Exercise 2.

1
Chapter 2

 average rate of change h  

h t  t   h  t 

Chapter 2 With t  tmax  tmin

t t
then t  8.5  8  0.5
f  x  x   f  x  Substituting h  t   2t  7
Average rate of change y 
x x h h  8.5  h  8

Exercise 2.1 t 0.5
Q1. Find the average rate of change of the h

  
2  8.5   7  2 8  7 
following functions over the indicated intervals: t 0.5
a). y  x2  4 from x=2 to x=3 h 17  16

Sol: We have y  f  x   x  4
2 0.246
t 0.5
y f  x  x   f  x 
Q2. Use definition to find out average rate of change
 average rate of change  over specified interval for following functions:
x x a). s  2t  3 from t=2 to t=5
With x  xmax  xmin then x  3  2  1
Solution: We have s  t   2t  3
y f  3  f  2 
 average rate of change s  
 s t  t   s  t 
x x t t
y 3  4    2  4  With t  tmax  tmin then t  5  2  3
2 2


x 1 s s  5   s  2 

y t
  9  4    4  4   13  8 3
x s  2  5   3   2  2   3

y t 3
5
x s 10  3  4  3

1 t 3
b). y  x 2  x from x=-3 to x=3 s 6
3  2
1 t 3
Solution: We have y  f  x   x 2  x s
3 2
t
With x  xmax  xmin then x  3   3  6
b). y  x2  6x  8 from x=3 to x=3.1
y f  3  f  3
 average rate of change  Solution: We have y  f  x   x  6 x  8
2

x 6
 average rate of change y  
f x  x   f  x 
 2 1   1 
 3  3  3    3  3  3 
2

y x x
 With x  xmax  xmin then x  3.1  3  0.1
x 6
y  9  1   9  1 y f  3.1  f  3
 
x 6 x 0.1
y 10  8 2  3.12  6  3.1  8   32  6  3  8
  y    
x 6 6 
x 0.1
y
y 9.61  18.6  8  9  18  8
1

x 3 
x 0.1
c). s  2t 3  5t  7 from t=1 to t=3 y  0.99   1

Solution: We have s  t   2t  5t  7
3
x 0.1
y 0.99  1 0.01 1
With t  tmax  tmin then x  3  1  2     0.1
x 0.1 0.1 10
s s  3  s 1 A   r2
 average rate of change  c). from r=2 to r=2.1
t 2 Solution: We have A  r    r
2

s  2  3  5  3  7    2 1  5 1  7 
 3
  3

 A A  r  r   A  r 
t 2  average rate of change 
r r
s  2  27   15  7    2  5  7 
t

2
With r  rmax  rmin then r  2.1  2  0.1
s 54  8  4 42 A A  2.1  A  2 
  
t 2 2 r 0.1
s A   2.1    2
2 2
 21 
t r 0.1
d). h  2t  7 from t=8 to t=8.5 A 4.41  4

Solution: We have h  t   2t  7 r 0.1

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 Exercise 2.2
Chapter 2
A 0.41 With t  tmax  tmin then t  5  3  2

r 0.1
p p  5   p  3
A
 4.1 12.88

r t 2
p 3  5    5   1  3  3   3  1
d). h  t 9 from t=9 to t=16
 2
  2


Solution: We have h  t   t  9 t 2
With t  tmax  tmin then t  16  9  7 p 3  25   6   3  9   4 

 average rate of change
h h 16   h  9  t 2

t 7 p 75  6  27  4
       
h 16 9 9 9
t
     2
t 7
p 50
h 4  9  3  9   25
 t 2
t 7
First principle for derivative
h 4  3 1
  dy y f  x  x   f  x 
t 7 7  lim  lim
Q3. A ball is thrown straight up. Its height after t seconds dx x0 x x0 x
is given by the formula h  t   16t 2  80t Find the Slope when two point P1  x1 , y1  , P2  x2 , y2  are

h given Slope = m  y2  y1
average velocity for the specified intervals x2  x1
t
a). From t=2 to t=2.1 Differentiation of y  x n by first principle Rule
Solution: We have h  t   16t  80t If f  x   x so f  x  x    x  x 
2 n n

With t  tmax  tmin then t  2.1  2  0.1 Using first principle for derivative of f  x 
h h  2.1  h  2  f  x  x   f  x 
 average rate of change  d
f  x   lim
t 0.1 dx x  0 x
h  16  2.1  80  2.1    16  2   80  2  
   
 x  x 
2 2
 xn
n

 f   x   lim
t 0.1 x 0 x
h 16  4.41  168  16  4   160 Using binomial theorem
 n n 1
t  x  x   x n  nx n 1x  x n  2  x  
n 2
0.1
2!
h 70.56  168  64  160
  x  x 
n
 xn
t 0.1 so f   x   lim
h 1.44 x 0 x
  14.4
x  nx x   2!  x n2  x  
n n 1
n 1
 xn
2
t 0.1 n
f  x   lim

b). From t=2 to t=2.01 x 0 x
Solution: We have h  t   16t  80t
2
x n2  x  
n n 1
nx n1x 
2

With t  tmax  tmin then t  2.01  2  0.01 f   x   lim 2!

x 0 x
h h  2.1  h  2  x  nx  2! x  x   
n 1 n n 1 n  2
 average rate of change   
t 0.1 f  x   lim

x 0 x
 16  2.012  80  2.01    16  2 2  80  2  
h     n n 1 n  2
 f   x   lim  nx  2! x  x   
n  1
t 0.01 x 0  
h 16  4.0401  160.8  16  4   160
f   x   nx n1   2!  x n2  0   0  0  
n n 1

t 0.01  
h 64.6416  160.8  64  160

f   x   nx n 1

t 0.01
Exercise 2.2
h 0.1584
  15.84 Q1. Use first Principle to determine the derivative
t 0.01 of the following functions.
Q4. The rate of change of price is called inflation. a). f  x   3x
price P in rupees after t years is p  t   3t  t  1
2

Solution: We have f  x   3 x
Find the average rate of change of inflation from t=3 to
t=5 years. What the rate of change means? Explain First principle for derivative
Solution: We have p  t   3t  t  1
2
dy y f  x  x   f  x 
 lim  lim
p p  t  t   p  t  dx x0 x x0 x
 average rate of change  Substituting f  x   3 x
t t
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 18
 Exercise 2.2
Chapter 2
dy y 3  x  x   3x y
12   x  x 2   12  x 2 
 lim  lim dy
 lim  lim    
dx x 0 x x 0 x dx x  0 x x  0 x
dy
 lim
y
 lim
3x  3x  3x
dy
 lim
y
 lim

12  x 2   x   2 xx  12  x 2
2

dx x  0 x x  0 x dx x 0 x x0 x
y 3x
12  x 2   x   2 xx  12  x 2
dy 2
 lim  lim dy y
dx x 0 x x 0 x  lim  lim
dy y dx x0 x x0 x
 lim  lim 3  3   x   2 xx
2
dx   x x0 dy y
 lim  lim
x 0

b). f  x   5x  6 dx x0 x x0 x

Solution: We have dy y x  x  2 x 
 lim  lim
First principle for derivative dx x0 x x0 x
y f  x  x   f  x  dy y
 lim  x  2 x 
dy
 lim  lim  lim
dx x  0 x x  0 x dx x0 x x0
Substituting dy y
 lim  0  2 x
y 5  x  x   6   5 x  6 x
 lim 
dy dx x  0
 lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x dy y
y 5 x  5x  6  5 x  6
 lim  2 x
dy
 lim  lim dx x  0 x
dx x 0 x x
f  x   16 x 2  7 x
x 0
e).
dy y 5x
 lim  lim Solution: We have f  x   16 x  7 x
2
dx x 0 x x0 x
dy y First principle for derivative
 lim  lim 5 f  x  x   f  x 
dx  x  0 x x0 dy y
 lim  lim
dy y dx x0 x x0 x
 lim 5 Substituting
dx x  0 x
16  x  x 2  7  x  x    16 x 2  7 x 
y   
c). f  x   x2  1 dy
 lim  lim 
dx x0 x x0 x
Solution: We have f  x   x  1  
2
16 x 2   x   2 xx  7 x  7x  16 x 2  7 x
2
dy y
 lim  lim
First principle for derivative dx x0 x x0 x
dy y f  x  x   f  x  dy y 16 x 2  16  x   32 xx  7 x  7x  16 x 2  7 x
2

 lim  lim  lim  lim

dx x0 x x0 x dx x0 x x0 x
16  x   32 xx  7x
2
Substituting dy y
 lim  lim
 x  x 2  1   x 2  1 dx x  0 x x  0 x
y   
 lim 
dy y x 16x  32 x  7 
 lim dy
 lim  lim
dx x  0 x x  0 x dx x0 x x0 x
y x 2   x   2 xx  1  x 2  1
2
dy y
dy
 lim  lim  lim  lim 16x  32 x  7 
dx x 0 x x 0 x dx x0 x x0
dy y
 x   2 xx  16  0   32 x  7 
2
y  lim
dx x0 x 
dy
 lim  lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x
dy y
dy y x  x  2 x   lim  32 x  7
 lim  lim dx x0 x
dx x 0 x x 0 x 7
dy y f). f  x 
 lim  lim  x  2 x  x
dx x 0 x x 0
7
dy y Solution: We have f  x  
 lim  0  2 x x
dx x 0 x
First principle for derivative
dy y y f  x  x   f  x 
 lim  2x dy
 lim  lim
dx x 0 x
dx x0 x x0 x
d). f  x   12  x 2 7
Substituting f  x  
Solution: We have f  x   12  x
2
x
dy y 1  7 7
First principle for derivative  lim  lim   
dy y f  x  x   f  x  dx x 0 x x 0 x  x  x x 
 lim  lim
dx x0 x x0 x dy y 1  7 x  7  x  x  
 lim  lim  
Substituting f  x   12  x x x  x  x  x  
2    
dx x 0 x 0

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 Exercise 2.2
Chapter 2

dy y 1  7 x  7 x  7x  dy y 1  5  2 x  4   5  2 x  2x  4  
 lim  lim  lim  lim  
  dx x 0 x x0 x   2 x  2x  4  2 x  4  
dx x0 x x0 x  x  x  x  
y 1 10 x  20  10 x  10x  20 
1  7x 
dy
dy y  lim  lim  
 lim  lim   dx x 0 x x0 x   2 x  2x  4  2 x  4  
dx x0 x x0 x  x  x  x  
dy y 1  10x 
y  7   lim  lim  
dx x0 x x 0 x   2 x  2x  4  2 x  4  
dy
 lim  lim  
dx x0 x x0  x  x  x  
dy y  10 
y  7   7   lim  lim  
dx x0 x x 0   2 x  2x  4  2 x  4  
dy
 lim   
dx x0 x  x  x  0    x  x  
dy y  10 
dy y 7  lim  
 lim  dx x0 x   2 x  2  0   4   2 x  4  
dx x  0 x x 2
3 dy y  10 
g). f  x   lim  
x3 dx x 0 x   2 x  4  2 x  4  
Solution: We have dy y 10
First principle for derivative  lim 
dx x 0 x  2 x  4 2
dy y f  x  x   f  x 
 lim  lim i). f  x   3x 2  4 x  9
dx x  0 x x  0 x
1  3  Solution: We have f  x   3x  4 x  9
2
dy 3
Substituting  lim   
dx x0 x   x  x   3 x  3  First principle for derivative
dy y f  x  x   f  x 
dy y 1  3 3   lim  lim
 lim  lim    x   x
dx x 0 x x 0 x  x  x  3 x  3 
dx x 0 x 0

Substituting f  x   3x  4 x  9
2

dy y 1  3  x  3  3  x  x  3 
 lim  lim   3  x  x 2  4  x  x   9   3 x 2  4 x  9 
  
dx x0 x x0 x   x  x  3 x  3  dy
 lim 
dx x  0 x
dy
 lim
y
 lim
1  3x  9  3 x  3x  9 
  dy
 lim
 2

3 x 2   x   2 xx  4 x  4x  9  3x 2  4 x  9
dx x  0 x x  0 x   x  x  3 x  3  dx x 0 x
3x 2  3  x   6 xx  4 x  4x  9  3x 2  4 x  9
2
dy y 1  3x  dy
 lim
 lim  lim   x
dx x 0 x x 0 x   x  x  3 x  3 
dx x 0
3  x   6 xx  4x
2
dy
dy y  3   lim
 lim  lim   dx x 0 x
x   x  x  3 x  3 
dx    
x 3x  6 x  4
x 0 x 0
dy
y  3   lim
dy
 lim   dx x 0 x
dx x 0 x   x  0  3 x  3  dy
 lim 3x  6 x  4
dy y  3  dx x 0
 lim  
dx x  0 x   x  3 x  3  dy
 3  0   6 x  4 
dy y 3 dx
 lim  dy
dx x  0 x  x  32  6x  4
dx
5
h). f  x  Q2. Estimate the slope of the tangent line on a curve at
2x  4 a point P(x,y) for each of the following graph

Solution: We have f  x  
5 a). Solution: From graph points are  5,3  and  7, 7 
2x  4 73 4
First principle for derivative slope  m   2
75 2
y f  x  x   f  x 
dy
 lim  lim b). Solution: From graph points are  2, 2  and  0, 4 
dx x0 x x0 x 42 2
5 slope  m    1
Substituting f  x   0  2 2
2x  4 c).Solution: From graph points are  2, 2  and  4, 3 
dy y 1  5 5  3 2 1
 lim  lim    slope  m  
dx x0 x x0 x  2  x  x   4 2 x  4  4   2  6
dy y 1  5 5  Q3a). Draw a tangent line to the graph of function
 lim  lim  f  x   x 2  7 x  6 at point 1, 0  of function and
dx x  0 x x  0 x  2 x  2x  4 2 x  4 


Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 20
 Exercise 2.2
Chapter 2
estimate it slope at the same point graphically. y  4  3x 15
Sol: since tangent line passing through one point of curve y  3x  19 …………………………………(2)
therefore draw a tangent line on the curve at point 1, 0  Which passing through estimated point  3, 10 
i.e. 10  3  3  19
10  9  19
10  10
Name of Rule Leibniz Notation
Constant d
dx c  0
dx  cf   c dx
Constant d d
f
multiple
Which line passing through the point  3, 10  Sum d
dx  f  g   dxd f  dxd g
dx  f  g   dx f  dx g
b). Draw a tangent line to the graph of the function Difference d d d

f  x   x  7 x  6 at point  5, 4  of the
2

dx  af  bg   a dx f  b dx g
Linearity d d d

function and estimate it slope at same point graphically.

