
4 5
4
3
3.0
2.5
2 2.0
1.6
1.2
1.0
1 0.8
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5 0
0.4 0.3 5
0.2 0
0.3 0.2
6
0.1
2
0.2 0.1 0
0.1
8
0.0
6
0.0 5
0.1 0.0 4
0.08 0.0
30
0.0 25
0.06 . 0
0 20
0.05 0.0 6
1
0.04 0.0 2
1
0.0 10
0.03 0.0

0.02

p
0.01
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 mbar

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 bar

.
V in m3/h
KV in m3/h
. 1000 ⋅ Δp
Δp in bar V = KV ·
ρ

Diagram 1 · Volume flow rate diagram for water with ρ = 1000 kg/m3, t = 20 °C

AB 04 EN 3
 Liquid service

Sizing sample problem 4

Determine: Differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2 with valve fully open KVS = 32 m3/h

.
Given: Type 4 Self-operated Temperature Regulator with DN 50, V = 10 m3/h
.
V, volume flow rate of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
ρ, density of water in kg/m3
Solution: Determine the differential pressure using Equation (4) ⎛ 10 ⎞ 2 · 1000 = 0.1 bar
Δp = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 32 ⎠ 1000
derived from Equation (1):

⎛ . ⎞2
V ρ
Δp = ⎜ ⎟ · (4)
⎜ KVS ⎟ 1000
⎝ ⎠

Solution provided by Diagram 1:

.
For V = 10 m3/h and KVS 32, a differential pressure of
Δp ≈ 0.1 bar is obtained from Diagram 1.

4 AB 04 EN
 Steam service

A modified version of Equation (8) applies to steam: Symbols and units

p1
p2 } Absolute pressure
in bar
W = KV · m · Z (5) Δp Differential pressure in bar
W Mass flow rate in kg/h
KV KV value in m3/h
Z The dimensionless compressibility factor Z is defined m Head loss coefficient, dimensionless
as follows: Z = 14.2 · p1 ⋅ρ1. Determine Z from Table 2 Z Compressibility factor, dimensionless
using the upstream pressure p1 and differentiating be-
tween saturated steam and superheated steam.
m Determine the dimensionless head loss coefficient m from
Table 1 or, for in-between values, from Diagram 2 using
( = 1.135.

Sizing sample problem 5

Determine: Steam mass flow rate in kg/h with valve fully open KVS = 35 m3/h 1)
t = 200 °C
Given: Type 3241-2 Electric Control Valve · Steam
p1 = 4 bar p2 = 3 bar
temperature · Upstream and downstream pressures
p2 3
p2 = = 0.75
Solution: Calculate (convert into absolute pressure if required) p1 4
p1
m = 0.92
Determine m from Table 1 or Diagram 2 Z = 38.5
Determine Z from Table 2 using the upstream pressure and W = 35 · 0.92 · 38.5 = 1240 kg/h
temperature

W = KVS · m · Z (5) 1) KVS and hence also W, the calculated mass flow
rate, have a tolerance of ±10 %.

Sizing sample problem 6

Determine: Type … Pressure Reducing Valve, KVS value, nominal size W = 1000 kg/h
Given: Steam mass flow rate · Steam temperature · Upstream t = corresponds to saturated steam
and downstream pressures p1 = 7 bar p2 = 2 bar
p2 p2 2
Solution: Calculate (convert into absolute pressure if required) = = 0.286
p1 p1 7
Determine m from Table 1 · Determine Z from Table 2 m = 1
using the upstream pressure and temperature Z = 71.3
Calculate KV from Equation (6):
1000
KV = = 14 m3/h
W . ⋅1
713
KV = (6)
Z ⋅m
KVS = 1.3 · KV = 1.3 · 14 = 17.5 m3/h
Determine the KVS value of the valve from the following
equation using the calculated KV value. Selection: Type 39-2, DN 40, KVS = 20
In general: KVS ≈ 1.3 · KV

