Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
FOREIGN
Countless factors have been analyzed by educational researchers to explain why
achievement than other students. As a result, data have been gathered from myriad
required to debate the matter effectively (Betson& Michael, 1997). A review of relevant
and, eventually, eradicate the wide achievement gap separating America’s economically
As is so often the case, society’s most vulnerable citizens frequently bear the brunt of
situations well beyond their locus of control. Although this fact regularly went
unrecognized in this country (as in nearly all others), children suffered most from living
in poverty (Crooks,1995). Some United States citizens, as well as legislators and policy
because the main focus in the student performance for the particular semester. Some
other researchers used test results or previous year result since they are studying
performance for the specific subject or year (Hijazi and Naqvi, 2006 and Hake, 1998).
Many researchers have discussed the different factors that affect the student academic
performance in their research. There are twotypes of factors that affect the students‘
academic performance. These are internal and external classroom factors and these
students competence in English, class schedules, class size, English text books, class
test results, learning facilities, homework, environment of the class, complexity of the
course material, teachers role in the class, technology used in the class and exams
work andfinancial, social and other problems. Research studies shows that students‘
differences, etc. that can affect student performance (Hansen, Joe B., 2000). Harb and
El-Shaarawi (2006) found that the most important factor with positive effect on
factors have contributed to declining class attendances around the world in the last 15
years. The major reasons given by students for non-attendance include assessment
(Newman-Ford, Lloyd & Thomas, 2009). In recent times, students have found a need to
seek employment while studying on a part-time basis due to financial constraints. The
numbers of part-time and mature students has also risen sharply. The use of
information technology also means that information that used to be obtained from
sitting through lectures can be obtained at the click of a mouse. Indeed, web-based
learning approaches have become the order of the day. Given all these developments
that either makes it impossible or unnecessary for students to attend classes, the
performance. Research on this subject seems to provide a consensus that students who
miss classes perform poorly compared to those who attend classes (Devadoss& Foltz,
1996; Durden& Ellis, 1995; Romer, 1993; Park & Kerr, 1990; Schmidt, 1983). Based on
these findings a number of stakeholders have called for mandatory class attendance.
Although the existing evidence points to a strong correlation between attendance and
academic performance, none of the studies cited above demonstrate a causal effect.
learning, and time-management skills) is a major limiting factor to the utility of these
findings (Rodgers & Rodgers, 2003). Durden and Ellis, (1995) controlled for student
attendance on learning, that is, a few absences do not lead to poor grades but
Educational services are often not tangible and are difficult to measure because
they result in the form of transformation of knowledge, life skills and behavior
commonly agreed upon definition of quality that is applied to education field. The
definition of quality of education varies from culture to culture (Michael, 1998). The
environment and the personal characteristics of learners play an important role in their
academic success. The school personnel, members of the families and communities
provide help and support to students for the quality of their academic performance.
This social assistance has a crucial role for the accomplishment of performance goals of
students at school (Goddard, 2003). Besides the social structure, parents‘ involvefment
standardized testing in determining proficient school districts. They do not take into
standardized test scores. Much research shows a correlation between different social
aspects of students and how they academically perform. Educators need to determine
what factors affect educational success and exploit ideas in determining ways to
increase academic achievement. Educational reform has been a widely discussed topic
in the United States for many years. The American Institutes for Research (2005)
showed many concerns on recent studies comparing students in the United States with
those of other countries. The 2001, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation mandated
public school districts to become 100 percent proficient among all students by the year
2014. This has increased pressure on school teachers and administrators to perform on
state standardized tests. The California Executive Board (2001) showed concerns
standardized tests considers the social background of the students. The diversity among
proficiency. The purpose of this study is to find if socioeconomic status has a correlation
with academic performance. It will focus on the effects of such variables in small, rural
and large, urban school districts. It will also look at other social factors that affect
academic success.
Socialization is the process by which human infants begin to acquire the skills
influential learning process one can experience. Although cultural variability manifests in
the actions, customs, and behaviors of whole social groups the most fundamental
expression of culture is found at the individual level. This expression can only occur
after an individual has been socialized by his or her parents, family, extended family,
and extended social networks. This reflexive process of both learning and teaching is
how cultural and social characteristics attain continuity (Chao, 2000). This theory
Charles Cooley in 1929 and it refers to the parenting practices that influence children’s
disseminating norms, customs and ideologies hence providing an individual with the
skills and habits that are necessary for participating within one’s own society.
Socialization therefore is the means through which individuals acquire skills that are
necessary to perform as functional members of their societies and is the most influential
learning process. Although cultural variability manifests in the actions, customs and
behaviors of the whole social groups, the most fundamental expression of culture is
usually found at the individual levels, and this expression is usually socialized by one’s
parents, extended family and extended social networks (Harkness, 1996). Chao (2000)
highlighted that usually it is assumed that cultural models define desirable endpoints for
development that inform socialization goals which define the 11 ideas about parenting
According to Kizlik (2012), study habits are different for everybody. A studying
strategy may be effective for one but entirely of no use to another student. However
the study habit fit for one can help the student in different ways. To name one, with
continuous study habits, study skills develop and they create a more effective
understanding about the topic. Study habits can also improve the learning and
Academic Performance: A Longitudal Study” conducted by Ning & Downing (2010), the
performance was studied. The researchers tested their hypothesis by a survey given to
396 students from a university in Hongkong. They tested the students’ study habits in
Processing, Selecting Main Ideas, Test Strategies, Anxiety, Attitude and Motivation.