dx  fg   f dx g  g dx f
Sol: since tangent line passing through one point of curve Product d d d

therefore draw a tangent line on the curve at point 1, 0  f  f

Quotient
  g
d d
d f dx dx g
dx g
g2
Constant Rule
Let f  x   c then f  x  x   c
First principle for derivative
d f  x  x   f  x 
f  x  f  x   lim
dx x 0 x
Putting the value
d cc
f  x  f  x   lim 0
Which line passing through the point  3, 10  dx x  0 x
c). Is your estimate about tangent line at the point  f  x  0
1, 0   5, 4  equal to actual derivatives of the
and Constant multiple
First principle for derivative
function at point 1, 0  and  5, 4  cf  x  x   cf  x 
Solution: we have the function f  x   x  7 x  6
2
d
dx
cf  x   lim
x 0 x
Differentiating with respect to x Putting the value
f  x  x 7
2
x f  x  x   f  x 
d
cf  x   c lim
d d d d
dx dx dx dx 6
f   x   2x  7 dx x 0 x
Slope of function at point 1, 0  i.e. x  1 & y  0
d
dx
cf  x   c
d
dx
f  x
f  1  2 1  7 Sum Rule Let h  x   f  x   g  x  then
m1  5 h  x  x   f  x  x   g  x  x 
So the equation of tangent y  y1  m1  x  x1  First principle for derivative
y  0  5  x  1 d h  x  x   h  x 
h  x   h  x   lim
dx x  0 x
y  5x  5 …………………………………….(1)
Putting the value of h  x   f  x   g  x 
Which passing through estimated point  3, 10 
 f  x  x   g  x  x    f  x   g  x 
i.e. 10  5  3  5
d
dx
 f  x   g  x   lim
x  0 x
10  15  5 f  x  x   f  x   g  x  x   g  x 
d
dx
 f  x   g  x   lim
x 0 x
10  10 f  x  x   f  x  g  x  x   g  x 
Slope of f  x  at point  5, 4  i.e. x  5 & y  4
d
dx
 f  x   g  x   lim
x 0 x

x
f   5  2  5  7 d
 f  x   g  x   dx f  x   dx g  x 
d d
dx
m2  3
Difference Rule Let h  x   f  x   g  x  then
So the equation of tangent y  y1  m2  x  x1 
h  x  x   f  x  x   g  x  x 
y   4   3  x  5 
First principle for derivative
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 21
 Exercise 2.3
Chapter 2
d h  x  x   h  x  1  g  x   f  x  x   f  x   f  x  g  x  x   g  x  
h  x   h  x   lim h  x   lim  
dx x  0 x x 0 x  g  x  x  g  x  
Putting the value of h  x   f  x   g  x   g  x  f  x 
f  x x   f  x  g x x   g  x 

h  x   lim  x x

 f  x  x   g  x  x    f  x   g  x  x 0
 g  x  x  g  x  
d
 f  x   g  x   lim
  x
dx  g  x  lim f  x xx f  x   f  x  lim g  x xx g  x  
x 0

f  x  x   f  x   g  x  x   g  x  h  x    x 0 x  0 
d
 f  x   g  x   lim x  lim g  x  x  g  x  
dx x 0
  x  0 
f  x  x     g  x  x   g  x 
 f x d  f  x    g  x  dx f  x   f  x  dx g  x 
d
 f  x   g  x   lim
d d

x x   
dx  g  x    g  x g  x
dx x 0

d
 f  x   g  x   dx f  x   dx g  x 
d d
d f  x
  g  x  dx f  x   f  x  dx g  x 
d d
dx  
dx  g  x  
Linearity Rule Let h  x   af  x   bg  x  then  g  x  
2

h  x  x   af  x  x   bg  x  x  Exercise 2.3
Q1. Use the product rule to find out the derivative
First principle for derivative
of following functions;
d h  x  x   h  x 
h  x  
dx
h  x   lim
x  0 x
a). y   x 2  2   3 x  1
Putting the value of h  x   af  x   bg  x 
af  x  x   bg  x  x   af  x   bg  x 
Sol: Differentiating
dy d

dx dx
 x 2
 2   3x  1 
d
dx
af  x   bg  x   lim
x  0 x Using the product rule
af  x  x   af  x   bg  x  x   bg  x 
  x 2  2   3 x  1   3 x  1  x 2  2 
dy d d
d
af  x   bg  x   lim
  x
dx x 0
dx dx dx
f  x  x   f  x  g  x  x   g  x 
d
dx
af  x   bg  x   a lim
x 0 x
b
x
dy 
  x2  2  3
d d 
x  1   3 x  1 
 d 2 d 
x  2
dx  dx dx   dx dx 
d
dx
af  x   bg  x   a
d
dx
d
f  x  b g  x
dx y   x 2  2   3 1  0    3x  1 2 x  0 
Product Rule Let h  x   f  x  .g  x  then y  3  x 2  2   2 x  3x  1
h  x  x   f  x  x  g  x  x 
y  3x 2  6  6 x 2  2 x
First principle for derivative
y  9 x 2  2 x  6
d h  x  x   h  x 
h  x   h  x   lim
dx x 0 x b). y   6 x3  2   5 x  3
Putting the value of h  x   f  x  .g  x 
d
h  x   lim  f  x  x  g  x  x   f  x  g  x 
1
Sol: Differentiating
dy d

dx dx

 6 x 3  2   5 x  3 
dx  x  0 x Using the product rule
1  f  x  x  g  x  x   g  x  x  f  x  
  6 x 3  2   5 x  3   5 x  3  6 x 3  2 
dy d d
h  x   lim  
x 0 x

  g  x  x  f  x   f  x  g  x  

dx dx dx
 d d   d 3 d 
  6 x3  2   5 x  3    5 x  3  6
dy
1  g  x  x   f  x  x   f  x  
 x  2
h  x   lim   dx  dx dx   dx dx 
x 0 x
        


 f x g x x g x
f  x x  f  x  g  x x  g  x 
y   6 x3  2   5 1  0    5 x  3 6  3 x 2   0  
h  x   lim g  x  x  lim x  f  x  lim x y  5  6 x3  2   18 x 2  5 x  3
x 0 x 0 x 0

y  30 x3  10  90 x3  54 x 2
d
 f  x  g  x   g  x  f  x   f  x  g  x 
d d
dx dx dx y  120x3  54x2  10
Quotient RuleLet h  x   g  x  , g  x   0 then
f  x
c). y   7 x 4  2 x  x 2  4 
f  x x 
h  x  x   g  x x  Sol: Differentiating dy  d
dx dx
 7 x 4
 2 x  x 2  4  
First principle for derivative
Using the product rule
d h  x  x   h  x 
h  x   h  x   lim dy
  7 x4  2x   x2  4   x2  4  7 x4  2x 
d d
dx x  0 x dx dx dx
f  x  d 2 d   d 4 d 
Putting the value of h  x   g  x    7 x4  2x   4    x2  4  7
dy
x  x 2 x
dx  dx dx   dx dx 
d
 f  x  .g  x   lim
1  f  x  x  f  x  
   
y   7 x 4  2 x   2 x  0    x 2  4  7  4 x 3   2 1 
dx   x  g  x  x  g  x  
y  2 x  7 x 4  2 x    x 2  4  28 x 3  2 
x 0

d 1  g  x  f  x  x   f  x  g  x  x  
h  x   lim   y  14x5  4x2  28x5  2x2 112x3  8
dx x 0 x
 g  x  x  g  x  
1  g  x  f  x x  g  x  f  x  f  x  g  x x  g  x  f  x   y  14x5  28x5 112x3  4x2  2x2  8
h  x   lim
x 0 x  g  x x  g  x   y  42x5 112x3  6x2  8
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 22
 Exercise 2.3
Chapter 2
d). y   2 x 2  4 x  3 5 x3  x  2  dy  1
  4 1 1 
  3 x 2  6   x 2  0 
dx   2 
Sol: Differentiating dy  d
dx dx
 2x 2
 4 x  3 5 x3  x  2   1
  3 12 1 
Using the product rule   4x 2  2   x  0
  2 
  2 x 2  4 x  3  5 x3  x  2 
dy d
dy 1
 1
 3 1  1 
dx dx  2 x 2  3x 2  6   x 2  4 x 2  2 
  5 x3  x  2 
dx   2  
d
dx
 2 x 2  4 x  3 1 1 1 1 1 1
dy  3  3
 d 3 d d   6 x 2 2  12 x 2   4 x 2 2   2 x 2
  2 x 2  4 x  3  5
dy
x  x 2 dx 2 2
dx  dx dx dx  1 1
dy
 d 2
  5 x3  x  2   2 x 4
d
x
d 
3
 6 x0  12 x 2  6 x 0  3x 2
 dx dx dx 
dx
1 1


y   2 x 2  4 x  3 5  3 x 2   1  0  dy
dx
 12 x 2  3x 2  6  6

  5 x3  x  2   2  2 x   4 1  0  dy 1
 15 x 2  12
y   2 x 2  4 x  315 x 2  1   5 x3  x  2   4 x  4  dx
Q2. Use the quotient rule to find out the derivative
y  30 x 4  2 x 2  60 x3  4 x  45 x 2  3 of the following functions;
20 x 4  20 x3  4 x 2  4 x  8 x  8 3x  5
a). y
y  30 x 4  20 x 4  60 x3  20 x3  2 x 2  45 x 2  4 x 2 x4
4 x  4 x  8 x  8  3 dy d  3 x  5 
Solution: Differentiating   
dx dx  x  4 
y  50 x 4  80 x3  39 x 2  16 x  5
Using Quotient rule
e). y   2 x  3  x 1  dy  x  4  dxd  3x  5   3x  5 dxd  x  4 

 x  4
2

Sol: Differentiating dy  d   1  dx
 2 x  3  x 2  1 
  
 dy  x  4   3 dxd x  dxd 5    3 x  5   dxd x  dxd 4 
dx dx 
Using the product rule 
 x  4
2
dx
dy d  12   12  d
  2 x  3     x  1  2 x  3

dy  x  4   3 1  0    3 x  5 1  0 
x 1
dx dx     dx 
 x  4
2
dy  d 12 d   12  d d  dx
  2 x  3  x  1   x  1  2 x 3
dx  dx dx     dx dx  dy 3  x  4   1 3x  5 

 1 1 1   1   x  4
2
dx
  2 x  3  x 2  0    x 2  1  2 1  0 
dy
dx 2    dy 3x  12  3x  5

   x  4
1 1 2
dy 1 2 dx
 x  2 x  3  2  x 2  1
dx 2   dy 7
1 1 3 1

dx  x  4 2
1
dy
 x 2  2x  x 2  2x 2  2
dx 2 2
1 1 2
y
1
dy 1 3 b).
 x 2  x 2  2x 2  2 3x  5
dx 2
1 1
3 1 dy d  2 
dy
 x 2  2x 2  x 2  2 Solution: Differentiating   
dx 2 dx dx  3 x  5 
1 1 Using Quotient rule
dy 3
 3x 2  x 2  2
dx 2
dy  3x  5  dtd 2  2 dtd  3x  5 
f). 
y  3 x  6 4 x  2   
 3x  5
2
dx
Sol: Differentiating dy  d
dx dx
 3 x 6  4 x 2 
dy  3x  5  .0  2  3 dtd x  dtd 5 
Using the product rule 
 3x  5
2
dy  1
 d  1

dx
  3 x 2  6   4x  2 
2

   
dy 2  3 1  0 
dx dx
 1
 d  1
 
  4x 2  2   3 x  6   3x  5
2 2
  dx  
dx
    6
1 1
dy
  3 x 2  6   4
d
x2 
d dy
2

   dx
dx  3 x  5  2
dx dx 
 1
 d 1
d 
  4 x 2  2   3 x2  6
  dx dx 

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 23
 Exercise 2.3
Chapter 2

c). f t  
t2  t dy

1   x d
 5 x  6    5 x  6  dxd x
t 1  x  
2 dx
dx
d d t 2  t 
f t     dy 1  
 x  5
Solution: Differentiating 1
dt dt  t  1    d
dx x d
dx 6  5x  6
x  d
dx
2

Using Quotient rule

dx x  
 t  1 dtd  t 2  t    t 2  t  dtd  t  1 dy 1  1 
 
1
x  5 1  0    5 x  6  x 2 
d 1
f t    
 t  1 dx x  
2
dt 2
 t  1  dtd t 2  dtd t    t 2  t   dtd t  dtd 1 dy 1  1 1

f  t    5 x   5 x  6  x 2 
 t  1
2
dx x  2 
 t  1 2t  1   t 2  t  1  0  dy 1 
 5 x 
5x  6 
f  t   dx x  
 t  1
2 2 x 
dy 1 10 x   5 x  6  
 t  1 2t  1  1 t 2  t    
f  t   dx x  2 x 
 t  1
2

dy 1  5 x  6 
2t 2  t  2t  1  t 2  t 
f  t   dx x  2 x 
 t  1
2

dy 5 x  6
2t 2  t 2  t  t  2t  1 
f  t   dx 2 x x
 t  1
2

x2  7 x  2
t  2t  1
2 f). y
f  t   x2
 t  1
2
dy d  x 2  7 x  2 
Solution: Differentiating   
x  6x
2
dx dx  x  2 
d). y
4 x3  1 Using Quotient rule
dy d   x 2  6 x  dy  x  2  dx  x  7 x  2    x  7 x  2  dx  x  2 
d 2 2 d
Solution: Differentiating    
dx dx  4 x3  1  dx  x  2
2

dy  x  2   dx x  7 dx x  dx 2    x  7 x  2   dx x  dx 2 
Using Quotient rule d 2 d d 2 d d

dy     
4 x3  1 dxd  x 2  6 x   x 2  6 x   4x
d 3
 1 
  x  2
dx 2
dx
 
2
dx 4 x3  1
 x  2   2 x  7 1  0    x 2  7 x  2  1  0 
     
dy
dy 4 x  1  dxd x  6 dxd x   x  6 x 4 dxd x  dxd 1
3 2 2
 3

 x  2
2
 dx
 
2
dx 4 x3  1
dy  x  2  2 x  7   1 x  7 x  2 
2

dy  4 x  1  2 x  6 1     x  6 x  4  3x   0

3 2 2
dx

  
x  2
2

 4 x3  1
2
dx
dy 2 x 2  7 x  4 x  14  x 2  7 x  2

dy  4 x  1  2 x  6   12 x   x  6 x   x  2
2
3 2 2 dx

 4 x3  1 dy 2 x 2  x 2  7 x  7 x  4 x  14  2
2
dx

 x  2
2
dx
dy 8 x  24 x  2 x  6  12 x  72 x
4 3 4 3

dy x 2  4 x  12
 4 x3  1
2
dx 
 x  2
2
dx
dy 8 x  12 x  24 x  72 x  2 x  6
4 4 3 3
  2 p  3 4 p  1
 4 x3  1 g). f  p 
2
dx
3 p  2
dy 4 x  48 x  2 x  6
4 3
Sol: Diff d f  p   d    2 p  3 4 p  1 
 
3 p  2

 4 x  1  
2 dp dp  
dx 3
Using Quotient rule
5x  6  3 p  2  dpd  2 p  3 4 p  1   2 p  3 4 p  1 dpd  3 p  2 
e). y f  p 
3 p  2
2
x
dy d  5 x  6  1   
 3 p  2   2 p  3 dpd  4 p  1   4 p  1 dpd  2 p  3
f  p 
Solution: Differentiating    3 p  2
2 

