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    Exercise 1

    Uploaded by

    Gloria Muñoz Piraquive
    1) The document presents two methods for solving the first-order PDE 2ut + 3ux = 0 with initial condition u = sin x when t = 0. 2) Using the method of characteristics, the solution is found to be u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2), which satisfies the PDE and initial condition. 3) The coordinate method involves a change of variables t0 = 2t + 3x and x0 = 3t - 2x, resulting in the same solution u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2).

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Exercise 1

    Uploaded by

    Gloria Muñoz Piraquive
    123 views4 pages
    1) The document presents two methods for solving the first-order PDE 2ut + 3ux = 0 with initial condition u = sin x when t = 0. 2) Using the method of characteristics, the solution is found to be u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2), which satisfies the PDE and initial condition. 3) The coordinate method involves a change of variables t0 = 2t + 3x and x0 = 3t - 2x, resulting in the same solution u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2).

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    Ejercicios

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    1) The document presents two methods for solving the first-order PDE 2ut + 3ux = 0 with initial condition u = sin x when t = 0. 2) Using the method of characteristics, the solution is found to be u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2), which satisfies the PDE and initial condition. 3) The coordinate method involves a change of variables t0 = 2t + 3x and x0 = 3t - 2x, resulting in the same solution u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    123 views4 pages

    Exercise 1

    Uploaded by

    Gloria Muñoz Piraquive
    1) The document presents two methods for solving the first-order PDE 2ut + 3ux = 0 with initial condition u = sin x when t = 0. 2) Using the method of characteristics, the solution is found to be u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2), which satisfies the PDE and initial condition. 3) The coordinate method involves a change of variables t0 = 2t + 3x and x0 = 3t - 2x, resulting in the same solution u(x,t) = sin(x - 3t/2).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Strauss PDEs 2e: Section 1.

    2 - Exercise 1 Page 1 of 4

    Exercise 1
    Solve the first-order equation 2ut + 3ux = 0 with the auxiliary condition u = sin x when t = 0.

    Solution

    The Geometric Method: Characteristic Curves

    Start by rewriting the PDE as


    3
    ut + ux = 0
    2
    and then apply the method of characteristics to solve for u. On the paths defined by
    dx 3
    = , x(ξ, 0) = ξ, (1)
    dt 2
    the PDE reduces to an ODE,
    du
    = 0. (2)
    dt
    That is, u = u(x, t) is constant on the characteristics defined by (1). Integrating (2), we find that
    u(ξ, t) = f (ξ),
    where f is an arbitrary function of the characteristic coordinate, ξ. Integrating (1), we see that
    3
    x = t + ξ.
    2
    Solving for ξ gives
    3
    ξ = x − t.
    2
    Therefore,  
    3
    u(x, t) = f x − t .
    2
    We can check that this is the solution to the PDE.
    ux = f 0
    3
    ut = − f 0
    2
    2ut + 3ux = 0, so this is the solution to the PDE. We’re told that u(x, 0) = sin x, though, so we
    can determine this unknown function, f .
    u(x, 0) = f (x) = sin x
    This implies that f (w) = sin w, where w is any expression. Thus,
     
    3
    u(x, t) = sin x − t .
    2
    The function is shown below in Figure 1. Shown below that in Figure 2 are the characteristic
    curves in the tx-plane for various values of ξ along with the line t = 0 (where the auxiliary
    condition is defined). Note that because t = 0 intersects each of the characteristics exactly once,
    the solution we obtained for u(x, t) is valid everywhere in the tx-plane, that is, for all x and t.

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    Strauss PDEs 2e: Section 1.2 - Exercise 1 Page 2 of 4

    Figure 1: Plot of u(x, t) for −5 < t < 5 and −5 < x < 5.

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    Strauss PDEs 2e: Section 1.2 - Exercise 1 Page 3 of 4

    Figure 2: Plot of the characteristic curves along with the data curve in the tx-plane.

    The Coordinate Method: Change of Variables

    To solve this PDE with the coordinate method, start by making the change of variables,

    t0 = 2t + 3x
    x0 = 3t − 2x.

    Solving for the old variables in terms of the new ones gives us
    1
    t= (2t0 + 3x0 )
    13
    1
    x = (3t0 − 2x0 ).
    13

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    Strauss PDEs 2e: Section 1.2 - Exercise 1 Page 4 of 4

    To find what ut and ux are in terms of these new variables, it’s necessary to use the chain rule.

    ∂u ∂t0 ∂u ∂x0
    ut = + = 2ut0 + 3ux0
    ∂t0 ∂t ∂x0 ∂t
    ∂u ∂t0 ∂u ∂x0
    ux = 0 + 0 = 3ut0 − 2ux0
    ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
    Now we substitute these expressions into the PDE. The transformed equation is

    2(2ut0 + 3ux0 ) + 3(3ut0 − 2ux0 ) = 0.

    Simplifying this gives

    13ut0 = 0
    ut0 = 0.

    Solve for u by partially integrating both sides with respect to t0 .

    u(x0 , t0 ) = g(x0 ),

    where g is an arbitrary function of x0 . Now we return to the original variables, x and t.

    u(x, t) = g(3t − 2x)

    We can check that this is the solution.

    ut = 3g 0
    ux = −2g 0

    2ut + 3ux = 0, which means this is the solution to the PDE. Now plug in the initial condition,
    u(x, 0) = sin x to determine g.

    u(x, 0) = g(−2x) = sin x

    This implies that


     w
    g(w) = sin − ,
    2
    where w is any expression. Therefore,
     
    3t − 2x
    u(x, t) = sin −
    2
     
    3
    u(x, t) = sin x − t ,
    2
    and we get the same answer as with the method of characteristics.

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