Sizing sample problem 7

Determine: Differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2 across fully open valve KVS = 20 m3/h
Given: Type 4 Self-operated Temperature Regulator · Steam mass W = 1000 kg/h
flow rate · Steam temperature · Upstream pressure t = corresponds to saturated steam
Solution: Determine Z from Table 2 using the upstream pressure and p1 = 7 bar
temperature Z = 71.3
1000
m = = 0.701
W . ⋅ 20
713
m= (7) p2
Z ⋅ KVS = 0.884
p1
p2 p2 = 0.884 · 7 = 6.2 bar
Using m = 0.701, determine the ratio of from Diagram 2
p1 Δp = p1 – p2 = 7 – 6.2 = 0.8 bar
p2 = 0.884 · p1 ⇒ Differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2

AB 04 EN 5
Table 1 · Head loss coefficient m as a function of p2/p1
Pressure ratio p2/p1 0 to 0.6 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.99
Head loss coefficient m 1.0 0.96 0.92 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.48 0.22

Table 2 · Compressibility factor Z for steam · All pressures are indicated as absolute pressures in bar
Compressibility factor Z for ...
p1 Saturated Superheated steam at the following temperatures ...
in bar steam 60 °C 80 °C 100 °C 120 °C 140 °C 160 °C 180 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °C 350 °C 400 °C
0.1 1.16 1.13 1.1 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.80
0.2 2.27 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.66 1.59
0.3 3.37 3.31 3.22 3.14 3.06 2.99 2.92 2.86 2.71 2.59 2.49 2.39
0.4 4.45 4.42 4.29 4.18 4.08 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.62 3.46 3.32 3.19
0.5 5.53 5.37 5.23 5.10 4.98 4.86 4.76 4.52 4.33 4.15 3.99
0.6 6.58 6.45 6.28 6.12 5.97 5.84 5.72 5.43 5.19 4.98 4.78
0.7 7.65 7.53 7.33 7.15 6.97 6.82 6.67 6.34 6.06 5.80 5.59
0.8 8.71 8.62 8.39 8.17 7.97 7.79 7.63 7.25 6.91 6.64 6.37
0.9 9.76 9.70 9.44 9.19 8.98 8.77 8.58 8.16 7.90 7.37 7.18
1.0 10.8 10.8 10.5 10.2 9.98 9.76 9.53 9.07 8.66 8.30 7.98
1.1 11.9 11.5 11.3 11.0 10.8 10.5 10.0 9.50 9.10 8.70
1.2 12.9 12.6 12.3 12.0 11.8 11.4 10.9 10.4 10.0 9.60
1.3 13.9 13.7 13.3 13.0 12.7 12.3 11.8 11.2 10.8 10.4
1.4 15.0 14.7 14.3 14.0 13.7 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.6 11.2
1.5 16.0 15.8 15.4 15.0 14.7 14.3 13.6 13.0 12.4 12.0
1.6 17.0 16.9 16.4 16.0 15.6 15.3 14.5 13.9 13.3 12.8
1.7 18.0 17.9 17.5 17.0 16.6 16.3 15.4 14.7 14.1 13.6
1.8 19.1 19.0 18.5 18.0 17.6 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.9 14.4
1.9 20.1 20.1 19.5 19.0 18.6 18.1 17.3 16.5 15.8 15.2
2.0 21.1 21.1 20.6 20.0 19.6 19.1 18.2 17.3 16.6 16.1
2.2 23.2 22.6 22.1 21.5 21.0 20.0 19.1 18.3 17.6
2.4 25.2 24.7 24.1 23.5 23.1 21.8 20.8 20.0 19.2
2.6 27.2 26.8 26.0 25.5 24.9 23.6 22.6 21.5 20.8
2.8 29.3 28.9 28.1 27.5 26.8 25.5 24.3 23.2 22.4
3.0 31.0 31.0 30.2 29.4 28.8 27.3 26.0 24.9 24.0
3.2 33.4 33.1 32.2 31.4 30.7 29.1 27.8 26.6 25.6
3.4 35.4 35.2 34.3 33.4 32.6 31.0 29.6 28.2 27.2
3.6 37.4 37.3 36.3 35.4 34.6 32.8 31.3 29.9 28.9
3.8 39.4 38.3 37.4 36.5 34.7 33.0 31.6 30.4
4.0 41.4 40.4 39.4 38.5 36.5 35.1 33.3 32.0
4.5 46.4 45.6 44.4 42.8 41.1 39.1 37.3 36.1
5.0 51.4 50.8 49.4 48.2 45.7 43.6 41.8 40.0
5.5 56.4 56.0 54.4 53.0 50.2 47.8 46.7 44.2
6.0 61.4 61.2 59.5 57.9 54.9 52.3 50.2 48.2
6.5 66.3 64.6 62.9 59.4 56.6 54.2 52.2
7.0 71.3 69.7 67.8 64.2 61.1 58.3 56.2
8.0 81.2 79.9 77.6 73.4 69.8 67.0 64.3
9.0 91.0 90.2 87.7 82.6 78.7 75.0 72.4
10.0 101 101 97.9 92.2 87.4 83.2 80.4
11.0 111 108 102 96.5 92.1 88.5
12.0 121 118 111 105 99.7 96.7
13.0 130 128 121 114 109 105
14.0 140 139 130 123 118 113
15.0 150 150 139 132 125 121
16.0 160 149 141 134 129
17.0 170 159 150 143 137
18.0 180 169 159 151 146
19.0 189 178 168 161 154
20.0 199 188 177 168 162
21.0 209 198 187 178 170
23.0 229 218 205 195 187
25.0 248 238 224 213 203
27.0 268 258 242 230 216
29.0 288 279 261 248 236
31.0 308 300 280 264 253
33.0 328 322 299 282 270
35.0 348 343 318 301 286
37.0 368 365 338 319 304
39.0 388 387 356 337 320
41.0 408 376 354 338