  2 p  3 4 p  1 3 dpd p  dpd 2 

dx dx  x   

Using Quotient rule

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 24
 Exercise 2.3
Chapter 2

f  p 
1  3 p  2   2 p  3 4  0    4 p  1 2  0 
  f   x   3 1  0
 
3 p  2        
2
  f  x  3
 2 p 3 4 p 1 3 0 

1  3 p  2  4  2 p  3  2  4 p  1
  Slope of tangent line at x  3
f  p   
 3 p  2  3  2 p  3 4 p  1 m  f   3  3
2


 3 p  2 8P  12  8P  2
1
Since equation of line {tangent} passing through point
f  p  2   P  x1 , y1  and having slope m y  y1  m  x  x1 
 3 p  2   3 8 p2  2 p  12 p  3  y  2  3  x  3
 3 p  2 16 p  10   3 8 p 2
 10 p  3
y  2  3x  9
f  p 
3 p  2
2
3x  y  9  2  0
48 p 2  30 p  32 p  20  24 p 2  30 p  9 3x  y  7  0
f  p 
 3 p  2 1
2
b). f  x   x3 at x 
48 p 2  24 p 2  30 p  30 p  32 p  20  9 2
f  p  Solution: y1  f  21    21 
3
 1
 3 p  2
2 8

Differentiating d
f  x  d
x3
24 p 2  32 p  29 dx dx
f  p  f   x   3x 2
 3 p  2
2

Slope of tangent line at x  1

x3  1 2
h). g  x  m  f   21   3  21  
2

 2 x  1 5x  2 
3
4

Since equation of line {tangent} passing through point

Solution: Differentiating
P  x1 , y1  and having slope m y  y1  m  x  x1 
d d  x3  1 

g  x 
dx


dx  2 x  1 5 x  2

  y   81   3
4  x   1
2

Using Quotient rule 1 3 1

y  x 
g  x 
 2 x  1 5 x  2  d
dx x 3
 1   x  1 3 d
dx  2 x  1 5 x  2  8 4 2
 2 x  1 5x  2 
2
1 3 3
y  x
g  x  
10 x 2
 4 x  5 x  2  3x 2  0    x3  1  2 x  1 dxd  5 x  2    5 x  2  dxd  2 x  1 8 4 8
 2 x  1  5x  2  3 3 1
2 2

x y  0
3x 2 10 x 2  9 x  2    x3  1  2 x  1 5  0    5 x  2  2  0  4 8 8
g  x 
 2 x  1  5 x  2 
2 2
3 2
x y 0
3x 10 x  9 x  2    x3  1 5  2 x  1  2  5 x  2 
2 2 4 8
g  x  Multiply each term by 4 we get
 2 x  1  5 x  2 
2 2

3x  4 y  1  0
3x 2 10 x 2  9 x  2    x3  1 10 x  5  10 x  4
g  x  1
 2 x  1  5 x  2  f  x  at x  2
2 2
c).
x3
3x 10 x  9 x  2    x  1  20 x  9 
2 2 3

g  x   Solution: y1  f  2  
1 1
 Differentiating
 2 x  1  5x  2 
2 2
23 5
30 x 4  27 x3  6 x 2   20 x 4  9 x3  20 x  9  f  x   x  3
d d 1

g  x  
dx dx

 2 x  1  5x  2  f   x   1 x  3 dxd  x  3
11
2 2

30 x 4  27 x3  6 x 2  20 x 4  9 x3  20 x  9 f   x   1 x  3  dxd x  dxd 3

2
g  x 
 2 x  1  5 x  2 
2 2
1
f  x 
 x  3
2
30 x  20 x  27 x  9 x  6 x  20 x  9
4 4 3 3 2
g  x 
 2 x  1  5 x  2  Slope of tangent line at x  2
2 2

1 1
10 x 4  18 x3  6 x 2  20 x  9 m  f   2  
g  x    2  3
2
25
 2 x  1  5x  2 
2 2
Since equation of line {tangent} passing through point
Q3. Find an equation of a tangent of a line to the graph P  x1 , y1  and having slope m y  y1  m  x  x1 
of the function at particular point in following problems.
1 1
a). f  x   3x  7 at  3, 2  y   x  2
5 25
Solution: Differentiating d
f  x  d
 3x  7  1 1 2
dx dx
y  x
f   x   3 dxd x  dxd 7 5 25 25

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 25
 Exercise 2.3
Chapter 2
1 1 2 Solution: First we have to find M   2 
x y  0
25 5 25 2000
M   2 
1 5 2  3  2   10 
2
x y 0
25 25 2000
Multiply by 25 M   2 
 6  10 
2

x  25 y  7  0
2000 2000
x
at  3,3  M   2    7.8125
f  x 
d).
16
2
x2 256

Solution: Differentiating d
f  x  d x Now we have to find M   5 
dx dx
x2 2000
M   5 
f  x 
 x  2  dxd x  x dxd  x  2   3  5  10 
2

 x  2
2
2000
M   5 
 x  2  .1  x  dxd x  dxd 2  15  10 
2

f  x 
 x  2 2000 2000
2
M   5    3.2
 25 
2
625
f  x 
 x  2 .1  x 1  0 
Q5. Suppose that temperature T of food placed in a
 x  2
2
freezer drops according to the equation
x2 x 700
f  x  T t   where t is the time in hours
 x  2
2
t  4t  10
2

2 Determine the rate of change of T with respect to t

f  x 
T  t   700 dtd  t 2  4t  10 
1
 x  2
2
Sol: Differentiating d
dt

T   t   700  1  t 2  4t  10  t  4t  10 
11
Slope of tangent line at x  3 d 2
dt
2
m  f   3   2
T   t   700  t 2  4t  10   t 2  4 dtd t  dtd 10 
2

3  2
2 d
dt

Since equation of line {tangent} passing through point 700  2t  4 1  0 

T  t  
P  x1 , y1  and having slope m y  y1  m  x  x1  t  4t  10 
2 2

y  3  2  x  3 700  2t  4 
T  t  
t  4t  10 
2
y  3  2 x  6
2

2x  y  3  6  0 a). t=1 hour

2x  y  9  0 700  2t  4 
Solution: We have T   t  
t  4t  10 
2
Q4. A company that manufactures bicycles has 2

determined that a new employee can assemble

700  2.1  4 
M d  
200d T  1 
1  4.1  10 
bicycles per day of on the job training 2
3d  10 2

a). Find M   d  700  2  4 

T  1 
 200d  1  4  10 
2
Solution: Differentiating d
M d   d
 
 3d  10  700  6 
dd dd

 3d  10  ddd  200d   200d ddd  3d  10  T  1 

M d   15
2

 3d  10 
2

4200 2
 3d  10   200 ddd d   200d  3 ddd d  ddd 10  T  1   18  18.67
M d   225 3
 3d  10 
2

b). t= 2 hours
M d  
 3d  10 200.1  200d  3.1  0  700  2t  4 
 3d  10
2
Solution: We have T   t  
t  4t  10 
2 2

200  3d  10   600d
M d   700  2  2   4 
 3d  10  T   2 
2

 2 
2
 4  2   10
2
600d  2000  600d
M d  
 3d  10  700  4  4 
2

T  1 
 4  8  10 
2
2000
M d  
 3d  10  700  8 
2

T  1 
Find and interpret M   2  and M   5   22 
2
b).

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 26
 Exercise 2.3
Chapter 2
5600 69 1
T  1   11  11.57 G  20    2  1
484 121 200
Q6. For a thin lens of constant focal length P, the 1
object distance x and the image distance y are G  20    0.005
200
related by the formula 1  1  1 As first derivative is negative so I will tell to go faster
x y P Or Best speed is 28 mile per hour and driver is at
a). Solve above equation for y in term of x and P 20 mile per hour so I will tell to driver to go faster
b). If the deriver wants to go 40 miles per hour,
Solution: We have 1  1  1
x y P what should you say?
1  800 
1 1 1
  Solution: We have G  40     1
y P x 200  402 
1 xP 1  800 
 G  40     1
y Px 200  1600 
Taking reciprocal 1
G  40    0.5  1
Px 200
y
xP 1 1
G  40    0.5   0.0025
b). Determine rate of change of y with respect to x 200 400
Solution: Differentiating d y  d  Px  As first derivative is positive so I will tell to go slower
dx dx  x  P  Or Best speed is 28 mile per hour and driver is at

y 
 x  P  P dx x  Px dx  x  P 
d d 40 mile per hour so I will tell to driver to go slower
Chain RuleLet composite function is defined as
 x  P
2

h  x   f  g  x   or y  h  x   f  g  x  
y 
 x  P  P.1  Px  dxd x  dxd P 
Where y  f  u  , and u  g  x 
 x  P
2

First principle for derivative

P  x  P   Px 1  0 
y  d h  x  x   h  x 
 x  P
2
h  x   h  x   lim
dx x 0 x
y 
Px  P 2  Px
 y 
P2 Putting the value of y  h  x   f  g  x  
 x  P  x  P
2 2

f  g  x  x    f  g  x 
h  x   lim 
d
Q7. Suppose you are manger of a trucking firm, h  x  
and one of your drivers reports that, according to dx x 0 x
f  g  x  x    f  g  x   g  x  x   g  x 
 lim 
her calculations, her truck burns fuel at the rate of dy
.
1  800  1  800  dx x 0 x g  x  x   g  x 
G  x    x  , G  x     2  1
200  x  200  x  f  g  x  x    f  g  x   g  x  x   g  x 
 lim 
dy
gallons per mile when traveling at x miles per hour .
dx x  0 g  x  x   g  x  x
on a smooth dry road
Solution: Best speed when fuel burns less put k  g  x  x   g  x  so
Take G   x   0 i.e., 1  800 
 1  0 u  k  g  x   g  x  x   g  x 
200  x 2 
800 u  k  g  x  x 
 1  0
x2 when limit x  0 so
800
1 2 k   g  x  x   g  x    0
x
dy f  u  k   f u  g  x  x   g  x 
 x  800
2
 lim . lim
Taking square root on both sides dx k 0 k x 0 x
dy
 x 2  800  f  u  g  x 
dx
 x  400  2  20 2
dy d d
x  28.28  y. u
dx du dx
Best speed of 28.28 mile per hour
Differentiation of inverse function
a). If the driver tells you she wants to travel 20
mile per hour, what should you tell her? If y  f  x  is any differential function of x, then it

Solution: We have G  20   1   8002  1 admit an inverse function x  g  y

200  20  Small amount of change (increment) in y is y
1  800  So small amount of change (increment) in x is x
G  20     1
200  400  Increment x in x corresponds to increment y in y
x  g  x x  g  x  is inverse of y  f  x 

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 27
 Exercise 2.4
Chapter 2
y
i.e. I  . yx by letting x  0 to obtain dy 1 d
 4  x3 
11
x Sol: Differentiating 
I  lim y x
x y  f   x g  y  dx 5 dx
dy 111
 4  x3   4  x3 
x 0 111 d

I dy
dx
dx
. dy dx 5 dx
10  d 
  4  x3   4  x3 
1 dy dy 11 d

 dx dx 
dx
dy dx dx 5

  4  x3   0  3x 2 
dy dx dy 11 10
Thus and are reciprocal of each other
dx dy dx 5
dy 33x 2
Generalized power rule
 4  x3 
10

Let y   f  x   then
n dx 5

y   4  x3 
1 11 dy
dy d n 1 d d). ?
  f  x    n  f  x  f  x
n
5 dx
dx dx dx
dy 1 d
 4  x3 
11

Exercise 2.4 Sol: Differentiating
dx 5 dx
dy 111
 4  x3   4  x3 
Q1. Determine indicated derivative in each case: 111 d

ds dx 5 dx
s  57  t  ?
4
a).
 d 
  4  x3   4  x3 
dt dy 11 10 d
Sol: Differentiating
ds d
 5 7  t 
4 dx 5  dx dx 
dt dt
  4  x3   0  3x 2 
dy 11 10

ds 4 1 d
 5 4 7  t  7  t  dx 5
dt dt dy 33x 2
 4  x3 
10

ds 3 d d 
 20  7  t   7  t  dx 5
dt  dt dt 
e). u  3 1  3t 2 du
?
dt
ds ds
 20  7  t   0  1   20  7  t 
3 3

 1  3t 2  3
du d 1

dt dt Sol: Differentiating
dt dt
  dw
5
w  4 x3  4 x  2 ?
 1  3t 2  1  3t 2 
b). du 1 1 1
3 d
dx
dt 3 dt
 4  x3  4 x  2 
dw d 5
d d 
 1  3t 2  3  1  3 t 2 
2
Sol: Differentiating du 1
dx dx dt 3  dt dt 
 4  5  x3  4 x  2   x  4x  2
dw 5 1 d 3
1  3t 2  3  0  3  2t  
2
du 1
dx dx 
dt 3
4 d d 
 20  x3  4 x  2   x3  4 x  2 
dw d
 1  3t 2  3  6t 
2
du 1
dx  dx dx dx 
dt 3
 20  x 3  4 x  2   3 x 2  4 1  0 
dw 4

 1  3t 2  3  2t 
2
dx
du
dt
 20  x 3  4 x  2   3 x 2  4 
dw 4

dx du 2t

x  3  4  11s  1  3t 
2 5 dx dt 2 2
c). ? 3
ds
1 ds
 3  4  11s 2 
dx d 5
f). s ?
Sol: Differentiating
 3t  1
7
ds ds dt
4 d 
 3  5  4  11s 2   4  11 s 2 
dx d ds d
  3t  1
7
ds  ds ds  Sol: Differentiating
dt dt
 15  4  11s 2   0  11 2 S  
dx 4
ds 7 1 d
ds  7  3t  1  3t  1
dt dt
 15  4  11s 2   22 S 
dx 4
ds 8  d d 
ds  7  3t  1  3 t  1
dt  dt dt 
 15  22S  4  11s 2 
dx 4

 7  3t  1  3 1  0 
ds 8
ds
dt
 330S  4  11s 2 
dx 4
ds 21
ds 
dt  3t  18
1
 4  x3 
dy
11
d). y ?
5 dx

