CVP PDF

Cost-Volume-Profit
Relationships
PowerPoint Authors:
Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA
Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA
Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6-2
Learning Objective 1
Explain how changes in

activity affect contribution
margin and net operating
income.
6-3
Basics of Cost-Volume-Profit
Analysis
The contribution income statement is helpful to managers
in judging the impact on profits of changes in selling price,
cost, or volume. The emphasis is on cost behavior.
Racing Bicycle Company
Contribution Income Statement
For the Month of June
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000
Less: Variable expenses 150,000
Contribution margin 100,000
Less: Fixed expenses 80,000
Net operating income $ 20,000
Contribution Margin (CM) is the amount remaining from

sales revenue after variable expenses have been deducted.
6-4
Basics of Cost-Volume-Profit
Analysis
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000
Less: Variable expenses 150,000
CM is used first to cover fixed expenses. Any

remaining CM contributes to net operating income.
6-5
The Contribution Approach

Sales, variable expenses, and contribution margin
can also be expressed on a per unit basis. If RBC
sells an additional bicycle, $200 additional CM will
be generated to cover fixed expenses and profit.
Total Per Unit
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500
Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300
Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200
6-6

Each month, RBC must generate at least
$80,000 in total contribution margin to break-even
(which is the level of sales at which profit
is zero).
Total Per Unit
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500
6-7

If RBC sells 400 units in a month, it will
be operating at the break-even point.
Total Per Unit
Sales (400 bicycles) $ 200,000 $ 500
Net operating income $ -
6-8

If RBC sells one more bike (401 bikes), net
operating income will increase by $200.

Total Per Unit
Sales (401 bicycles) $ 200,500 $ 500
Net operating income $ 200
6-9

We do not need to prepare an income statement to
estimate profits at a particular sales volume. Simply
multiply the number of units sold above break-even
by the contribution margin per unit.
If RBC sells 430
bikes, its net
operating income
will be $6,000.
6-10
CVP Relationships in Equation Form

The contribution format income statement can be
expressed in the following equation:
Profit = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses

Total Per Unit
Sales (401 bicycles) $ 200,500 $ 500
Net operating income $ 200
6-11

This equation can be used to show the profit RBC
earns if it sells 401 units. Notice, the answer of $200
mirrors our earlier solution.
401 units × $500 $80,000

401 units × $300
$200 = ($200,500 – $120,300)

Profit – Fixed
Variable expenses)
$80,000– Fixed
expenses
6-12

When a company has only one product we can further
refine this equation as shown on this slide.
Quantity sold (Q) Quantity sold (Q)

× Selling price per unit (P) × Variable expenses per unit (V)
= Sales (Q × P) = Variable expenses (Q × V)
Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses

6-13

This equation can also be used to show the $200
profit RBC earns if it sells 401 bikes.

$200 = ($500 × 401 – $300 × 401) – $80,000
Profit
6-14

It is often useful to express the simple profit equation in
terms of the unit contribution margin (Unit CM) as follows:
Unit CM = Selling price per unit – Variable expenses per unit

Unit CM = P – V
Profit = (P – V) × Q – Fixed expenses
Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses
6-15

Profit = (P – V) × Q – Fixed expenses
Profit = ($500 – $300) × 401 – $80,000
Profit = $200 × 401 – $80,000
Profit = $80,200 – $80,000 This equation
Profit = $200 can also be
used to
compute RBC’s
$200 profit if it
sells 401 bikes.
6-16
Prepare and interpret a cost-

volume-profit (CVP) graph
and a profit graph.
6-17
CVP Relationships in Graphic Form
The relationships among revenue, cost, profit, and

volume can be expressed graphically by preparing a
CVP graph. RBC developed contribution margin income
statements at 0, 200, 400, and 600 units sold. We will
use this information to prepare the CVP graph.
Units Sold
0 200 400 600
Sales $ - $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ 300,000
Total variable expenses - 60,000 120,000 180,000
Contribution margin - 40,000 80,000 120,000
Fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000
Net operating income (loss) $ (80,000) $ (40,000) $ - $ 40,000
6-18
Preparing the CVP Graph

$350,000
$300,000
$250,000
$200,000
$150,000
$100,000
In a CVP graph, unit volume is usually
$50,000
represented on the horizontal (X) axis
and dollars on the vertical (Y) axis.
$0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Units
6-19