6 AB 04 EN
 Gas service

p2
Symbols and units
p1
1
p1
p2 } Absolute pressure
in bar
Δp Differential pressure in bar
W Mass flow rate in kg/h
KV KV value in m3/h
0.9 ( = 1.135
ρ1 Density in kg/m3
( = 1.3
( = 1.4
The calculation procedure provides approximate
( = 1.66 values meeting practical needs.
0.8
( = 1.66 For monatomic gases such as
helium, argon, krypton
W = 14.2 · KV · m · p1 ⋅ρ1 (8)
( = 1.4 For diatomic gases such as
hydrogen, nitrogen, air,
chlorine gas, town gas
The values for m and ρ1can be found in Diagrams 2
0.7 ( =1.3 For triatomic and multiatomic gases
such as carbon dioxide, propane, and 3 respectively.
butane, methane, acetylene, ammonia
p2
( = 1.135 For steam For < 0.6 ⇒m = 1
p1

0.6
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 m
p2
Diagram 2 · Head loss coefficient m as a function of
p1

Sizing sample problem 8

Determine: Propane gas flow rate W in kg/h with valve fully open KVS = 35 m3/h 1)
Given: Type 3241-1 Pneumatic Control Valve, DN 50 · p1 = 2.7 bar p2 = 2.2 bar
Upstream and downstream pressures ρ1 = 5.28 kg/m3
p2 2.2
Solution: Determine the upstream density ρ1 from Diagram 3 = = 0.815
p2 p2 p1 2.7
Calculate · Using and ( = 1.3, determine m from
p1 p1 m = 0.805
Diagram 2. W = 14.2 · 35 · 0.805 · 2.7 ⋅ 5.28 = 1511 kg/h

W = 14.2 · KVS · m · p1 ⋅ρ1 (8) 1) KVS and hence also W, the calculated mass flow
rate, have a tolerance of ±10 %.

Sizing sample problem 9

p1 = 5 bar p2 = 3 bar
Determine: Type … Pressure Reducing Valve, KVS value, nominal size
W = 250 kg/h
Given: Nitrogen system · Nitrogen flow rate · Pressures p 1 and p2 p2 3
p2 = = 0.6
Solution: Calculate · Determine m from Diagram 2 p1 5
p1
m = 0.99
(( =1.4) · Determine ρ1 from Diagram 3 using p1 = 5 bar
ρ1 = 6.2 kg/m3
W 250
KV = (9) KV = = 3.19 m3/h
14.2 ⋅ m ⋅ p1 ⋅ρ1 14.2 ⋅ 0.99 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6.2
KVS = 1.3 · KV = 1.3 · 3.19 = 3.99 m3/h
Determine the KVS value from the following equation using
the calculated KV value. In general: KVS ≈ 1.3 · KV Selection: Type 44-1 Pressure Regulator, G ¾, KVS = 4