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 28
 Exercise 2.4
Chapter 2

2  x  1 x  2    x  2 
2
1 dR
g). R ? f  x 
 2 x  1
8
dx  x  1
2

Solution: Differentiating
dR d
  2 x  1
8
 x  2 2  x  1   x  2 
dx dx f  x 
 x  1
2
dR 81 d
 8  2 x  1  2 x  1
dx dx
f  x 
 x  2 2 x  2  x  2
9  d 
 x  1
dR d 2
 8  2 x  1  2 x 1
dx  dx dx 
8 f  x 
 x  2  x  4 
dR

dx  2 x  19
 2 1  0   x  1
2

dR 16  2x  5 
4
 c). f  x   
dx  2 x  19  x4 
h). 1 dR Solution: Differentiating with respect to x
R ?
5 4x  7 d  2x  5 
7 4
dx d
f  x 
2
 
dx dx  x  4 
Solution: Differentiating dR  1 d  4 x 2  7 
7
4 1
 2x  5  d  2x  5 
dx 5 dx f  x  4    Using quotient rule
7  x4  dx  x  4 
dR
 4 x2  7 
d
 4 x2  7 
7 1

dx 5 dx  2x  5 
f  x  4
3
 x  4  dxd  2 x  5    2 x  5  dxd  x  4 
7 
dR
 4 x 2  7   4 dx
d 2 d 
8
 x4   x  4
2
 x  7
dx 5 dx 
 2 x  5  x  4   2 dxd x  dxd 5   2 x  5  dxd x  dxd 4 
3
7 f  x  4
dR
 4 x2  7   4  2 x   0
8

 x  4  x  4
3 2
dx 5
dR 7
8 
8x   2 x  5  x  4   2 1  0    2 x  51  0 
3

f  x  4
dx 
5 4 x2  7   x  4
3
 x  4
2

dR 56 x
  2 x  5 2 x  4  1 2 x  5
3
5  4 x2  7 
3 2   
f  x  4  
8
dx

Q2. Determine the derivative f   x  in each case:

 x  4
 2 x  5 2 x  8  2 x  5
3

f  x    2 x  5  5 x  7  f  x  4 5  
3
a).
 x  4

Sol: Differentiating dxd f  x   dxd  2 x  53  5 x  7    2 x  5
3

Using product rule f  x  4 5 

3
f   x    2 x  5  dxd  5 x  7    5 x  7  dxd  2 x  5 
3 3  x  4
12  2 x  5 
3
f   x    2 x  5   5 dxd x  dxd 7   3  5 x  7  2 x  5   2 x  5
31 d
f  x 
3
dx

 x  4
5
f   x    2 x  5  5 1  0   3  5 x  7  2 x  5   2 1  0 
3 2

f   x   5  2 x  5   3  2  5 x  7  2 x  5 
3 2
d). f  x   x 2 x2  11
f   x    2 x  5  5  2 x  5   6  5 x  7 
2
Sol: Differentiating dxd f  x   d
dx x 2 x 2  11 
f   x    2 x  5  10 x  25  30 x  42 Using product rule
2

f   x   x dxd  2x2  11 2   2 x2  11 2

1 1
d
f   x    2 x  5   40 x  67 
2
dx x

f   x   12 x  2 x2  11 2  2x  11   2 x2  11 2 .1

1 1 1
2
 x  2
2 d

f  x 
dx
b).
f   x   12 x  2 x 2  11 2  2 dxd x 2  dxd 11   2 x 2  11 2
x 1 1 1

Solution: Differentiating with respect to x

  x  2  f   x   12 x  2 x 2  11  2  2x   0   2x  11
1
d 
2 1
d  Using quotient rule 2 2 2
f  x   
dx dx 
 x  1 

f   x   42 x 2  2 x 2  11 2   2 x 2  11 2
1 1

 x  1 dxd  x  2    x  2   x  1
2 2 d

f  x  dx
2 x2
 x  1 f  x    2 x 2  11 2
2 1

 2x  11
1
2 2

2  x  1 x  2   x  2   x  2  dxd x  dxd 1

21 d 2

f  x  dx
2 x 2   2 x 2  11 2
11

 x  1
2
2
f  x 
 2x  11
1
2 2

2  x  1 x  2  1  0    x  2  1  0 
1 2

f  x 

 x  1
2

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 29
 Exercise 2.4
Chapter 2

2 x 2   2 x 2  11  3x  8  6  2 x  11
1 1

f  x  f  x 
 2 x2  11 2  3x  8  2 x  11
3 1
1 2

3 x  8  12 x  66
2 x 2  2 x 2  11 f  x 
f  x   3x  8   2 x  11
3 1
2

 2x  11
1
2 2

9 x  74
4 x 2  11 f  x 
f  x   3x  8   2 x  11
3 1
2

 2x  11
1
2 2

 3x  8 
7

e). f  x   3x 3 3x  7 g). f  x   
 x9 
Solution: Differentiating with respect to x Solution: Differentiating with respect to x
d
dx f  x  3 d
dx  x  3x  7   1
3
Using product rule d
f  x 
d  3x  8 
 
7

dx  x  9 
 
dx
f   x   3 x dxd  3x  7  3   3x  7  3
1 1
d
x Using
dx 7 1
 3x  8  d  3x  8 
f  x  7 
f   x   3 x  3 x  7  
 3x  7    3x  7    
1 1 1

 x9  dx  x  9 
1 d
3
3
dx
3
.1

f   x   3 x  3 x  7   3 x  7    3x  7  
1
2
3 d d
1
3
quotient rule
 3 x  8   x  9  dxd  3 x  8    3 x  8  dxd  x  9 
3 dx dx 6

f  x  7 
f   x   3 x  3x  7   3.1  0    3x  7  
 .
2
 x9   x  9
1 2
1 3 3
3

 3x  8 .  x  9  3.1  0   3x  81  0 

6

 1  f  x  7
3 
x
f  x  3 2   3x  7  
 x  9  x  9
6 2

  3x  7 
 

3

 3x  8
6

 x   3x  7   6 2  
. 3 x  9   1 3x  8 

f  x  7
1 2


3 3

f  x  3   x  9
  3x  7 
2

 

3

 3x  8
6

 x   3x  7   f  x  7 8 
. 3x  27  3x  8
1

f  x  3   x  9
  3x  7  
2

 
3

 3x  8
6

 x  3x  7    f  x  7 8 
f  x  3
  4x  7  . 35
2   3   x  9
  3x  7     3x  7 
2

   

3 3

 3x  8
6

2 x  11 f   x   245
f  x 
.
f).  x  9
8

 3x  8
2

f  x    2x  9 3x  7
2
h).
d d  2 x  11 
Sol: Differentiating f  x    Solution: Differentiating with respect to x
dx   3x  82 
 2 x  9  Using product rule
dx
f  x  3x  7
d d 2
dx dx
Applying quotient rule
f   x    2 x  9  3x  7    3x  7   2x  9
2 d 1 1 2
 3x  8   2 x  11   2 x  11  3x  8 
2 d 1 1 2 2 2 d
2 2 d
f  x
dx dx
 dx dx

 3x  8 f   x   12  2 x  9   3x  7  2 3x  7   2 3x  7   2 x  9  dxd  2 x  9 

2 1 1 1 2 1
4 d 2
dx

f   x   12  2 x  9   3x  7   3 1  0   2  3x  7   2 x  9   2 1  0 
2 1 1 1

 3x  8  2 x  11 2 x  11  2  2 x  11 3x  8 dxd 3x  8

2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
1 2 d 2

f  x  2 dx

 3x  8  f  x   2 x  9   3x  7   2  2  3x  7   2 x  9 
4 2 1 1
3 2 2
2

2  3 x  8   2 x  11  2 1  0   2  2 x  11  3 x  8   3 1  0 

2 1 1 1

3 2x  9
1 2 2
2
f  x 
f  x   4  3x  7   2 x  9 
1

 3x  8
4 2

2  3x  7 
1
2

 3x  8  2 x  11  6  2 x  11 3x  8

2 1 1

3  2 x  9   8  3x  7  2  2x  9
2 2 11

f  x 
2 2

f  x 
 3x  8
4
2  3x  7 
1
2

 3x  8  2 x  11  6  2 x  11  3x  8 
1

 3  2 x  9   8  3x  7  
2 1 1
2 2

f  x 
 f   x    2x  9  
 3x  8  
1
4

 2 3 x  7 2



 6 x  27  24 x  56 
f  x 
 3x  8   3x  8 

 6  2 x  11 
1
f   x    2x  9 


4  2  3x  7 
2 1

 
 3x  8   2 x  11  
1 2



2

 30 x  29 
  f   x    2x  9 
  3 x  8   6  2 x  11 
 1 1


2 2

f  x 
1  2 3x  7 
 
 3x  8  2 x  11 2
3 1


 
 Q3. Find dy
dx
of function in terms of parameter t:
a). x  1  t 2 , y  t 3  2t 2  1
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 30
 Exercise 2.4
Chapter 2
Solution: Differentiating with respect to t dy dy dt
Now using chain rule  .
dt x  dt 1  t  , dt y  dt  t  2t  1
2 3 2
d d d d dx dt dx
dy 2b 1  t  1  t 
2 2 2
dx
 d
1  dtd t 2 , dy
 d
t 3  2 dtd t 2  dtd 1
dt dt dt dt
 .
dx
 0  2t , dy
 3t 2  2  2t   0 dx 1  t 2 2 4at
dt dt

 2t ,  3t 2  4t dy b 1  t  b  t  1
dx dy 2 2
dt dt
 
dt
dx  1
2t dx 2at 2at
Now using chain rule dy  dy . dt 3at 3at 2
d). x  , y 
dx dt dx 1 t3 1 t3
dy 3t 2  4t t  3t  4  dy 3t  4 Solution: Differentiating x with respect to t
   
dx 2t 2t dx 2
d d t 
b). x  3at 2  2, y  6t 4  9 x  3a  
dt dt  1  t 3 
Solution: Differentiating with respect to t
d
dt x d
dt 3at 2
 2 , d
dt y d
dt  6t 4
 9 dx
 3a
1  t 3  dtd  t   t dtd 1  t 3 
1  t 3 
2
dt
dx
dt  3a dtd t 2  dtd 2, dy
dt  6 dtd t 4  dtd 9
dx
dt  3a  2t   0, dy
dt  6  4t 3   0 dx
 3a
1  t 3  .1  t  0  3t 2 
1  t 3 
2
dx
 6at , dy
 24t 3 dt
dt dt
dt
 61at dx 1  t 3  3t 3
 3a
dx

Now using chain rule dy  dy . dt

1  t 3 
2
dt
dx dt dx
dy 24t 4t 3 2
dx 1  2t 3
   3a
1  t 3 
2
dx 6at a dt
a 1  t 2  2bt
1 t3 
2
c). x  , y dt
1 t 2
1 t2 
Solution: Differentiating x with respect to t dx 3a 1  2t 3 
d d  1 t2  Differentiating y with respect to t
xa  
dt dt  1  t 2  d d  t2 
y  3a  
dt  1  t 3 
dx 1  t 2
 1  t   1  t  1  t 
d 2 2 d 2 dt
a       1  t 
dt dt
1  t 3 dtd t 2  t 2 d 3

1  t  dy
2
dt  3a
2 dt

 
2
dt 1 t3
dx 1  t   0  2t   1  t   0  2t 
2 2

a 1  t 3   2t    t 2  0  3t 2 
1  t 
dy
dt 2 2  3a
1  t 3 
2
dt
dx 2t 1  t   2t 1  t  2 2

a dy 2t  2t 4  3t 4
 3a
dt 1  t  2 2
dt 1  t 3 
2

dx 2t  2t 3  2t  2t 3 4at dy 2t  t 4
a   3a
1  t 2  1  t 2  1  t 2 
2 2 2
dt dt

dt 1  t 
2 2 dy dy dt
Now using chain rule  .
 dx dt dx
4at
dy 3a  2t  t  1  t 
dx 4 3 2

Differentiating y with respect to t  .

1  t 3  3a 1  2t 3 
2
d d  2t  dx
yb  
dt dt  1  t 2 
dy 2t  t 4

dy
b
1  t 2
  2t    2t  1  t 
d
dt
d
dt
2
dx 1  2t 3
1  t 
2
dt 2
Q4. Studies show that after 1 hours on the job, the
number of items a supermarket cashier can ring up per
dy
b
1  t 2   2    2t  0  2t  minute is given by F  t   60  150

1  t 
2
dt 2 8 t 2

dy 2  2t 2  4t 2 a). Find F   t  ,rate at which casher’s speed is

b
1  t 2  increasing.
2
dt
Solution: Differentiating with respect to t
2 1  t 
 
2
2  2t 2
F  t   dtd 60  150 8  t 2  2
dy 1
b b d
1  t  1  t 2 
2 2
dt 2 dt

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 31
 Exercise 2.5
Chapter 2

60  150 dtd 8  t 2  2 C  40.4  1102 

1

F  t  
d
d dt
dt
d
C  41.4102   4222.8
8  t  8  t 
1 1

F  t   60 
d 150 2 2 d 2 dt
dt 2 dt
Implicit function:
F   t   0  75 8  t   0  2t 
3
2 2 Impossible to explain in term of independent variable
Implicit differentiation: direct differentiate
75 2 t 
F  t    150 t
Explicit function:
 8t   8t 
3 3
2 2 2 2
Easily explainable in term of dependent variable
b). At what rate is the casher’s speed increasing Explicit differentiation:
after 5 hours? After 10 hours? First explain in term of dependent variable then
Solution: At t = 5 Hours differentiate with respect to independent variable
150  5
Exercise 2.5
750
F   5    3.9563
 8   5 
3 3
2 2
332

At t = 10 hours dy
Q1. Use implicit differentiation to perform for
150 10  1500 dx
F  10     1.3365 the following functions:
 
3 3

8  10  108 2
2 2

a). x2  y 2  25
At t = 20 hours Solution: We have x2  y 2  25
150  20  3000
F   20     0.364025 Differentiating with respect to x
 
3 3

8   20  408 2 x 2  dxd y 2 
2 2
d d
dx dx 25
At t = 40 hours 2x d
dx x  2y d
dx y0
150  40  6000 2 x 1  2 y 0
F   40  
dy
  0.0930551244
 
3 3 dx
8   40  1608 2
2 2

2y dy
dx  2 x
Q5. At a certain factor, the total cost of manufacturing q dy
dx  2 x
2y
units the daily production run is
C  q   0.2 q 2  q  900 dollars. From experience, it 
d x
dx y

has been determined that approximately b). xy  25

q  t   t  100t units are manufactured during the
2
Solution: We have xy  25
first t hours of a production run. Compute the rate at d
dx  xy   dxd 25
which the total manufacturing cost is changing with
respect to time one hour after production begins. x dxd y  y dxd x  0
Solution: Differentiating C with respect to q
dx  y.1  0
x dy
d
dq C d
dq  0.2q  q  900
2

dx   y
x dy
dC
dq  0.2 dqd q 2  dqd q  dqd 900 dy
 y
dx x
dC
dq  0.2  2q   1  0 c). xy  2 x  3 y   2
dC
dq  0.4q  1 Solution: We have xy  2 x  3 y   2
Differentiating q with respect to t
Differentiating w r t x d
 xy  2 x  3 y   d
2
d
dt q d
dt  t 2  100t  Using product rule
dx dx

 t  100 t xy dxd  2 x  3 y    2 x  3 y  dxd xy  0

dq d 2 d
dt dt dt
dq
dt  2t  100 1 xy  2 dxd x  3 dxd y    2 x  3 y   x dxd y  y dxd x   0
dq
dt  2t  100 xy  2  3 y    2 x  3 y  x y  y   0
Now using chain rule 2 xy  3xy y  x y  2 x  3 y   y  2 x  3 y   0
dC dC dq
   0.4q  1 2t  100  2 xy  3xy y  x y  2 x  3 y   2 xy  3 y 2  0
dt dq dt
Putting the value of q 3xy y  x y  2 x  3 y   4 xy  3 y 2  0
d
dt 
C  0.4  t 2  100t   1  2t  100   y 3xy  x  2 x  3 y   4 xy  3 y 2
At t  1 hour y 3xy  2 x 2  3xy  4 xy  3 y 2
d
dt 
C  0.4 12  100 1  1  2 1  100   y 2 x 2  6 xy  4 xy  3 y 2
d
dt C  0.4 1  100   1  2  100  4 xy  3 y 2
y 
d
dt C  0.4 101  1 102  2 x 2  6 xy