$350,000

Draw a line parallel to the volume axis
$300,000
to represent total fixed expenses.
$250,000
$200,000
Fixed expenses
$150,000
$100,000
$50,000
$0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Units
6-20

$350,000 
Choose some sales volume, say 400 units, and plot the point representing
total expenses
$300,000
(fixed and variable). Draw a line through the data point
back to where the fixed expenses line intersects the dollar axis.
$250,000
$200,000
Total expenses
Fixed expenses
$150,000
$100,000
$50,000
$0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Units
6-21

$350,000 
Choose some sales volume, say 400 units, and plot the point representing
total sales.
$300,000
Draw a line through the data point back to the point of origin.
$250,000
$200,000
Sales
Total expenses
$150,000 Fixed expenses
$100,000
$50,000
$0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Units
6-22

$350,000 Break-even point
(400 units or $200,000 in sales) Profit Area
$300,000
$250,000
$200,000
Sales
Total expenses
$150,000 Fixed expenses
$100,000
$50,000
$0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Loss Area Units
6-23

Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed Costs
$ 60,000
$ 40,000
$ 20,000
Profit
$0
-$20,000 An even simpler form of

-$40,000 the CVP graph is called
the profit graph.
-$60,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Number of bicycles sold
6-24
$ 60,000 Break-even point, where

profit is zero , is 400
$ 40,000
units sold.
$ 20,000
Profit
$0
-$20,000
-$40,000
-$60,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Number of bicycles sold
6-25
Use the contribution margin

ratio (CM ratio) to compute
changes in contribution margin
and net operating income resulting
from changes in sales volume.
6-26
Contribution Margin Ratio (CM

Ratio)
The CM ratio is calculated by dividing the total
contribution margin by total sales.
Total Per Unit CM Ratio
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 100%
Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300 60%
Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200 40%
$100,000 ÷ $250,000 = 40%

6-27

Ratio)
The contribution margin ratio at Racing Bicycle
Company is:
CM per unit $200

CM Ratio = = = 40%
SP per unit $500
The CM ratio can also be calculated by

dividing the contribution margin per unit by
the selling price per unit.
6-28

Ratio)
If RBC increases sales by $50,000, contribution
margin will increase by $20,000 ($50,000 × 40%).
Here is the proof:
400 Units 500 Units
Sales $ 200,000 $ 250,000
Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000
Contribution margin 80,000 100,000
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000
Net operating income $ - $ 20,000
A $50,000 increase in sales revenue results in a $20,000

increase in CM. ($50,000 × 40% = $20,000)
6-29
Quick Check 
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown
office building. The average selling price of a cup of
coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per
cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is
$1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average.
What is the CM Ratio for Coffee Klatch?
a. 1.319
b. 0.758
c. 0.242
d. 4.139
6-30
Quick Check 
What is the CM Ratio for Coffee Klatch?
a. 1.319 Unit contribution margin
CM Ratio =
b. 0.758 Unit selling price
c. 0.242 ($1.49-$0.36)
=
d. 4.139 $1.49
$1.13
= = 0.758
$1.49
6-31

Ratio)
The relationship between profit and the CM ratio
can be expressed using the following equation:
Profit = CM ratio × Sales – Fixed expenses
If Racing Bicycle increased its sales volume to 500
bikes, what would management expect profit or net
operating income to be?
Profit = 40% × $250,000 – $80,000
Profit = $100,000 – $80,000
Profit = $20,000
6-32
Show the effects on contribution

margin of changes in variable
costs, fixed costs, selling price,
and volume.
6-33
The Variable Expense Ratio

The variable expense ratio is the ratio of variable
expenses to sales. It can be computed by dividing the
total variable expenses by the total sales, or in a single
product analysis, it can be computed by dividing the
variable expenses per unit by the unit selling price.
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 100%
6-34
Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales

Volume
What is the profit impact if RBC can
increase unit sales from 500 to 540
by increasing the monthly advertising
budget by $10,000?
6-35

Volume
$80,000 + $10,000 advertising = $90,000
500 units 540 units

Sales $ 250,000 $ 270,000
Less: Variable expenses 150,000 162,000
Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 90,000
Net operating income $ 20,000 $ 18,000
Sales increased by $20,000, but net operating

income decreased by $2,000.
6-36

Volume
A shortcut solution using
incremental analysis
Increase in CM (40 units X $200) $ 8,000
Increase in advertising expenses 10,000
Decrease in net operating income $ (2,000)
6-37
Change in Variable Costs and Sales