Sizing sample problem 10

Determine: Differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2 across fully open valve KVS = 4 m3/h
Given: Type 241-2 Electric Control Valve, DN 20 · Nitrogen p1 = 5 bar
system · Nitrogen flow rate · Upstream pressure W = 250 kg/h
Solution: Determine ρ1 from Diagram 3 using p1 = 5 bar ρ1 = 6.2 kg/m3
250
m = = 0.791
W 14.2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6.2
m= (10)
14.2 ⋅ KVS ⋅ p1 ⋅ρ1 p2
= 0.83
p p1
Use m to determine 2 from Diagram 2 p2 = 0.83 · p1
p1 Δp = p1 – p2 p2 = 0.83 · 5 = 4.15 bar
Δp = 5 – 4.15 = 0.85 bar

AB 04 EN 7
 ρ kg
m3
100
80
4
60 5
50 6
40
30 7
9
10
20

1
3
10
8
6
5
4
11
8
3
2
2

1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03

0.02

0.01
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003

0.002

p
1
0.001
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 bar
0.04 0.08

If the operating temperature t deviates considerably from 0 °C, 1 Chlorine gas 5 Air 9 Methane
correct ρ1 using the equation ρt = ρ1 ⋅ 273 2 Butane 6 Nitrogen 10 Town gas
273 + t
3 Propane 7 Acetylene 11 Hydrogen
4 Carbon dioxide 8 Ammonia

Diagram 3 · Density of gases ρ or ρ1 as a function of pressure at 0 °C

8 AB 04 EN
 Air service

The calculation procedure provides approximate values meeting practical Symbols and units
needs. The equation derived for dry air is as follows: p1
p2 } Absolute pressure
in bar
W = 15.3 · m · KV · p1 ⋅ρ1 (11) Δp Differential pressure in bar
W Mass flow rate in kg/h
Equation (10) can be written as follows: KV KV value in m3/h
ρ Density in kg/m3
m Head loss coefficient, dimensionless
W = KV · m · Z (12)
Z Compressibility factor, dimensionless

The value for Z can be obtained from Table 4 using p1. The Note:
value for m can be found in Table 3 (in-between values Please contact SAMSON AG in Frankfurt/Main to obtain
more detailed information on sizing flow regulators for
can be determined from Diagram 2 using ( = 1.4)
air service.

Sizing sample problem 11

Determine: Mass flow rate in kg/h with valve fully open KVS = 32 m3/h 1)
t = 20 °C
Given: Type 41-23 Self-operated Pressure Regulator,
DN 50 · Upstream and downstream pressures · Temperature p1 = 4 bar p2 = 3 bar
p2 3
p2 = = 0.75
Solution: Calculate (convert into absolute pressure if required) p1 4
p1
m = 0.884
Determine the value for m from Table 3 or Diagram 2
Z = 66
Determine the value for Z from Table 4 using the upstream
W = 32 · 0.884 · 66 = 1867 kg/h
pressure and temperature
1) KVS and hence also W, the calculated mass flow
W = KVS · m · Z (12)
rate, have a tolerance of ±10 %.

Sizing sample problem 12

Determine: Type … Pressure Reducing Valve, KVS value, nominal size p1 = 5 bar p2 = 3 bar
Given: Upstream and downstream pressures · Temperature · t = 20 °C
Process medium is compressed air W = 190 kg/h
p2 p2
=
3
= 0.6
Solution: Calculate (convert into absolute pressure if required)
p1 p1 5
Determine the value for m from Table 3 or Diagram 2 · m = 0.982
Determine the value for Z from Table 4 using the upstream Z = 82.60
pressure and temperature
190
KV = = 2.34 m3/h
W 0.982 ⋅ 82.60
KV = (13)
Z ⋅m
KVS = 1.3 · KV = 1.3 · 2.34 = 2.93 m3/h
Determine the KVS value from the following equation using
the calculated KV value. In general: KVS ≈ 1.3 · KV Selection: Type 44-1, G ½, KVS = 3.2