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 32
 Exercise 2.5
Chapter 2
d). x2  3xy  y 2  15 3x 2 y 2 dy
dx  3y2 dy
dx  2 xy 3 d
dx x
Solution: we have x2  3xy  y 2  15  3x y 2 2
 3 y 2  dy
dx  2 xy .1
3

Differentiating with respect to x 2 xy 3 2 xy 3

dx  x  3 xy  y   dx 15
dy
 
3 x 2 y 2  3 y 2 3 y 2  x 2  1
d 2 2 d
dx

d
dx x 2  3 dxd  xy   dxd y 2  0 2 xy
dy

2x  3 x y y x  2y y0 3  x 2  1
dx
d d d
dx dx dx

2 x  3 x dy 
dx  y  2 y dx  0
dy
 For explicitly differentiation I will separate y in given function
x 2 y 3  y 3  12
2 x  3 x dy
dx  3 y  2 y dx  0
y 3  x 2  1  12
dy

3x dy
dx  2y dy
dx    2x  3y 
12
 3x  2 y  dy
   2x  3y  y3 
dx
x2  1
  2x  3 y  1
  12  3
y   2   12 3  x 2  1 3
dy
1 1
dx
3x  2 y
 x  1
 x  y  3y  3
3
e).
Now differentiating
Solution: We have  x  y   3 y  3
3

 12 3  x 2  1 3
dy 1 d 1

Differentiating with respect to x dx dx

 x  y   3 dxd y  dxd 3
3 1

 x  1 3  x 2  1
d
dy 12 3 2  1 1 d
dx

3  x  y  dxd  x  y   3 dy
31
dx 3 dx
dx  0
1

3  x  y   dxd x  dxd y   3 dy 
dy 12 3 2
x  1 3  x 2  1  2 x  0 
1 1
dx  0
2

dx 3
3  x  y  1  dydx   3 dx  0
2 dy
1
dy 12 3 2x

3 x  y   3 x  y   3 dy
dx  0 dx  x  1 3  x 2  1
2 2 dy 1
dx 2 3

3  x  y   3 2 dy
dx  3  x  y 
2
dy
y
2x
y 
12 3
1

3  x  y   x  y 3  x 2  1 x  1
1
2 2 dx 2 3
dy
 
dx

3  x  y 1
2
  x  y
2
1 dy

2 xy
dx 3  x 2  1
f). 1 1
 1
y x b). xy  2 y  x2
Solution: We have 1  1  1 Solution: differentiate the given function implicitly

1 1
y x d
dx  xy   2 dxd y  dxd x 2
y  x 1
x dxd y  y dxd x  2 dy
dx  2 x dx x
d
Differentiating with respect to x
dx  y.1  2 dx  2 x.1
x dy
1 dy
d
dx y  dxd x 1  dxd 1
dx  2 dx  2 x  y
1y 11 dxd y  1x 11 d
dx x0 x dy dy

 y 2 d
dx y  x 2 .1  0  x  2  dydx  2 x  y

1 d
y
1
0 2x  y
y2 dx
x2
dy

dx
x2
1 1 For explicitly differentiation I will separate y in given function
 2 dy
 2
xy  2 y  x 2
dx
y x
d
dx y
 y2  x  2 y  x2
x2
x2
Q2. Arrange the following function explicitly and y
x2
implicitly to perform dy
dx dy d x 2
Now differentiating 
a). x y  y  12
2 3 3
dx dx x  2
Solution: differentiate given function implicitly dy

 x  2  dxd x 2  x 2 dxd  x  2 
d
dx x y 
2 3 d
dx y  12
3 d
dx dx  x  2
2

x2 y3  y3 x 2  3 y 31 dxd y  0 dy 2 x  x  2  dxd x  x  dxd x  dxd 2 

d d 2


dx dx

3x 2 y 31 dxd y  2 xy 3 x  3y2 y0  x  2

2
d
dx
d
dx
dx

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 33
 Exercise 2.5
Chapter 2
dy 2 x  x  2  .1  x 1  0 

2
 x  1 dydx  1  y
 x  2 1 y
2
dx dy

dy 2 x  x  2   x
2
dx
x 1
 For explicitly differentiation I will separate y in given function
 x  2
2
dx
xy  y  x  2
dy 2 x  4 x  x 2 2
y  x  1  x  2

 x  2
2
dx
x2
y
dy 2 x  x  2   x x 1
2


dx  x  2
2 dy d x  2
Now differentiating 
2 x x  2  x2 dx dx x  1
dy
 x2 dy  x  1 dx
d
 x  2    x  2  dxd  x  1
x2 
dx  x  1
2
dx
2 x x  2
 xx 2
2
dy
 x2 dy  x  1  dxd x  dxd 2    x  2   dxd x  dxd 1
x2 
dx
 x  1
2
dx
dy 2 x  y x2
 y  dy  x  11  0    x  2 1  0 
dx x2 x2 
 x  1
2
dx
1
c). x 5 dy  x  1   x  2 
y 
 x  1
2
Sol: First differentiate the given function implicitly dx
 x 1  x  2
d
x  dxd y 1  d
5 dy
dx dx
 x 1

1 y 11 d
dx y0 dx  x  1
 x 1
  x 1 
x2
 y 2 dy
dx  1 dy
 x 1

y 2 dy
1 dx  x  1
dx
dy 1  y x2

1
 y2  y 
dx  x  1
dy
dx
y 2 x 1
For explicitly differentiation I will separate y in given function u 2 v2
1
Q3. Let   1 where a & b are nonzero constant.
x 5 a 2 b2
y a). du
1 5 x dv

y 1 1 2 1 2
Solution: We have u  2 v 1
Taking Reciprocal a2 b
y
1
 5  x 
1 Differentiating with respect to v
5 x 1 d 2 1 d 2 d
Now differentiating u  2 v  1
a 2 dv b dv dv
5  x 
1
d
dx y d
dx 1 d 1 d
2u 2 u  2v 2 v0
dx  1 5  x  dx  5  x 
dy 11 d
a dv b dv
dx    5  x 
dy
 dx 5  dxd x 
2 d
2u 2
1 du 1
 2v 2
a dv b
dx    5  x   0  1
dy 2
du 2v a 2

dx   5  x 
dy 2
dv 2u b 2
dy 1 du a2 v
  2
dx  5  x 2 dv b u
dy 1 b). dv
 y2 y du
dx 5 x
d). xy  x  y  2 Solution: We have 12 u 2  12 v 2  1
a b
Solution: differentiate the given function implicitly Differentiating with respect to u
d
dx  xy   dxd x  dxd y  dxd 2 1 d 2 1 d 2 d
u  2 v  1
x d
dx y y d
dx x 1  dy
dx 0 a 2 du b du du
1 d 1 d
dx  y.1  1 
x dy dy
dx 2u 2 u  2v 2 v0
a du b du
dx  y  1 
x dy dy
dx
1 1 dv
2u 2  2v 2 0
dx  dx  1  y
x dy dy
a b du
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 34
 Exercise 2.5
Chapter 2

2v
1 dv
2
 2
2u d
dx x y  4
3 3 d
dx y  3 dxd x 2
b du a
dx  3  2 x  dx x
x3 dxd y 3  y 3 dxd x3  4 dy d
dv b 2 2u
 2
du a 2v 3x3 y 2 d
dx y  3x 2 y 3 d
dx x  4 dy
dx  6 x
dv b2 u
 2 3x3 y 2 dy
dx  3x 2 y 3  4 dy
dx  6 x
du a v
3x3 y 2 dy
 4 dy
dx  6 x  3 x y
2 3
Q4. Let  a  b  u 3   a  b  v 2  c , a, b, c  R. Find: dx

a). du  3x y 3 2
 4  dy
dx  6 x  3 x y
2 3

dv dy 6 x  3x 2 y 3
Solution: We have  a  b  u   a  b  v  c 
3 2
dx 3x3 y 2  4
Now slope of tangent at the point P  2,1
Differentiating with respect to v
 a  b  dvd u 3   a  b  dvd v 2  dvd c
6  2   3  2  1
2 3
dy
3u 2  a  b  dvd u  2v  a  b  dvd v  0 m
dx  2,1

3  2  1  4
3 2

3u 2  a  b  dudv  2v  a  b   0 12  3  4 1 12  12 0
m   0
3u  a  b  du 3  81  4
dv  2v  a  b 
2 24  4 28
du 2v  a  b  Q7. In biophysics the equation

dv 3u 2  a  b   L  m V  n   k is called the fundamental
dv equation of muscle contraction. Where m,n and k are
b). constants, and V is the velocity of the shortening of
du muscle fibers for a muscle subjected to a load of L. Find
Solution: We have  a  b  u   a  b  v  c
3 2
dL
dV using implicit differentiation.
Differentiating with respect to u Solution: we have  L  m V  n   k
 a  b  dud u 3   a  b  dud v 2  dud c Differentiating with respect to V, Keep m,n & k are
3u 2  a  b  dud u  2v  a  b  dud v  0 constants

3u 2  a  b   2v  a  b  du dv
0
d
dV  L  m V  n   d
dV k

3u  a  b   2v  a  b  du
2 dv  L  m  dVd V  n   V  n  dVd  L  m   0
dv 3u  a  b 
2  L  m   dVd V  dVd n   V  n   dVd L  dVd m   0
  L  m 1  0   V  n   dV
dL
 0  0
du 2v  a  b 
Q5. Determine the slope of the tangent line to the
 L  m   dV V  n   0
dL

curve 3x2  7 y 2  14 y  27 at point P  3, 0 

dL
dV V  n     L  m 
dL Lm
Solution: we have 3x2  7 y 2  14 y  27 dV

V n
Differentiating with respect to x Derivative of sin x
3 dxd x 2  7 dxd y 2  14 dxd y  dxd 27 Let f  x   sin  x  then
3  2 x  dxd x  7  2 y  dxd y  14 dy
dx 0 f  x  x   sin  x  x  using First principle
6 x.1  14 y dy
dx  14 dx  0
dy
d f  x  x   f  x 
f  x  f  x   lim
14 dy
dx  14 y dy
dx  6 x dx x 0 x
14 1  y  dy
dx  6 x Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x 
6 x 3x sin  x  x   sin x
dy
  f   x   lim
x
dx 14 1  y  7 1  y 
x 0

Using sin  a  b   sin a cos b  cos a sin b

Now slope of tangent at the point P  3, 0 
sin x cos x  cos x sin x  sin x
f   x   lim
dy 3  3 9 x  0 x
  sin x cos x  sin x  cos x sin x
dx  3,0  7 1  0  7 f   x   lim
x  0 x
Q6. The graph of x3 y3  4 y  3x2 is a curve that sin x  cos x  1  cos x sin x
f   x   lim
x
passes through the point P  2,1 what is the slope
x  0

 cos x  1 sin x 
f   x   lim sin x  cos x 
of the curve at that point? x  0
 x x 
cos x  1 sin x
Solution: we have x3 y3  4 y  3x2 f   x   sin x lim
x  0 x
 cos x lim
x  0 x
Differentiating with respect to x f   x   sin x  0   cos x 1
d
dx sin x  cos x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 35
 Exercise 2.5
Chapter 2
Derivative of sin x Let f  x   sin  x  then Derivative of cot x Let f  x   cot  x  then
f  x  x   sin  x  x  Using First principle f  x  x   cot  x  x 
d f  x  x   f  x  First principle for derivative
f  x  f  x   lim f  x  x   f  x 
dx x 0 x f  x 
d
f  x   lim
Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x  dx x 0 x
sin  x  x   sin x Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x 
f   x   lim
x 0 x cot  x  x   cot x
f   x   lim
Using Sin  Sin  2 cos   sin  
 
2
 
2
x 0

1
x

2cos  x x  x
 sin  x x  x
 f   x   lim cot  x  x   cot x 
f   x   lim 2 2 x 
x 0

x 0 x 1  cos  x  x  cos x 
2 cos  2 x   sin  2x  f   x   lim   
 sin  x  x  sin x 
x
f   x   lim 2 x 0 x
x 0 x
1  sin x.cos  x  x   sin  x  x  cos x 
sin  2x  f   x   lim  
f   x   lim cos  2 x x
2  lim
x x
x 0 x
 sin  x  x  .sin x 
x 0 2
0

1  sin  x  x  x  
2

f   x   cos  2 x2 0  .1 f   x   lim  

x 0 x sin  x  x  .sin x
d
sin x  cos x  
dx

Let f  x   cos  x  then

 1  sin  x 
Derivative of cos x f   x   lim   lim
x 0 sin  x  x  .sin x x 0 x
f  x  x   cos  x  x  Using First principle  
1 sin  x 
f  x 
d f  x  x   f  x  f  x  lim
f  x   lim sin x.sin x x  0 x
dx x 0 x
Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x  1
f   x   2 1
sin x
cos  x  x   cos x
f   x   lim d
cot x   cos ec 2 x
x 0 x dx

Let f  x   sec  x  then

Using cos   cos   2sin   sin  
 
2
 
2
Derivative of Sec x

2sin  x 2x  x  sin  x 2x  x  f  x  x   sec  x  x 

f   x   lim First principle for derivative
x 0 x
2sin  2  sin  2x  d f  x  x   f  x 
f  x  f  x   lim
2 x x
f   x   lim dx x 0 x
x 0 x
sin  2x  Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x 
f   x    lim sin  2 x 
2  x
x
lim x sec  x  x   sec x
f   x   lim
x 0 2
0
2
x 0 x
f   x    sin  2 x2 0  .1  d
cos x   sin x 1
f   x   lim sec  x  x   sec x 
dx

Derivative of tan x Let f  x   tan  x  then x 0 x 

f  x  x   tan  x  x  Using First principle f   x   lim

1  1

1 

x 0 x cos  x  x 

d f  x  x   f  x   cos x 
f  x  f  x   lim
dx x  0 x 1  cos x  cos  x  x  
Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x  f   x   lim  
 cos  x  x  .cos x 
x 0 x

tan  x  x   tan x
f   x   lim
x 0 x using Cos  Cos   2Sin   Sin  
 
2
 
2

1  2sin  x  x2x  sin  x  x2x  

1
f   x   lim  tan  x  x   tan x 
x 0 x  f   x   lim  
 cos  x  x  .cos x 
x 0 x
1  sin  x  x  sin x 
f   x   lim   
x 0 x cos  x  x 
 cos x    sin  2 x 
2 
x  sin   2x 
f  x   lim 
  lim
1  sin  x  x  .cos x  sin x.cos  x  x   x 0 cos  x  x  .cos x 2x 0 x
f   x   lim     2
x 0 x
 cos  x  x  .cos x   sin  22x  sin  2x 
f  x  lim
1  sin  x  x  x   x 0 x
f   x   lim
cos x.cos x
 