Volume
What is the profit impact if RBC can use
higher quality raw materials, thus
increasing variable costs per unit by $10,
to generate an increase in unit sales
from 500 to 580?
6-38
Change in Variable Costs and Sales

Volume
580 units × $310 variable cost/unit = $179,800
500 units 580 units

Sales $ 250,000 $ 290,000
Sales increase by $40,000, and net operating income

increases by $10,200.
6-39
Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price,

and Volume
What is the profit impact if RBC: (1) cuts its
selling price $20 per unit, (2) increases its
advertising budget by $15,000 per month,
and (3) increases sales from 500 to 650
units per month?
6-40
Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price,

and Volume
650 units × $480 = $312,000
500 units 650 units

Sales $ 250,000 $ 312,000
Sales increase by $62,000, fixed costs increase by

$15,000, and net operating income increases by $2,000.
6-41
Change in Variable Cost, Fixed

Cost, and Sales Volume
What is the profit impact if RBC: (1) pays a
$15 sales commission per bike sold instead
of paying salespersons flat salaries that
currently total $6,000 per month, and (2)
increases unit sales from 500 to 575 bikes?
6-42
Change in Variable Cost, Fixed

Cost, and Sales Volume
575 units × $315 = $181,125
500 units 575 units
Sales $ 250,000 $ 287,500
Sales increase by $37,500, fixed expenses decrease by

$6,000. Net operating income increases by $12,375.
6-43
Change in Regular Sales Price

If RBC has an opportunity to sell 150
bikes to a wholesaler without disturbing
sales to other customers or fixed
expenses, what price would it quote to
the wholesaler if it wants to increase
monthly profits by $3,000?
6-44
Change in Regular Sales Price
$ 3,000 ÷ 150 bikes = $ 20 per bike

Variable cost per bike = 300 per bike
Selling price required = $ 320 per bike
150 bikes × $320 per bike = $ 48,000

Total variable costs = 45,000
Increase in net operating income = $ 3,000
6-45
Determine the level of sales

needed to attain a target profit.
6-46
Target Profit Analysis
We can compute the number of units

that must be sold to attain a target
profit using either:
1. Equation method.
2. Formula method.
6-47
Equation Method
Our goal is to solve for the unknown “Q” which

represents the quantity of units that must be sold
to attain the target profit.
6-48

Suppose RBC’s management wants to know
how many bikes must be sold to earn a target
profit of $100,000.

$100,000 = $200 × Q – $80,000
$200 × Q = $100,000 – $80,000
Q = ($100,000 + $80,000) ÷ $200
Q = 900
6-49
The Formula Method
The formula uses the following equation.
Unit sales to attain Target profit + Fixed expenses

=
the target profit CM per unit
6-50
Target Profit Analysis in Terms of

Unit Sales
Suppose Racing Bicycle Company wants
to know how many bikes must be sold
to earn a profit of $100,000.
Unit sales to attain Target profit + Fixed expenses
=
the target profit CM per unit
$100,000 + $80,000
Unit sales =
$200
Unit sales = 900
6-51
We can also compute the target profit in terms of

sales dollars using either the equation method or
the formula method.
Equation OR Formula
Method Method
6-52
Equation Method
Our goal is to solve for the unknown “Sales”
which represents the dollar amount of sales
that must be sold to attain the target profit.
Suppose RBC management wants to know the
sales volume that must be generated to earn a
target profit of $100,000.
$100,000 = 40% × Sales – $80,000
40% × Sales = $100,000 + $80,000
Sales = ($100,000 + $80,000) ÷ 40%
Sales = $450,000
6-53
Formula Method
We can calculate the dollar sales needed to
attain a target profit (net operating profit)
of $100,000 at RBC.
Dollar sales to attain Target profit + Fixed expenses
=
the target profit CM ratio
$100,000 + $80,000
Dollar sales =
40%
Dollar sales = $450,000
6-54
Quick Check 
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office
building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is
$1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is
$0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300.
Use the formula method to determine how many cups of
coffee would have to be sold to attain target profits of
$2,500 per month.
a. 3,363 cups
b. 2,212 cups
c. 1,150 cups
d. 4,200 cups
6-55
Quick Check 
$0.36. The Unit salesfixed expense per month is $1,300.
average Target profit + Fixed expenses
to attain
Use the formula method= to determineUnithowCM
many cups of
target
coffee would profit
have to be sold to attain target profits of
$2,500 per month. $2,500 + $1,300
= $1.49 - $0.36
a. 3,363 cups
b. 2,212 cups $3,800
=
c. 1,150 cups $1.13
d. 4,200 cups = 3,363 cups
6-56
Quick Check 
Use the formula method to determine the sales dollars
that must be generated to attain target profits of $2,500
per month.
a. $2,550
b. $5,011
c. $8,458
d. $10,555
6-57
Quick Check 
Sales
Use the formula $
method to Target
determine the sales expenses
dollars
profit + Fixed
that must be to attain to
generated = attain targetCMprofits
ratioof $2,500
per month. target profit
a. $2,550 $2,500 + $1,300
= ($1.49 – 0.36) ÷ $1.49
b. $5,011
c. $8,458 $3,800
=
d. $10,555 0.758
= $5,011
6-58
Determine the
break-even point.
6-59
Break-even Analysis
The equation and formula methods can be used to
determine the unit sales and dollar sales needed to
achieve a target profit of zero. Let’s use the RBC
information to complete the break-even analysis.
Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 100%
6-60
Break-even in Unit Sales:

Equation Method
Profits = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses
Suppose RBC wants to know how many
bikes must be sold to break-even
(earn a target profit of $0).
$0 = $200 × Q + $80,000
Profits are zero at the break-even point.

6-61

Equation Method
Profits = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses

$0 = $200 × Q + $80,000
$200 × Q = $80,000
Q = 400 bikes
6-62

Formula Method
Let’s apply the formula method to
solve for the break-even point.
Unit sales to Fixed expenses

=
break even CM per unit
$80,000
Unit sales =
$200
Unit sales = 400
6-63
Break-even in Dollar Sales:

Equation Method
Suppose RBC wants to compute the sales
dollars required to break-even (earn a target
profit of $0). Let’s use the equation method to
solve this problem.
Solve for the unknown “Sales.”

6-64

Equation Method
$ 0 = 40% × Sales – $80,000
40% × Sales = $80,000
Sales = $80,000 ÷ 40%
Sales = $200,000
6-65

Formula Method
Now, let’s use the formula method to calculate the
dollar sales at the break-even point.
Dollar sales to Fixed expenses

=
break even CM ratio
$80,000
Dollar sales =
40%
Dollar sales = $200,000
6-66
Quick Check 
What is the break-even sales dollars?
a. $1,300
b. $1,715
c. $1,788
d. $3,129
6-67
Quick Check 
What is the break-even sales dollars?
a. $1,300 Break-even Fixed expenses
b. $1,715 =
sales CM Ratio
c. $1,788 $1,300
=
0.758
d. $3,129
= $1,715
6-68
Quick Check 
What is the break-even sales in units?
a. 872 cups
b. 3,611 cups
c. 1,200 cups
d. 1,150 cups
6-69
Quick Check 
$1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each Fixedonexpenses
month average.
Break-even =
What is the break-even sales in units? CM per Unit
a. 872 cups $1,300
=
$1.49/cup - $0.36/cup
b. 3,611 cups
c. 1,200 cups $1,300
=
$1.13/cup
d. 1,150 cups
= 1,150 cups
6-70
Compute the margin of safety

and explain its significance.
6-71
The Margin of Safety in Dollars
The margin of safety in dollars is the

excess of budgeted (or actual) sales over
the break-even volume of sales.
Margin of safety in dollars = Total sales - Break-even sales
Let’s look at Racing Bicycle Company and

determine the margin of safety.
6-72
The Margin of Safety in Dollars

If we assume that RBC has actual sales of
$250,000, given that we have already determined
the break-even sales to be $200,000, the
margin of safety is $50,000 as shown.
Break-even
sales Actual sales
400 units 500 units
Sales $ 200,000 $ 250,000
6-73
The Margin of Safety Percentage

RBC’s margin of safety can be expressed as
20% of sales.
($50,000 ÷ $250,000)
Break-even
sales Actual sales
400 units 500 units
Sales $ 200,000 $ 250,000
6-74
The Margin of Safety
The margin of safety can be expressed in terms of

the number of units sold. The margin of safety at
RBC is $50,000, and each bike sells for $500;
hence, RBC’s margin of safety is 100 bikes.
Margin of $50,000
= = 100 bikes
Safety in units $500
6-75
Quick Check 
What is the margin of safety expressed in cups?
a. 3,250 cups
b. 950 cups
c. 1,150 cups
d. 2,100 cups
6-76
Quick Check 
What is the margin of safety expressed in cups?
a. 3,250 cups
b. 950 cups
c. 1,150 cups
Margin of safety = Total sales – Break-even sales
d. 2,100 cups = 2,100 cups – 1,150 cups
= 950 cups
6-77
Cost Structure and Profit Stability