Sizing sample problem 13

Determine: Differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2 across fully open valve KVS = 32 m3/h
Given: Type 42-24 Differential Pressure Regulator, DN 50 · Flow W = 3270 kg/h
rate of compressed air · Upstream pressure · Temperature t = 20 °C
Solution: Determine the value for Z from Table 4 using the upstream p1 = 7 bar
pressure and temperature Z = 115.6
3270
m = = 0.884
W 115.6 ⋅ 32
m= (14)
Z ⋅ KVS p2
= 0.75
p2 p1
Determine for m = 0.884 from Diagram 2 or Table 3
p1 p2 = 0.75 · 7 = 5.25 bar
Δp = p1 – p2 = 7 – 5.25 = 1.75 bar
p2 = 0.75 · p1 ⇒ Differential pressure Δp = p1 – p2

AB 04 EN 9
Table 3 · Head loss coefficient m as a function of p2/p1 · All indicated pressures are absolute pressures in bar
Pressure ratio p2/p1 0.527 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.99
Head loss coefficient m 1 0.982 0.978 0.935 0.884 0.818 0.730 0.623 0.448 0.207

Table 4 · Compressibility factor Z for air · All pressures are indicated as absolute pressures in bar
Compressibility factor Z for ...
p1 Dry air at the following temperatures ...
in bar 0 °C 20 °C 50 °C 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °C
0.1 1.71 1.65 1.57 1.47 1.38 1.30 1.24 1.18
0.2 3.42 3.30 3.15 2.93 2.77 2.60 2.47 2.31
0.3 5.13 4.96 4.74 4.39 4.13 3.89 3.71 3.55
0.4 6.84 6.61 6.29 5.85 5.50 5.20 4.95 4.72
0.5 8.55 8.26 7.87 7.32 6.88 6.50 6.18 5.92
0.6 10.26 9.90 9.42 8.79 8.24 7.79 7.42 7.09
0.7 11.97 11.56 11.00 10.22 9.61 9.09 8.64 8.27
0.8 13.68 13.22 12.58 11.72 11.00 10.40 9.79 9.45
0.9 15.40 14.86 14.15 13.18 12.36 11.69 11.12 10.62
1.0 17.10 16.50 15.72 14.65 13.75 13.00 12.35 11.81
1.1 18.83 18.15 17.30 16.07 15.10 14.32 13.60 13.00
1.2 20.50 19.80 18.20 17.52 16.50 15.60 14.70 14.12
1.3 22.10 21.42 20.45 18.25 17.85 16.90 16.09 15.35
1.4 24.00 23.10 22.00 10.70 19.25 18.19 17.30 16.55
1.5 25.65 24.75 23.60 21.68 20.06 19.46 18.55 17.70
1.6 27.30 26.40 25.15 23.35 21.95 20.80 19.78 18.88
1.7 29.10 28.10 26.70 24.80 23.40 22.05 20.90 20.10
1.8 30.80 29.70 28.30 26.35 24.75 23.35 22.25 21.20
1.9 32.25 30.25 29.60 27.55 26.15 24.65 23.50 22.50
2.0 34.20 33.00 31.45 29.27 27.70 25.95 24.70 23.10
2.2 37.65 36.40 34.70 32.20 30.20 28.50 27.20 25.90
2.4 41.10 39.60 37.75 35.15 33.30 31.20 29.70 28.35
2.5 42.70 41.40 39.30 36.60 34.40 32.45 30.90 29.50
2.6 44.50 42.60 40.90 38.05 35.75 33.80 32.15 30.70
2.8 47.80 46.20 44.00 41.70 38.45 36.35 34.55 33.10
3.0 51.30 49.55 47.40 43.95 41.25 38.90 37.10 35.45
3.2 54.30 52.40 49.90 46.60 43.90 41.60 39.80 37.70
3.4 58.25 56.20 53.50 49.80 46.70 44.20 42.00 40.10
3.6 62.20 59.60 56.60 52.70 49.40 46.80 44.50 42.60
3.8 65.00 62.70 59.75 55.60 51.50 49.40 46.90 44.80
4.0 68.20 66.00 62.90 58.55 55.00 52.00 49.40 47.20
4.5 77.00 74.40 70.70 65.80 61.80 58.50 55.60 48.50
5.0 86.90 82.60 78.75 73.20 68.75 65.00 61.75 59.20
5.5 94.00 90.90 87.40 80.60 75.60 71.60 68.00 64.90
6.0 102.06 98.90 94.30 87.90 82.40 77.90 74.15 70.90
6.5 111.0 107.2 101.10 95.20 88.40 84.50 80.40 76.80
7.0 119.6 115.6 110.0 102.2 96.90 90.90 86.40 82.70
8.0 136.8 132.2 125.7 117.1 110.0 104.0 97.9 94.5
9.0 162.2 148.6 141.6 131.8 123.6 116.9 111.2 106.2
10.0 171.0 165.0 157.2 146.5 137.5 130.0 123.5 118.1
11.0 188.3 181.5 173.0 160.7 151.0 143.2 136.0 130.0
12.0 205.0 198.0 182.0 175.2 165.0 156.0 147.0 141.0
13.0 221.0 214.2 204.5 182.5 178.5 169.0 160.9 153.5
14.0 240.0 231.0 220.0 197.0 192.5 181.9 173.0 165.5
15.0 256.5 247.5 236.0 216.8 200.6 194.6 185.5 177.0
16.0 273.0 264.0 251.0 253.5 219.5 208.0 197.8 188.8
17.0 291.0 281.0 267.0 248.0 234.0 220.5 209.0 201.0
18.0 308.0 297.0 283.0 263.5 247.5 233.5 222.5 212.0
19.0 322.5 302.5 296.0 275.6 261.6 246.5 235.0 225.0
20.0 342.0 330.0 314.5 292.7 277.0 259.6 247.0 231.0
22.0 376.5 364.0 347.0 322.0 302.0 285.0 272.0 259.0
24.0 411.0 395.0 377.5 351.5 333.0 312.0 297.0 283.5
26.0 445.0 428.0 409.0 380.5 357.5 338.5 321.5 307.0
28.0 478.0 462.0 440.0 417.0 384.5 363.5 345.5 331.0
30.0 513.0 495.5 474.0 439.5 412.5 389.0 371.0 354.5