2
2
x 0 x cos  x  x  .cos x
  sin x
f  x 
 1  sin  x  cos x.cos x
f   x   lim   lim 
x 0 cos  x  x  .cos x x  0
d
  x dx sec x s ec x.tan x
1 1 Derivative of cosec x Let f  x   cosec  x  then
f  x  1   sec 2 x
cos x.cos x cos 2 x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 36
 Exercise 2.5
Chapter 2
f  x  x   cosec  x  x  Putting value of y and using equation (1) we get
d 1
First principle for derivative cos 1 x 
d f  x  x   f  x  dx 1  x2
f  x  f  x   lim
dx x 0 x Derivative of tan 1 x Let y  tan 1 x 
Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x  tan y  x.................. 1
cosec  x  x   cosec x
f   x   lim Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x
x 0 x
1
d
tan y  d
x
f   x   lim cosec  x  x   cosec x 
dx dx

x 0 x  sec 2 y dxd y  1
1  1 1  d

1
f   x   lim   
x 0 x sin  x  x  sin x  dx sec2 y

1  sin x  sin  x  x  
d 1
y  sec2 x  1  tan 2 x
f   x   lim   1  tan 2 y
 sin  x  x  .sin x 
x 0 x
dx
Putting value of y and using equation (1) we get
Using Sin  Sin  2 cos   sin  
 
2
 
2 d
tan 1 x 
1
1  2 cos   sin 
x  x x x  x x
 dx 1  x2
f   x   lim 
2 2

x 0 x
 sin  x  x  .sin x  Derivative of cot 1 x Let y  cot 1 x
 cos  2 x  cot y  x.................. 1
2  sin   2x 
x 
f   x   lim   lim
x 0 sin  x  x  .sin x 2x 0 x Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x
 
cot y 
2 d d
x
 cos x sin  2 
x dx dx

f  x  lim
x  0 x  cos ec 2 y dxd y  1
sin x.sin x 2
1
2
d
f  x 
 cos x 
sin x.sin x dx cosec2 y
d
cot x   cos ec x.cot x d 1
y  cos ec 2 x  1  cot 2 x
dx
1 1
Derivative of sin x Let y  sin x …………..(1) dx 1  cot 2 y
 sin y  x Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x Putting value of y and using equation (1) we get
d
sin y  d
x d 1
dx dx cot 1 x 
cos y dxd y  1 dx 1  x2
Derivative of sec1 x Let y  sec1 x
d 1
  sec y  x.................. 1
dx cos y
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x
d 1
y d
dx sec y  d
dx x
dx cos 2 y
sec y tan y dxd y  1
d 1
y  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 d 1
dx 1  sin 2 y 
dx sec y tan y
Putting value of y and using equation (1) we get d 1
d 1 y  sec 2 x  1  tan 2 x
sin 1 x  dx sec y tan 2 y
dx 1  x2
d 1
Derivative of cos1 x Let y  cos1 x  y
dx sec y sec 2 y  1
cos y  x.................. 1
Putting value of y and using equation (1) we get
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x d 1
sec 1 x 
dx cos y  dx x
d d
dx x x2 1
 sin y dxd y  1
Derivative of cos ec1 x Let y  cosec1 x
1
cosec y  x.................. 1
d

dx sin y
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x
d 1
y d
dx  cosec y  dxd x
dx sin 2 y
 cosec y cot y dxd y  1
d 1 1
y  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 d
y
dx 1  cos 2 y dx cosec y cot y

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 37
 Exercise 2.6
Chapter 2
d 1 d f  x  x   f  x 
y  cosec2 x  1  cot 2 x f  x  f  x   lim
dx cosec y cot 2 y dx x 0 x
d 1 Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x 
y
dx cos ec y cosec2 y  1 log a  x  x   log a  x 
f   x   lim
Putting value of y and using equation (1) we get x 0 x
d 1 1
cosec1 x  f   x   lim log a  x  x   log a  x  
x 0 x 
dx x x2 1
x 1  x  x 
Derivative of exponential function i.e. ex f   x   lim log a  
x 0 x x
Let f  x   e so f  x  x   e
x x x  x 
1 x  x x 
First principle for derivative f   x   lim log a   
x 0 x x
d f  x  x   f  x  x x 
f  x  f  x   lim x
x 0 x 1  x  x
f   x   lim log a 1  
dx
Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x  x 0 x
 x 
e x x  e x When x  0 then xx  0
f   x   lim
x
x
x 0
1  x  x
x x f   x   lim log a 1  
e e  ex  x 
f   x   lim x x0
x 0 x 1
ex  1 f   x   log a  e 
f   x   e x lim x
x 0 x
f   x   e x 1
Derivative of exponential function i.e. a x
Let f  x   a so f  x  x   a
x x x
f   x   ex
Derivative of ln x Let f  x   ln x so
First principle for derivative
d f  x  x   f  x 
f  x  x   ln  x  x  f  x  f  x   lim
dx x 0 x
First principle for derivative Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x 
d f  x  x   f  x 
f  x  f  x   lim a x x  a x
dx x 0 x f   x   lim
x 0 x
Putting the value of f  x  x  and f  x  a x a x  a x
f   x   lim
ln  x  x   ln  x  x 0 x
f   x   lim a x
1
x 0 x f   x   a x lim
x 0 x
1
f   x   lim ln  x  x   ln  x   f   x   a x log e a
x 0 x 

x 1  x  x  Derivative of exponential function i.e. a x

f   x   lim ln   Let y  a x
x 0 x x
 x 
1 x  x x  Taking loge  ln on both sides
f   x   lim ln   
x 0 x x
x x  log e y  log e a x
1  x  x
x
log e y  x log e a
f   x   lim ln 1   Differentiating with respect to x
x 0 x
 x 
d
log e y  log e a dxd x
When x  0 then xx  0 dx

x
1 dy
 log e a
 x  x
y dx
1
f   x   lim ln 1   dy
 y.log e a
x x 0  x  dx

1 Putting the value of y

f   x   ln  e  dx  a log e a
dy x
x
f  x 
1
 ln e  1 Exercise 2.6
x Q1. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
Derivative of loga x Let f  x   log a x so dy
perform for the following functions:
f  x  x   log a  x  x  dx
First principle for derivative 1  cos x
a). y
1  cos x
Sol: Differentiating the given function with respect to x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 38
 Exercise 2.6
Chapter 2

d
y
d 1  cos x y  3sin 2  x 2  cos  x 2  dxd  x 2 
dx
dx 1  cos x
1
1 y  3sin 2  x 2  cos  x 2  d
x2 
1  1  cos x  2 d  1  cos x  dx
y  
y  3sin 2  x 2  cos  x 2   2 x dxd x 
  
2  1  cos x  dx  1  cos x 
1

y  6 x sin 2  x 2  cos  x 2 
1  1  cos x 
y  
2 1  cos x  dxd 1  cos x   1  cos x  dxd 1  cos x 

2  1  cos x  1  cos x 
2

1
Q2. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
1  1  cos x  2 1  cos x  0  sin x   1  cos x  0  sin x 
y   
2  1  cos x  1  cos x 
2
perform dy for the following functions:
dx
 sin x 1  cos x   sin x 1  cos x  y  2cot 3x
y  1 1
a).
2 1  cos x  2 1  cos x 
1  cos x 
 2 Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
2
d
y  2 dxd cot 3x
sin x 1  cos x  1  cos x dx
y  1 1 y  2   cos ec 2 3x  dxd  3x 
2 1  cos x  1  cos x 
2
2 2

2sin x cos x y  2 cos ec 2 3x  3 dxd x 

y 
2 1  cos x  2 1  cos x  2
1 3
y  2 cos ec 2 3x  3.1

 sin x cos x y  2  3cos ec 2 3x

y  1 3
y  6cos ec 2 3x
1  cos x  2 1  cos x  2
b). y  sec x
 
b). y  cos  x   Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
 2 d
dx y d
dx sec  x
y  sec  x tan  x dxd  x 
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
y d
cos  x 
 

y  sec  x tan  x  dxd x 

dx dx 2

y   sin  x  2   x  2   d
dx
y  sec  x tan  x  
y   sin  x  2  dxd x  dxd 2 
y   sec  x tan  x
y   sin  x  2  1  0  c). y  4cos ec2 x
y   sin  x   
2
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
y  4 dxd cos ec2x
c). y  sin  sin x  dx
d
dx y  4   cos ec 2 x cot 2 x  dxd  2 x 
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
y d
sin  sin x  y  4 cos ec 2 x cot 2 x  2 dxd x 
dx dx
y  4 cos ec 2 x cot 2 x  2 
y  cos  sin x  dxd sin x
y  4  2 cos ec 2 x cot 2 x
y  cos  sin x  cos x
y  8 cos ec 2 x cot 2 x
d). y  sin x cos x
y  2 tan  x  3
2
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d).
d
dx y  sin x dxd cos x  cos x dxd sin x Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
y  2 dxd tan  x  3
2
y  sin x   sin x  dxd x  cos x  cos x  dxd x
d
dx

y  2sec2  x  3  x  3
2 d 2
y   sin 2 x  cos2 x dx

y  2  2  x  3 sec2  x  3 dxd  x  3
2
sin x
e). y
cos x y  4  x  3 sec2  x  3  dxd x  dxd 3
2
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
 sin x  y  4  x  3 sec2  x  3 1  0 
2
d
y 
d

d
tan x
 cos x 
dx dx dx
y  4  x  3 sec2  x  3
2

y  sec 2 x dxd x
e). y  4cot x 2  1
y  sec x 2
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
f). y  sin  x 3 2
 d
dx y  4 dxd cot x 2  1
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
dx y d
dx sin  x
3 2
 
y  4  cos ec 2 x 2  1  d
dx x2 1

y  4 cos ec 2 x 2  1 dxd  x 2  1 2
1

y  3sin 2  x 2  dxd sin  x 2 

4 2
 x  1 2 cos ec 2 x 2  1 dxd  x 2  1
1 1

y 
2
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 39
 Exercise 2.6
Chapter 2

y  4 x  x2 1 2 cos ec2 x2 1

1
Method 2
y  cos 1  x  4 
f). y  sec x 2 3
cos y  x  4
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
y d
sec 2 x 3 Differentiating the given function with respect to x
cos y   x  4
dx dx d d
y  2 sec x 3 d
sec x 3 dx dx

 sin y dxd y   dxd x  dxd 4 

dx

y  2 sec x 3 sec x 3 tan x 3 d

dx x3
y  2 sec 2 x 3 tan x 3  3 x 2  dxd x  sin y dxd y  1  0 
 sin y dxd y  1
y  2  3 x 2 sec 2 x 3 tan x 3
y  6 x 2 sec 2 x 3 tan x 3 1
y 
sin y
g). y  2 cos ec3  x  2 
1
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x y 
d
y  2 dxd cos ec3  x  2  sin 2 y
dx

y  2  3cos ec 2  x  2  dxd cos ec  x  2  1

y 
y  6 cos ec 2  x  2   cos ec  x  2  cot  x  2  dxd  x  2  1  cos 2 y
y  6 cos ec3  x  2  cot  x  2   dxd x  dxd 2  1
y   cos y  x  4
1   x  4
2
y  6 cos ec3  x  2  cot  x  2 1  0 
y  6 cos ec3  x  2  cot  x  2  b). y  tan 1 11x 
1  tan 2 x
Solution: We have y  tan 11x 
1
h). y
cos ec3x
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x tan y  11x
dy d  1  tan 2 x  Differentiating the given function with respect to x
  
dx dx  cos ec3 x  d
dx tan y  11 dxd x
dy cos ec3 x dxd 1  tan 2 x   1  tan 2 x  dxd cosec x sec2 y dxd y  111

 cos ec3x 
2
dx
dy 11
dy cos ec3x  dxd 1  dxd tan 2 x   1  tan 2 x   cosec3x cot 3x  dxd 3x 
 dx sec2 y
 cos ec3x 
2
dx
dy 11
dy cos ec3x  0  sec 2 x dx 2 x   3cosec3x cot 3x 1  tan 2 x 
2 d 
 dx 1  tan 2 y
 cos ec3x 
2
dx
dy 11
dy cos ec3x  2 sec 2 x   3cosec 3 x cot 3 x 1  tan 2 x 
2   tan y  11x
 dx 1  11x 2
 cos ec3x 
2
dx

dy cos ec3x  2 sec 2 x  3cot 3 x 1  tan 2 x  

dy 11

2


dx  cos ec3x 
2
dx 1  121x 2
dy 2 sec 2 x  3cot 3 x 1  tan 2 x  y   sin 1 x 
2 2
 c).
dx cos ec3x
Solution: We have y   sin 1 x 
2
Q3. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to perform
dy for the following functions: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
 sin x 
dx 1 2
y
 x  4
d d
1
a). y  cos dx dx

Solution: Method 1 Using formula y  2sin 1 x dxd sin 1 x

d 1
cos 1 x  1 1
dx 1  x2 y  2sin 1 x  d
dx sin 1 x 
1 x 2
1  x2
d
y d
cos 1  x  4 
2sin 1 x
dx dx

1 d y 
y   x  4 1  x2
1   x  4 dx
2

d). y  x 3 sin 1  2 x 
1  d d 
y   x 4 Solution: We have y  x 3 sin 1  2 x 
1   x  4  dx dx 
2

Differentiating the given function with respect to x

1
y  1  0 
1   x  4
2

1
y 
1   x  4
2

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 40
 Exercise 2.6
Chapter 2
d
dx y d
dx x3 sin 1  2 x  b). What is the rate of change of profit 8 weeks
after the first year? 26 weeks after the first year?
y  x3 dxd sin 1  2 x   sin 1  2 x  dxd x3 50 weeks after of the year?
x3 d Solution: the rate of change of profit 8 weeks
y   2 x   3x 2 sin 1  2 x  P  8  
5 8
 0.4972 hundreds of dollars / week
1  2x
2 dx sin
26 26
P  8   $49.72
2 x3
y   3x 2 sin 1  2 x  The rate of change of profit 26 weeks
1  2x
2
5 26
P  26   sin  0 hundreds of dollars / week
y  cos ec 1  x  3
26 26
e).
P  26   $0 per week
Solution: We have y  cos ec  x  3
1
The rate of change of profit 50 weeks
cos ecy  x  3 5 50
P  50   sin  0.1446 hundreds of dollars / week
26 26
Differentiating the given function with respect to x
P  50   $14.46 per week
d
dx cos ecy  d
dx x  dxd 3
Q5. A normal seated adult breathes in and exhales
 cos ec y cot y dxd y  1  0 about 0.8 liter of air every 4 seconds. The volume
dy 1 of air V  t  in the lungs t seconds after exhaling is

given by V  t   0.45  0.35 cos  t ,
dx cos ec y cot y
0t 8
dy 1 2
 a). What is rate of flow of air t seconds after exhaling?
dx cos ec y cot 2 y Solution: Differentiating given function with respect to x
1 d d d t
dy V t   0.45  0.35 cos
 dx dx dx 2
dx cos ec y cos ec 2 y  1  t  d t
V   t   0  0.35   sin 
dy 1  2  dx 2
  cos ec y  x  3
dx  x  3 0.35 t
 x  3 1
2
V  t   sin
2 2
y  1  cot 1 3x 
3
f). b). What is rate of flow of air 3 seconds after exhaling? 4
seconds after exhaling? 5 seconds after exhaling?
Solution: We have y  1  cot 1 3x 
3
Solution: rate of flow of air 3 seconds after exhaling
0.35 3
Differentiating the given function with respect to x
V   3  sin  0.5498 liter/ sec
1  cot 3x 
1 3
d
y d 2 2
dx dx
the rate of flow of air 4 seconds after exhaling
y  3 1  cot 1 3x  1  cot 3x 
2
0.35 4
d 1
dx
V   4  sin  0 liter/ sec
2  2 2
1
y  3 1  cot 1 3x   0 
d
 1   3x 2 dx
 3 x  

the rate of flow of air 5 seconds after exhaling
  0.35 5
V   5  sin  0.5498 liter/ sec
3
y  3 1  cot 1 3x 
2 2 2
1  9x2 Derivative of hyperbolic functions