Cost structure refers to the relative proportion
of fixed and variable costs in an organization.
Managers often have some latitude in
determining their organization’s cost structure.
6-78
Cost Structure and Profit Stability

There are advantages and disadvantages to high fixed cost
(or low variable cost) and low fixed cost (or high variable
cost) structures.
An advantage of a high fixed
cost structure is that income A disadvantage of a high fixed
will be higher in good years cost structure is that income
compared to companies will be lower in bad years
with lower proportion of compared to companies
fixed costs. with lower proportion of
fixed costs.
Companies with low fixed cost structures enjoy greater
stability in income across good and bad years.
6-79
Compute the degree of operating

leverage at a particular level of
sales and explain how it can be
used to predict changes in net
operating income.
6-80
Operating Leverage
Operating leverage is a measure of how sensitive net
operating income is to percentage changes in sales.
It is a measure, at any given level of sales, of how a
percentage change in sales volume will affect profits.
Degree of Contribution margin

operating leverage = Net operating income
6-81
Operating Leverage
To illustrate, let’s revisit the contribution
income statement for RBC.
Actual sales
500 Bikes
Sales $ 250,000
Less: variable expenses 150,000
Less: fixed expenses 80,000
Net income $ 20,000
Degree of
Operating $100,000
= $20,000 = 5
Leverage
6-82
Operating Leverage
With an operating leverage of 5, if RBC
increases its sales by 10%, net operating
income would increase by 50%.
Percent increase in sales 10%

Degree of operating leverage × 5
Percent increase in profits 50%
Here’s the verification!

6-83
Operating Leverage
Actual sales Increased
(500) sales (550)
Sales $ 250,000 $ 275,000
Less variable expenses 150,000 165,000
Less fixed expenses 80,000 80,000
10% increase in sales from

$250,000 to $275,000 . . .
. . . results in a 50% increase in

income from $20,000 to $30,000.
6-84
Quick Check 
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a
downtown office building. The average selling
price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average
variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average
fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups
are sold each month on average. What is the
operating leverage?
a. 2.21
b. 0.45
c. 0.34
d. 2.92
6-85
Quick Check 
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a Actual sales
2,100 cups
downtown office building. The average selling
Sales $ 3,129
price of a cup of coffeeLess:
is $1.49 and the average756
Variable expenses
variable expense per cup is $0.36.
Contribution The average2,373
margin
fixed expense per month isFixed
Less: $1,300. 2,100 cups1,300
expenses
are sold each month on average.
Net operating What
incomeis the
$ 1,073
operating leverage?
a. 2.21 Operating Contribution margin
b. 0.45 leverage = Net operating income
c. 0.34 $2,373
= $1,073 = 2.21
d. 2.92
6-86
Quick Check 
At Coffee Klatch the average selling price of a cup of
coffee is $1.49, the average variable expense per cup
is $0.36, the average fixed expense per month is
$1,300 and an average of 2,100 cups are sold each
month.
If sales increase by 20%, by how much should net
operating income increase?
a. 30.0%
b. 20.0%
c. 22.1%
d. 44.2%
6-87
Quick Check 
At Coffee Klatch the average selling price of a cup of
coffee is $1.49, the average variable expense per cup
is $0.36, the average fixed expense per month is
$1,300 and an average of 2,100 cups are sold each
month.
If sales increase by 20%, by how much should net
operating income increase?
a. 30.0% Percent increase in sales 20.0%
b. 20.0%
× Degree of operating leverage 2.21
c. 22.1%
Percent increase in profit 44.20%
d. 44.2%
6-88
Verify Increase in Profit

Actual Increased
sales sales
2,100 cups 2,520 cups
Sales $ 3,129 $ 3,755
Less: Variable expenses 756 907
% change in sales 20.0%
% change in net operating income 44.2%
6-89
Structuring Sales Commissions

Companies generally compensate salespeople
by paying them either a commission based on
sales or a salary plus a sales commission.
Commissions based on sales dollars can lead to
lower profits in a company.
Let’s look at an example.