From the information obtained, Ning & Downing (2010) discovered a positive
relationship between the variables. Aspects like motivation and study strategies in study
performance.
Nonis & Hudson (2010) also conducted a study on performance of college
students-impact of study time and study habits in which they found that some study
habits had a positive direct relationship on student performance but others had a
performance, some researchers have proposed strategies that will help students
develop effective study habits and attitudes. For example, the study of Demir et al.
(2012), which examined the effect of development of efficient studying skills curriculum
on academic achievements and studying skills of learners, found that students can
acquire efficient studying skills by means of curriculum for developing efficient studying
skills. The students were able to organize the study environment and use specific
writing and doing homework. It further revealed that those students where the
group of students on which the curriculum was not implemented. Mutsotso & Abenga
(2010) also propose a paradigm shift in study methods and suggest strategies for both
lecturers and the students in universities towards improved learning and performance.
It is based on the “distributed learning approach” that adequately cater for individual
differences that exist among the students. The model will address the study space
needs and the efficiency and effectiveness of study methods.The study also found that
there was no significant difference of home environment between boys and girls
and half under achievers were interviewed. All the subjects were of average
intelligence. Over achievers were performing much better whereas underachievers were
performing below than the average performance. No significant differences were found
father and mother, family size, and schooling expectations of the students. Analysis
indicated that fathers of eight over achievers compared with fathers of four under
achievers were in professional occupations. Family size did not differ across the two
The type of intellectual environment in the home will definitely have an impact
of the family. Adolescents are highly influenced by society, socio-economic status, self-
concept, study habits, emotional maturity, which may enhance their academic
performance or may disturb their academic performance during high school period.
Manchala (1996) reported in a study that there was no significant influence of mother’s
occupation on study habits of students, but father’s occupation had significant influence
full-time workers in July 2010 recorded a share of 64.3 percent of the total employed
while the part-time workers, 35.0 percent. The number of underemployed persons in
July 2010 was estimated at 6.5 million, placing the current underemployment rate at
17.9 percent. More than half (58.1%) of the total underemployed were reported as
visibly underemployed or working less than 40 hours during the reference week. Those
working for 40 hours or more accounted for 40.4 percent. Most of the underemployed
were working in the agriculture sector (46.7%) and services sector (37.8%). The
underemployed in the industry sector accounted for 15.5 percent.Only half of working
country are currently juggling school and work, according to latest data from the
college students in the country.CHED said working students today are mostly into food
service, entertainment and sales, apart from their usual stints as library and research
assistants."Dahil sa financial crisis, kailangan nila ng extra income," said lawyer Julito
these students are forced to work because of higher commodity prices and tuition
fees.Jerry Rontal, who delivers oxygen tanks in a hospital. Rontal is currently taking up
Criminology, and needs to pay a tuition fee of P24,000 for this semester.The amount
does not include expenses for books, uniform and public transport."Gusto kong
umangat sa hirap. Kakayanin po, kailangan po eh. Kung hindi ako kikilos, walang
mangyayari," Rontal said.Despite their efforts, the pressure to balance work and school
is just too much for many working students.The CHED said that only 50% of working
students get to finish college, as many cannot cope and cannot concentrate on their
studies, while some have poor health, while others give up because of insufficient
funds.CHED advised working students to get jobs that are not that demanding, and that
are more closely related to their courses. -- Report from Bernadette Sembrano, ABS-
CBN News.
effective response to the plight of the youth. Mentoring schemes have expanded rapidly
with increasing number of students, young professionals, as well as, adult volunteers
unselfishly giving their time and effort to help 19 these young people in institutions,
Inc.” (Filipino Integrated Learning through Mentoring, Inc.) was formally organized in
schemes and develops supplemental learning particularly for the Filipino street children.
Composed of mostly young professionals, “Fil-Mentoring, Inc.” was created with a vision
of providing these children with adequate skill in enhancing their God-given talents, at
the same time, monitor and guide their academic progress. “Fil-Mentoring, Inc.” also
with street children, in setting up Mentoring programs that could result in the
sustained and systematic basis. These mentors act as resource to the coordinator,
director, housemothers, and teachers who usually work individually or with small groups
in helping these street children with their activities and relating them to the "outside
students and ensures their growth through oneon-one consultations. The mentor
enriches learning by helping one acquire and 20 improve one’s orientation and lifelong
learning skills. This often leads to friendship that lasts beyond the corridors and
role models. They initiate activities that persuade and motivate these children to value
education and view it as an instrument to alleviate their present economic and social
situation. They inculcate in them the message -- "be as you can be" rather than just "be
A quick glance in most educational journals published from the 1990s forward
would yield at least one study that attempted to confirm or refute a relationship
performance on some high stakes exam. Although the issue of socioeconomic status is
mandate that requires academic success of all students regardless of economic status.
that even as society continued to make great strides to lessen the negative impact of
greatly affected by financial factors well beyond the student’s control. The current
statistical methods and found that low socioeconomic 70 status (students classified as