9 1  cot 1 3x 
2 Derivative of sinh x Let
y  e x  e x
1  9x 2 f  x   sinh x 
2
Q4: Suppose profits on the sale of swimming suits Differentiating with respect to x
in a departmental store are given approximately by
1 d x
dx f  x   dx sinh x 
t d d

dx  e  e
x

P  t   5  5cos , 0  t  104 2
26 1
Where P  t  is profit ( in hundreds of dollars ) for f   x   dxd sinh x   dxd e x  dxd e  x 
2
a week of sale t weeks after January first. 1
a).What is rate of change of profit t weeks after first year? f   x   dxd sinh x  e x dxd  x   e  x dxd   x  
Sol: Differentiating the given function with respect to x 2
d d d t 1
f   x   dxd sinh x  e x 1  e  x  1 
P t   5  5 cos 2
dx dx dx 26
  t e x  e x

P  t   0  5   sin 
t d f   x   dxd sinh x 
 26  dx 26 2
5 t f   x   dxd sinh x  cosh x
P  t   sin
26 26

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 41
 Exercise 2.6
Chapter 2
Derivative of cosh x Let d
dx f  x  d
dx cosech x  d 1
dx sinh x
e x  e x sinh x dxd 1  1. dxd sinh x
f  x   cosh x  f  x 
2 sinh 2 x
Differentiating with respect to x
sinh x  0    cosh x 
1 d x f  x 
d
dx f  x  d
dx cosh x  
dx  e  e
x
 sinh 2 x
2
0  cosh x
f  x  d
cosh x 
1 d x d x
 e  dx e  f  x 
dx
2  dx sinh 2 x
 cosh x
f  x  d
cosh x 
1 x d
e dx  x   e  x dxd   x   f  x 
dx
2 sinh x sinh x
dx cosech x   cos echx coth x
d
1
f   x   dxd cosh x  e x 1  e  x  1 
2 Derivative of sech x
e x  e x
f   x   dxd cosh x  Let f  x   sech x 
1 2
 x x
2 cosh x e  e
f   x   dxd cosh x  sinh x Differentiating with respect to x
Derivative of tanh x d
dx f  x  d
dx sech x  d 1
dx cosh x
sinh x e x  e x cosh x dxd 1  1 dxd cosh x
Let f  x   tanh x   f  x 
cosh x e x  e x cosh 2 x
Differentiating with respect to x
cosh x  0   1 sinh x 
d
dx f  x  d
dx tanh x  d sinhx
dx cosh x f  x 
cosh 2 x
cosh x dxd sinh x  sinh x dxd cosh x 0  sinh x
f  x  f  x 
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
cosh x  cosh x   sinh x  sinh x   sinh x
f  x  f  x 
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x dx sech x   sec hx tanh x
d
f  x 
cosh 2 x Derivative of sinh 1 x
f  x 
1 Let y  sinh 1 x so
cosh 2 x sinh y  x
dx tanh x  sec h x
d 2
Differentiating with respect to x
Derivative of coth x d
dx sinh y  d
dx x
x
cosh x e  e x
coshy dxd y  1
Let f  x   coth x  
sinh x e x  e x dy 1
Differentiating with respect to x 
dx cosh y
d
f  x  d
coth x  d coshx
dy 1
dx dx dx sinh x

sinh x dxd cosh x  cosh x dxd sinh x dx cosh 2 y
f  x  dy 1
sinh 2 x 
sinh x  sinh x   cosh x  cosh x  dx 1  sinh 2 y
f  x  Putting the value of y and sinh y  x
sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x  cosh 2 x d 1
sinh 1 x 
f  x  dx 1  x2
sinh 2 x
 cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x Derivative of cosh 1 x
f  x  Let y  cosh 1 x so
sinh 2 x
  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x cosh y  x
f  x 
 Differentiating with respect to x
sinh 2 x
1
d
cosh y  d
x
f  x 
dx dx

sinh 2 x sinhy dxd y  1

dx coth x   cos ech x
d 2

Derivative of cosech x
1 2
Let f  x   cosech x   x x
sinh x e  e
Differentiating with respect to x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 42
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2
dy 1 Derivative of cosech 1 x

dx sinh y Let y  cosech 1 x so
dy 1 cosech y  x

dx sinh 2 y Differentiating with respect to x
d
dx cosech y  d
dx x
dy 1
  cosech y coth y dxd y  1
dx cosh 2 y  1
dy 1
Putting the value of y and cosh y  x 
dx cosech y coth y
d 1
cosh 1 x  dy 1
dx x2 1 
dx cosech y coth 2 x
Derivative of tanh 1 x
Let y  tanh 1 x so dy 1

tanh y  x dx cosech y cosech 2 x  1
Differentiating with respect to x Putting the value of y and sech y  x
dx tanh y  dx x
d d
d 1
cosech 1 x 
sech y 2 d
dx y 1 dx x x2 1
dy

1 Note that: log10  log and loge  ln
dx sech 2 y
dy

1 Exercise 2.7
dx 1  tanh 2 x Q1. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
Putting the value of y and tanh y  x dy
perform for the following functions:
d 1 dx
tanh 1 x 
dx 1  x2 a). y  x ln x2
Derivative of coth 1 x Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x

Let y  coth 1 x so
d
dx y d
dx  x ln x  2

coth y  x dy
dx  x dxd ln x 2  ln x 2 d
dx x
Differentiating with respect to x x d 2
y  x  ln x 2
d
dx coth y  d
dx x x 2 dx
 cosech y 2 d
dx y 1 x
y   2  2 x   ln x 2
dy 1 x
 y   2  ln x 2
dx cosech 2 y
dy 1 b). y  ln  x 2  3 x  2 

dx 1  coth 2 x Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
Putting the value of y and coth y  x d
dx y d
dx ln  x 2  3x  2 
d 1
coth 1 x 
dx 1  x2
dy
dx

1 d 2
x  3x  2 dx
2  x  3x  2 
Derivative of sech 1 x dy 1 d 2 d d 
Let y  sech 1 x so   x  3 x  2
dx x  3x  2  dx
2
dx dx 
sech y  x dy 1  d 
Differentiating with respect to x   2x x  3  0 
dx x  3x  2  dx
2

d
dx sech y  d
dx x
dy 1
 sech y tanh y dxd y  1   2 x  3
dx x  3x  2
2

dy 1 dy 2x  3
 
dx sech y tanh y dx x  3x  2
2

dy 1 c). ln 5 x
y
 x8
dx sech y tanh 2 x
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dy

1
dx sech y 1  sech 2 x
d
dx y d
dx x 8
ln 5 x 

Putting the value of y and sech y  x

y  x 8 d
dx ln 5 x  ln 5 x dxd x 8
d 1 x 8
sech 1 x  y  d
dx 5 x  8 x 81 ln 5 x dxd x
dx x 1  x2 5x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 43
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2
x 8 dy

1 1 d
1  x2 
y  5 x  8 x 9 ln 5 x
1  x  dx
d

   
2 2
5x dx dx 3 ln 1  x 2 3

y  x 81 9
 8 x ln 5 x dy 1 d d 
  1  x2 
y  x  8 x 9 ln 5 x
 
9
  1  x2   dx dx 
2
dx 3 ln 1  x 2 3

y  x 9 1  8ln 5 x 
dy 1  d 
1  8ln 5x   0  2x x 
y      1  x 2   dx 
2
dx 3 ln 1  x 2 3

x9
y  ln  x 2  1 2
1
dy 2 x
d). 

    
2

1
dx 3 ln 1  x 2 3 1  x 2
Solution: We have y  ln x  1  2
 2
Q2. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
y  ln  x 2  1
1 dy
perform for the following functions:
2 dx
Differentiating the given function with respect to x a). y  5 x 1
ln  x 2  1
dy 1 d
 Sol: We have y  5 x 1 Taking ln on both sides
dx 2 dx
ln y  ln 5 x 1
dy

1
dx 2  x 2  1 dx
d 2
 x  1 ln y   x  1 ln 5
Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dy 1 d 2 d  ln y  ln 5 dxd  x  1
  x  1
d

dx 2  x  1  dx
dx
2
dx 
1 d d d 
dy 1  d  y  ln 5  x  1
  2x x  0  y dx  dx dx 
dx 2  x  1  dx
2
 dy
 y ln 5 1  0 
dy 2x dx

dx 2  x 2  1 dy
 5 x 1 ln 5  y  5 x 1
dy x dx
 2
dx x  1 b). ye x

1 Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x

e). y
ln 1  x 2 
dy d
 e x

dx dx
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dy d

ln 1  x 2   e
dy d 1 x
 x
dx dx dx dx
1
dy x d

 1 ln 1  x 2  
ln 1  x 2 
11 d
dy e x2
dx dx dx dx
e x 12 1 d
 
dy
 1 ln 1  x 2  1  x2 
dy  1 d 
2
x x
dx 1  x  dx
2 dx 2 dx
1 dy e x 21
dy d d   x
  1  x2 
 
dx 2
ln 1  x  1  x 
2  dx 
2
dx 2 dx
dy e x e x
 1 
dy 1  d  dx
  0  2x x  2 x
 
2x 2
ln 1  x 2  1  x 2   dx 
2
dx
y   e x  e x 
2
c).
dy 2 x
 Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x

ln 1  x 2  1  x 2  
2

e  ex 
dx x 2
d
dx y d
dx

f). y  3 ln 1  x 2  y  2  e  x  e x 
2 1
d
e x
 ex 
dx
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
y  2  e  x  e x   e  x  dxd e x 
1
d
dy d

ln 1  x 2  
1


3 dx

dx dx y  2  e  x  e x  e x d
dx   x   e x dxd  x  

 ln 1  x 2  
ln 1  x 2 
1 1
dy 1 d
y  2  e  x  e x  e  x  e x 
3

dx 3 dx

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 44
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2

y  2  e x  e x  e x  e x  dy

log10 e  d 2
3 x 
d 
7
dx  3 x 2  7   dx dx 
y  2  e2 x  e2 x  dy log10 e  d 
  3 2x x  0
dx  3 x  7  
y   e3 x  1 
4 2
dx
d).
dy 6 x log10 e
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x 
dx  3x 2  7 
e  1
4
d
y d 3x

y  log10  x 2  3 x  2 
dx dx
b).
y  4  e  1 e  1
3x 4 1 3x
d
dx Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x

y  4  e  1  e  1 dy d
log10  x 2  3x  2 
3x 3 3x

d d
dx dx
dx dx
y  4  e  1  e  3x   0 
3x 3 3x d
dx dy log e
 2 10
d
dx  x  3 x  2  dx
 x 2  3x  2 
y  4  e  1  3e  x 
3x 3 3x d
dx

y  4  3e  e  1
3 dy log e  d 2 d d 
 2 10 x 3 x
3x 3x
 2
dx  x  3 x  2   dx dx dx 
y  12e  e  13x 3x 3

dy log10 e  d 
  2x x  3 0
e). y  xe x ln x dx  x 2  3 x  2   dx 
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x dy  2 x  3 log10 e
d
dx y d
dx  xe  x ln x
dx

 x 2  3x  2 
y  x dxd e x ln x  e x ln x d
dx x c). y  log10 x 2  7 x  x3
y  xe x ln x  x ln x   e x ln x
d
dx
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dy d d
y  e x ln x  x dxd  x ln x   1  log10 x 2  7 x  x3
dx dx dx
y  e x ln x  x  x dxd ln x  ln x dxd x   1 dy log10 e d d
 x 2  7 x  3x 2 x
 x  
dx x  7 x dx
2 dx
y  e x ln x  x  dxd x  ln x   1 dy log10 e d 2
 x  7 x  2  3x 2
1

 x   
dx x2  7 x dx
y  e x ln x  x 1  ln x   1
dy log10 e

1 2
x  7x2
d 2
 x  7 x   3x 2
1 1


y  e x ln x
 x  x ln x  1 dx x2  7 x 2 dx

f). y 5
 x  x
2 dy

log10 e
  d 2
x2  7 x  2 
1

x 7
d 
x   3x 2
dx 2 x 2  7 x  dx dx 
Sol: We have y  5
 x  x Taking ln on both sides
2
dy log10 e 1
 1  2 x  7   3x
2

dx 2  x  7 x   x  7 x 
ln y   x 2  x  ln 5
1
2 2 2 2

Differentiating the given function with respect to x dy  2 x  7  log10 e

  3x 2
  dx 2  x 2  7 x  2  2
1 1

dx ln y  ln 5 dx x  x
d d 2

1 d
y  ln 5 
 d 2 d 
x  dy  2 x  7  log10 e
x   3x 2
y dx  dx dx  dx 2  x2  7 x 
dy
 y ln 5  2 x  1 d). y  log sin  log x  
dx
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dy  x2  x  2 x  1 ln 5  x2  x 
5   y 5 d
y
d
log sin  log x  
dx
dx dx
Q3. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
dy log e d
 sin  log x  
dx sin  log x   dx 
dy
perform for the following functions:
dx
y  log10  3 x 2  7  dy cos  log x  .log e d
a).   log x 
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dx sin  log x   dx

 log10  3x 2  7 
dy d dy cos  log x  .log e log e

dx dx dx sin  log x   x
dy

log10 e d
dx  3x 2  7  dx
 3x 2  7 

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 45
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2
dy cos  log x  .  log e  dy 1  d 
2
d
   ln  x  1  ln  x  1 
dx x sin  log x   dx 2  dx dx 
dy cot  log x  .  log e 
2
dy 1  1 d
 x  1
cos x 1 d
  cot x     x  1 
dx x sin x dx 2  x  1 dx x  1 dx 
e). y  log10  sin 1 x 2 
dy 1  1  d d  1 d d 
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x    x  1   x  1 
dx 2  x  1  dx dx  x  1  dx dx  
 log10  sin 1 x 2 
dy d
dy 1  1
1  0 
1
dx dx   1  0  
dx 2  x  1 x 1 
dy

log10 e d

sin 1 x 2 

dx sin 1 x 2 dx  dy 1  1
  
1 

dy log10 e 1 d 2
dx 2  x  1 x  1 

  x  1   x  1 
x
dx  sin x  1  x 2 2 dx dy 1  
 
1 2
  
  x  1 x  1 
dx 2  
dy log10 e 2x d
 x dy 1 
 x  1  x  1
dx  sin x  1  x 4 dx
1 2
 

2 
  x   1 
2
dx 2  
dy 2 x log10 e
 dy 1  2 
dx  sin 1 x 2  1  x 4   
dx 2  x 2  1 
1 1  1
f). y  log tan  x    dy
 2
2 4  dx x  1
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
y   cos x 
log x
dy d 1 1  b).
 log tan  x   
 4  y   cos x 
log x
dx dx 2 Sol: Given Taking ln on both sides
dy log e d 1 1 
 tan  x   
ln y  ln  cos x 
log x
dx  1 1  dx 2 4 
tan  x   
2 4  ln y  log x ln  cos x  Differentiating w r t x
1 1 
log e.sec  x   
2
1 d d
dy
  2 4  d 1 1 
x  y  cos x log x  log x cos x
dx 1 1  
dx  2 4  y dx dx
tan  x   
 2 4   cos x loge 
y  y   log x sin x 
1 1   x 
log e.sec 2  x   
dy  2 4  1 d d 1 
log x  cos x loge
 x  
dx 1 1  
 2 dx dx 4  y   cos x    log x sin x 
tan  x     x 
2 4 
y  1  x 1 
x
 1 1  c).
log e.sec 2  x   
dy 2 4  1 
y  1  x 1 
  2  0 
x
dx 1 1  Sol: We have Taking ln on both sides
tan  x   
2 4 
ln y  ln 1  x 1 
x