6-90

Pipeline Unlimited produces two types of surfboards,
the XR7 and the Turbo. The XR7 sells for $100 and
generates a contribution margin per unit of $25. The
Turbo sells for $150 and earns a contribution margin
per unit of $18.
The sales force at Pipeline Unlimited is

compensated based on sales commissions.
6-91

If you were on the sales force at Pipeline, you would
push hard to sell the Turbo even though the XR7
earns a higher contribution margin per unit.
To eliminate this type of conflict, commissions can

be based on contribution margin rather than on
selling price alone.
6-92
Compute the break-even point for

a multiproduct company and
explain the effects of shifts in the
sales mix on contribution margin
and the break-even point.
6-93
The Concept of Sales Mix

• Sales mix is the relative proportion in which a
company’s products are sold.
• Different products have different selling prices,
cost structures, and contribution margins.
• When a company sells more than one product,
break-even analysis becomes more complex
as the following example illustrates.
Let’s assume Racing Bicycle Company sells

bikes and carts and that the sales mix between
the two products remains the same.
6-94
Multi-Product Break-Even Analysis

Bikes comprise 45% of RBC’s total sales revenue and the
carts comprise the remaining 55%. RBC provides the
following information:
Bicycle Carts Total
Sales $ 250,000 100% $ 300,000 100% $ 550,000 100.0%
Variable expenses 150,000 60% 135,000 45% 285,000 51.8%
Contribution margin 100,000 40.0% 165,000 55% 265,000 48.2%
Fixed expenses 170,000
Sales mix $ 250,000 45% $ 300,000 55% $ 550,000 100%
$265,000 = 48.2% (rounded)

$550,000
6-95
Multi-Product Break-Even Analysis

Dollar sales to Fixed expenses
=
break even CM ratio
Dollar sales to $170,000

= = $352,697
break even 48.2%
Bicycle Carts Total

Sales $ 158,714 100% $ 193,983 100% $ 352,697 100.0%
Variable expenses 95,228 60% 87,293 45% 182,521 51.8%
Contribution margin 63,485 40% 106,691 55% 170,176 48.2%
Fixed expenses 170,000
Net operating income Rounding error $ 176
Sales mix $ 158,714 45% $ 193,983 55% $ 352,697 100.0%

6-96
Key Assumptions of CVP Analysis

Selling price is constant.
 Costs are linear and can be accurately divided
into variable (constant per unit) and fixed
(constant in total) elements.
 In multiproduct companies, the sales mix is
constant.
 In manufacturing companies, inventories do
not change (units produced = units sold).
6-97
End of Chapter 6

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Cost-Volume-Profit

Explain how changes in

Contribution Margin (CM) is the amount remaining from

CM is used first to cover fixed expenses. Any

The Contribution Approach

The Contribution Approach

The Contribution Approach

The Contribution Approach

Racing Bicycle Company

The Contribution Approach

CVP Relationships in Equation Form

Profit = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses

CVP Relationships in Equation Form

401 units × $500 $80,000

$200 = ($200,500 – $120,300)

CVP Relationships in Equation Form

Quantity sold (Q) Quantity sold (Q)

Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses

CVP Relationships in Equation Form

Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses

CVP Relationships in Equation Form

Unit CM = Selling price per unit – Variable expenses per unit

CVP Relationships in Equation Form

Prepare and interpret a cost-

CVP Relationships in Graphic Form

The relationships among revenue, cost, profit, and

Preparing the CVP Graph

Preparing the CVP Graph

Preparing the CVP Graph

Preparing the CVP Graph

Preparing the CVP Graph

Preparing the CVP Graph

-$20,000 An even simpler form of

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Preparing the CVP Graph

$ 60,000 Break-even point, where

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Use the contribution margin

Contribution Margin Ratio (CM

$100,000 ÷ $250,000 = 40%

Contribution Margin Ratio (CM

CM per unit $200

The CM ratio can also be calculated by

Contribution Margin Ratio (CM

A $50,000 increase in sales revenue results in a $20,000

Contribution Margin Ratio (CM

Show the effects on contribution

The Variable Expense Ratio

Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales

Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales

500 units 540 units

Sales increased by $20,000, but net operating

Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales

Change in Variable Costs and Sales

Change in Variable Costs and Sales

500 units 580 units

Sales increase by $40,000, and net operating income

Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price,

Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price,