10 AB 04 EN
 Flow through pipelines

wmax Self-operated
1)
regulators
m3 1) Nominal size DN in mm/inch
h wmax District heating
10000
8000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000

0
25
0
20
1000

12 50
800

10 5
1
600

80 0
500
400

65
300

50
200

3 0
4
25 2
20
100

15
80

8"
60
50

"
¼
40
30
20

10
8
6
5
4
3
2

1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

w
0.1
1) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 100 200 400 m
Only for water 0.4 0.8 80 300 s

.
Diagram 4 · V – w diagram for gases, steam and liquids

Diagram 4 shows the following relationship: .

Vpipe Volume flow rate in m3/h
. wpipe Flow velocity in m/s
Vpipe = Apipe · wpipe (15) Apipe Cross-sectional area of the assumed nominal
size plotted as a straight line
DN Nominal size
Determining velocity and nominal size
Velocity w of the medium
For gas service, the flow rate determined from Dia-
.
⎛ 18.8⎞ 2 gram 4 in m3/h can be converted into kg/h or m3/h
wpipe = Vpipe · ⎜ ⎟ (16) for the normal condition (refer to sizing sample prob-
⎝ DN ⎠
lem 14).

Nominal size DN .
VG Gas flow rate, based on normal condition
.
V
DN = 18.8 · (17)
wpipe

AB 04 EN 11
 Sizing sample problem 14
Determine: Flow rates of compressed air for operating and normal Nominal size = DN 32
conditions p = 5 bar
Given: Pipe diameter · Pressure p in the pipe · Flow velocity wpipe = 7 m/s
.
Solution: Volume flow rate in m3/h for the operating condi- V = 20 m3/h
tion can be obtained from Diagram 4 using DN 32 and From Diagram 3:
wpipe · Determine ρ from Diagram 3 using p. ρ = 6.3 kg/m3
Calculate the mass flow rate of the compressed air in kg/h. W = 20 · 6.3 = 126 kg/h

.
Normal condition:
W = V ·ρ (18)
1 m3 of air ⇒ 1.293 kg
.
VG is the volume flow rate of gas in m3/h for normal con- .
W 126
.
VG = = = 97.5 m3/h
1.293 1293
.
dition at 0 °C and 1013 mbar. Determine VG according
to the equation to the right.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

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Weismüllerstraße 3 · 60314 Frankfurt am Main · Germany
Phone: +49 69 4009-0 · Fax: +49 69 4009-1507
Internet: http://www.samson.de AB 04 EN