1 1 
log e.sec 2  x   
dy
  2 4  ln y  x.ln 1  x 1 
dx 1 1 
2 tan  x    Differentiating the given function with respect to x
 2 4 
Q4. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
d
dx
ln y 
d
dx

x.ln 1  x 1  
dy
 x ln 1  x 1   ln 1  x 1  x
perform for the following functions: 1 dy d d
dx y dx dx dx
x 1
a). y  ln
x 1
1 dy

x
y dx 1  x  dx
1
d
1  x 1   ln 1  x 1 
1

Solution: We have y  ln  x  1 
2

 
 d d 1 
x   ln 1  x 1 
 x 1  1 dy x
 1 
1
y dx 1  x   dx 
y
1
2
ln  x  1  ln  x  1 dx

Differentiating the given function with respect to x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 46
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2
x  x2  43
1
1 dy

x
y dx 1  x 1 
 0  1x11   ln 1  x1  ln y  ln
x  3 2
1
2

x
 ln 1  x 1  
ln y  ln x  x 2  4  3  ln  x 2  3 2 
1 1
1 dy
 2
y dx x 1  x 
1

ln y  ln x  ln  x 2  4  3  ln  x 2  3 2
1 1

 1 
1 
dy
 y  ln 1  x  
 x 1  x  ln y  ln x  ln  x 2  4   ln  x 2  3
dx 1 1 1

3 2
x 
 1 1 
 Differentiating the given function with respect to x
 1  x 1    
dy
 ln 1  x 
 x 1  x  ln  x 2  4   ln  x 2  3
1 d d 1 d 1 d
dx
 
 ln y  ln x 
2
dx dx 3 dx 2 dx
1  x  2  2  x 2  3
1
d).
y 3 4
1 d 1
y 
1 d 2
x 3  x  4  dx
2  x  4 
1 d 2
2  x  3 dx
2  x  3
3  x   4  x 
3 4 4 5
y dx
1 dy 1 1 1
1  x  2  2  x2  3
1 2
   2x   2  2x 
y dx x 3  x  4 
2
2  x  3
Solution: We have y 3 4

3  x   4  x 
3 4 4 5
dy 
1
 y 
2x

2x 


2 dx 

x 3  x  4  2  x  3 
2 2

1  x  2  2  x2  3
1

Taking ln on both sides ln y  ln dy x x  4 

3 2
1 2x 2x 

3 4     
3  x   4  x 
3 4 4 5
dx x 3 
2

x 3  x  4  2  x  3 
2 2

     6  x  3 x  4   4 x.x  x  3  6 x.x  x  4  
dy x 3 x 2  4 
2 3 4 2 2 2 2

ln y  ln 1  x  2  2  x 2  3   ln  3  x 3  4  4  x 4  5  
1
  
    dx x 3 
2
 6 x  x 2
 4  x 2
 3  

   
1

dy x  x  4  3  6  x  4 x  3x  12   4 x  x  3  6 x  x  4  
2 3 4
ln y  ln 1  x  2  ln  2  x 2  3   ln  3  x 3  4  ln  4  x 4  5 
1
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2

  
    6 x  x 2  4  x 2  3
1
dx
 x 2  3 2  

 
dy  6  x  4 x  3x  12   4 x  x  3  6 x  x  4  
2 3 4
ln y  ln 1  x  2  ln  2  x 2  3  ln  3  x 3  4  ln  4  x 4  5
1
4 2 2 2 2 2 2

 1 1 
   
dx  1 1

ln 1  x   ln  2  x 2   ln  3  x 2   ln  4  x 2  
1 2 3 4 2 3 x2  3
ln y  6 x 4 2
 

dy 6  x  7 x  12   4 x  12 x  6 x  24 x
2 3 4 5
4 2 4 2 4 2
Differentiating the given function with respect to x

ln  2  x 2 
d 1 d 2 d
ln 1  x  
1 1
ln y 
6  x 2  4  3  x 2  3 2
dx 1 1
dx 2 dx 3 dx
ln  3  x 3   ln  4  x 4 
3 d 4 d
 dy 6 x 4  42 x 2  72  4 x 4  12 x 2  6 x 4  24 x 2
4 dx 5 dx  2 3
6  x  4   x  3 2
dx
1 dy 1 d 2 d
 2  x2 
2 2
1  x  
3

y dx 2 1  x  dx 3  2  x 2  dx
dy 6 x 4  6 x 4  4 x 4  42 x 2  12 x 2  24 x 2  72


3 d
4  3  x 3  dx
 3  x3   5 4 4 x 4 dx
d
 4  x4 
 
2 3
6  x 2  4  3  x 2  3 2
dx
1 dy 1 d 2 d
  1   2 x  dy 4 x 4  30 x 2  72
y dx 2 1  x  dx 3  2  x 2  dx  2 3
6  x  4 x  3
dx 2 2
 3x 2   5 4 4 x 4 dx  4 x3 
3 d d 3 2

4  3  x 3  dx  
dy 2  2 x  15 x  36 
4 2

1 dy 1 4 x 9 x 16 x 2 3

    2 3
6  x 2  4  3  x 2  3 2
dx
y dx 2 1  x  3  2  x  4  3  x  5  4  x 4 
2 3

dy 
 1 4x 9x2 16 x3   dy 2 x 4  15 x 2  36
 y    
4 
 2 1  x  3  2  x  4  3  x  5  4  x  
2 3
3  x 2  4  3  x 2  3 2
dx 2 3
 dx

2

dy 1  x  2  2  x  3 y   sin x  log x   x x 
1
2
 1 4x 9 x2 16 x3  f).
     4 
 2 1  x  3  2  x  4  3  x  5  4  x  
3 4

 3  x3  4  4  x 4  5   Taking ln
2 3
dx
Solution: We have y   sin x  log x  x x
x x 4

ln y  ln  sin x  log x   x x  
3 2
e). y
x2  3
ln y  ln  sin x   ln  log x   ln x x
Sol: We have y  x x  4 Taking ln on both sides
3 2

x2  3 ln y  ln  sin x   ln  log x   x ln x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 47
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2
Differentiating the given function with respect to x y  2 x sec h 2  x 2  1  2 x sec h  x 2  1 tanh  x 2  1
d d d d
ln y  ln  sin x   ln  log x    x ln x 
dx
1 dy
dx
1 d
dx
1 d d
dx
d

y  2 x sec h  x 2  1 sec h  x 2  1  tanh  x 2  1 
  sin x    log x   x ln x  ln x x
y dx sin x dx log x dx dx dx e). y  cosec h  x 3  1
1 dy cos x 1 log e x
    ln x Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
y  dxd cosec h  x3  1
y dx sin x log x x x d
1 dy log e dx
 cot x   1  ln x
y dx x log x y   cosec h  x3  1 coth  x3  1 dxd  x3  1
y   cosec h  x3  1 coth  x3  1 dxd x3  dxd 1
dy  log e 
 y cot x   1  ln x 
dx  x log x 
  y   cosec h  x3  1 coth  x3  1 3x 2 d
x  0
dy
  sin x  log x  x x cot x   
log e dx
 1  ln x 
dx  x log x  y  3x 2 cosec h  x3  1 coth  x3  1
Q5. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
f). x cos hy  y sinh x  5
dy Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
perform for the following functions:
dx d
 x cos hy   dxd  y sinh x   dxd 5
y  cosh  2 x  3 x 
dx
2
a).
x dxd cos hy  cos hy dxd x  y dxd sinh x  sinh x dxd y  0
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
y d
cosh  2 x 2  3 x  x sinh y dxd y  cos hy  y cosh x dxd x  sinh x dxd y
dx dx

dx  cos hy  y cosh x  sinh x dx

x sinh y dy dy
y  sinh  2 x 2  3 x  dxd  2 x 2  3x 
dx  sinh x dx  y cosh x  cos hy
x sinh y dy dy
y  sinh  2 x 2  3 x  .  2 dxd x 2  3 dxd x 
y  sinh  2 x 2  3 x  .  2  2 x   3
 x sinh y  sinh x  dydx  y cosh x  cos hy
dy y cosh x  cosh y
y   4 x  3 sinh  2 x 2  3 x  
dx x sinh y  sinh x
y  esinh
2
x
b). Q6. Use any suitable rule of differentiation to
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x dy
perform for the following functions:
d
dx y d
dx e sinh 2 x
dx
a). y  tanh 1  sin x 
y  e sinh 2 x d
dx sinh 2 x
Solution: We have y  tanh 1  sin x 
y  esinh
2
x
2sinh x dxd sinh x
tanh y  sin x
y  esinh
2
x
2sinh x cosh x Differentiating the given function with respect to x
y  esinh tanh y 
2 d d
x sin x
sinh 2 x dx dx

c). y  log  cosh x  sech 2 y dxd y  cos x dxd x

Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x sech 2 y dxd y  cos x
d
dx y d
dx log  cosh x  cos x
y 
log e d sech 2 y
y  cosh x
cosh x dx cos x
log e y 
y  sinh x dxd x 1  tanh 2 y
cosh x cos x
sinh x y   tanh y  sin x
y  log e 1  sin 2 x
cosh x
cos x 1
y  tanh x log e y  2
  sec x
cos x cos x
d). y  sec h  x 2  1  tanh  x 2  1
b). y  sinh 1  tan x 
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
sec h  x 2  1  dxd tanh  x 2  1
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
y d
dx dx d
dx y d
dx sinh 1  tan x 
y   sec h  x 2  1 tanh  x 2  1 dxd  x 2  1 1
y  d
tan x
 x  1  x  1 1   tan x 
2 dx
 sech 2 2 d
dx
2

y   sec h  x  1 tanh  x  1  2 x  0 
2 2
y 
1
sec2 x
2
sec x
 sech  x  1  2 x  0 2 2

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 48
 Exercise 2.7
Chapter 2

y 
sec2 x
 sec x
P  x   40  25ln  x  1 , 0  x  65 where
P  x  is the pressure measured in millimeters of
sec x
c). y  cosh 1  sec x 
mercury and x is age in years. What is the rate of change
Solution: We have y  cosh 1  sec x  of pressure at the end of 10 years? At the end of 30
years? At the end of 60 years?
Differentiating the given function with respect to x Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x
d
dx y d
dx cosh 1  sec x  d
P  x  d
40  25 dxd ln  x  1
dx dx
1
y  25 d
P  x   0   x  1
d
dx sec x
sec2 x  1 x  1 dx
sec x tan x
y  25 d
2 P  x    dx x  dxd 1
tan x x 1
y  sec x 25
P  x   1  0 
d). y  x tanh 1  3x  x 1
Solution: We have y  x tanh 1  3x  P  x  
25
Differentiating the given function with respect to x x 1
y  dxd  x tanh 1  3x 
d Now we find pressure at the end of 10 years
dx
25
P 10    2.27 mm of mercury per year
y  tanh 1  3x  dxd x  x dxd tanh 1  3x  10  1
  d Now we find pressure at the end of 30 years
1
y  tanh 1  3 x   x   3x 25
 1   3x 2

 dx
 P  30    0.806 mm of mercury per year
30  1
3x
y  tanh 1  3 x   Now we find pressure at the end of 60 years
1  9 x2
25
P  60    0.409 mm of mercury per year
e). y  x cosh 1 x  x2  1 60  1
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x Q8. A single cholera bacterium divides every 0.5 hour to
1
  x cosh 1 x    x 2  1 2
dy d d produce two complete cholera bacteria. If we start with
a colony of 5000 bacteria, then after t hours there will
dx dx dx
1 be a A  t   5000.22t bacteria. Find A  t  , A 1
 x cosh 1 x  cosh 1 x x   x 2  1 2  x 2  1
dy d d 1 1 d

dx dx dx 2 dx and A  5  . Interpret the results.

Solution: We have A  t   5000.2
1 2t
dy
x
1 d 1
x  cosh 1 x  x 2  1 2  2 x  0   
dx x 2  1 dx 2 Differentiating the given function with respect to x
dy x 2x
d
A  t   5000. dtd 22t
  cosh 1 x  dt

A  t   5000.22t.ln 2 dtd  2t 
1
x2 1 2  x 2  1 2
dx

dy

x
 cosh 1 x 
x A  t   2  5000.22t.ln 2
dx x2 1 x2  1 A  t   10 000.22t.ln 2
dy
 cosh 1 x Now we have to find A 1
dx
f). log  cosh 1 x   sinh 1 y  6 A 1  10000.221. ln 2
Solution: Differentiating the given function with respect to x A 1  27725.89
d
dx log  cosh x   1 d
dx
1
sinh y  d
dx 6 Now we have to find A  5 
log e d 1 dy
cosh 1 x dx
cosh 1 x 
1 y2 dx
0
A  5  10000.225. ln 2
log e 1

1 dy
0 A 1  7 097827.13
cosh 1 x x 1 2
1 y 2 dx
1 dy  log e

1 y 2 dx cosh 1 x x 2  1

dy  log e 1  y 2

dx cosh 1 x x 2  1
Q7. A research group ( used hospital records )
developed the approximate mathematical model
related to systolic blood pressure and age is

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 49