Installation instructions:

-Linux: Python comes preinstalled with Linux, so the procedure should be simple.
Follow the instructions at this link to update to the latest version:
https://docs.python-guide.org/starting/install3/linux/

At the end, you can also choose to use an alias, which makes things easier.
Enter the following command in your terminal: alias python=python3

-Mac: Macs come preinstalled with Python 2.7, which sadly, will reach the end of
it's life on
01/01/2020.
Follow these instructions at this link to install Python3:
https://programwithus.com/learn-to-code/install-python3-mac/

-Windows: Installing Python on Windows, while easy, is a long process.

Follow these instructions at this link to install Python3:
https://realpython.com/installing-python/#windows

After installing Python, you’re going to need to install pip, to be able to install libraries
without having to always clone the github repo.
-Linux: Open your terminal and type: sudo apt install python3-pip
-Mac: If you followed the instructions above, pip should be installed already.
-Windows: If you followed the instructions above, pip should be installed already.
To check if pip is installed, open terminal/command prompt and type: pip --version
On Mac, type pip3 --version
If any doubts go to- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4750806/how-do-i-install-
pip-on-windows
 Python Fundamentals
Python character Set
• lower ⇐ a|b|c|d|e|f|g|h|i|j|k|l|m|n|o|p|q|r|s|t|u|v|w|x|y|z
• upper ⇐ A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z
• digit ⇐ 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
• ordinary ⇐ |(|)| [ | ] | { | } |+|-|*|/|%|!|&| | |~|^||,|.|:|;|$|?|#
• graphic ⇐ lower | upper | digit | ordinary
• special ⇐ ’ | " | \
• white space ⇐ | → | ←- (space, tab, or newline)

Python Program Structure

Python program contains various components like : -
1. Expressions
2. Statements
3. Comments
4. Function
5. Blocks and Indentation

Expressions
An expression is any legal combination of symbols that represents a value.
e.g., a = 15

Statements
• Instructions that a Python interpreter can execute are called statements.
• A statement is a programming instruction that does something i.e., some action takes
place.
e.g.
a=10
print(a)

Comments
• Comments are the additional readable information to clarify the source code
• Comments are ignored by the python interpreter but it can be read by the programmer.
Comments in Python begin with symbol # or „‟‟ .
• Comments enclosed in triple quotes are called docstrings.
Single Line Comment:
In Python, we use the hash (#) symbol to start writing a comment.
#This is a comment
#print out Hello
print('Hello')

Multi-line comments
Another way of doing this is to use triple quotes, either ''' or """.
"""This is also a
perfect example of
multi-line comments"""
print(“Hello”)

Functions
A function is a code that has a name and it can be reused by specifying its name in the
program, where needed.
drink = “WATER"
food = “EAT”
Sit = “TABLE”
def menu(x):
if x == drink:
print(drink);
print(“Prints only if condition is TRUE”);
else:
print(food);
print(“Prints only if condition is FALSE”);
print(sit)
menu(drink)
Blocks and Indentation

BLOCKS

A group of statements which are part of another statement or a function are called
block or code block or suite in Python.

Example
def menu(x):
if x == drink:
print(drink); block
print(“Prints only if condition is TRUE”);
else: block
print(food); block
print(“Prints only if condition is FALSE”);
print(sit);
menu(drink)

INDENTATION

• Python uses indentation to create blocks of code.

• A code block (body of a function, loop, class etc.) starts with indentation
and ends with the first un-indented line.
• The amount of indentation is up to you, but it must be consistent
throughout that block.
• Generally four whitespaces are used for indentation and is preferred over
tabs.
c=a+b
if c<50:
print(“less than 50”);
b=b*2
a=a+10
else:
print(“greater than 50”);
b=b*2
a=a+10
VARIABLES IN PYTHON
• A variable in python represents named location that refers
to a value whose values can be used and processed during
program run.
• A named labels whose values can be used and processed
during program run are called Variables.
a=10 single variable
a, b, c = 5, 3.2, "Hello“ multiple variable having multiple
values
x = y = z = "same“ multiple variable having single value
• In python a variable is created when we first assign a
value to it.
Python Variable Scope
• Scope is the portion of the program from where a namespace can be accessed
directly without any prefix. Scope of the current function which has local names
• Scope of the module which has global names
• If there is a function inside another function, a new scope is nested inside the local
scope.
Example 1:
def outer_function():
a = 20
def inner_function():
a = 30
print('a =',a)
inner_function()
print('a =',a)
a = 10
outer_function()
print('a =',a)
Example 2:
def outer_function():
global a
a = 20
def inner_function():
global a
a = 30
print('a =',a)
inner_function()
print('a =',a)
a = 10
outer_function()
print('a =',a)
PYTHON OUTPUT
Python provides print( ) function for output
Printing a string
print(“Hello World”);

Printing variable
a = 10
print(a);

Printing multiple variables

a = 10
b = 20
c = 30
print(“Values of a, b and c =“, a, b, c);

PYTHON INPUT
In Python input() functions read data from keyboard as string,
irrespective of whether it is enclosed with quotes ('' or "" ) or not.
Taking input from keyboard at runtime
age=input(“Enter you age:”)
print(“Your age =”,age);
input() function always returns a value of string type.
To convert the string value into integer type python offers two functions
int() and float(). Both functions are used to convert string type input to
integer type.
Example 1:
Name = input(“What is your name : ”)
print(Name);
Example 2:
A = input(“Enter First number : ”)
B = input(“Enter Second number : ”)
A = int(A)
B = int(B)
C = A + B
print(C);
We can also write the above program as
A = int(input(“Enter First number : ”))
B = int(input(“Enter Second number : ”))
C = A + B
print(C);
Tokens or Lexical Unit
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a Token or a lexical unit.
Python has following tokens:

Keywords
Keywords are words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler/interpreter.
These are reserved for purpose and must not be used as normal identifier names.

False class finally is return

None continue for lambda try

True def from nonlocal while

and del global not with

as elif if or yield

assert else import pass special

break except in raise

The above keywords may get altered in different versions of Python. Some extra might get
added or some might be removed. You can always get the list of keywords in your current
version by typing the following in the prompt.

>>> import keyword

>>> print(keyword.kwlist)
Identifier
An identifier is a name given to entities like class, functions, variables, etc. It helps to
differentiate one entity from another.

Rules for writing identifiers

2. Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A

to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore _. Names
like myClass, var_1 and print_this_to_screen, all are valid example.
3. An identifier cannot start with a digit. 1variable is invalid, but variable1 is
perfectly fine.
4. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.

>>> global = 1
File "<interactive input>", line 1
global = 1
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

5. We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier.

>>> a@ = 0
File "<interactive input>", line 1
a@ = 0
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

6. Identifier can be of any length.

Literals
Literals are data items that have a fixed value
String Literals
String literals can be formed by enclosing a text in the quotes. We can use both single as
well as double quotes for a String.
Eg:
"Aman" , '12345'
Types of Strings:
There are two types of Strings supported in Python:
a) Single line String- Strings that are terminated within a single line are known as Single
line Strings.
>>> text1='hello'

b) Multi line String- A piece of text that is spread along multiple lines is known as
Multiple line String.
There are two ways to create Multiline Strings:
1). Adding black slash at the end of each line.
>>> text1='hello\
user'
>>> text1
'hellouser'
>>>
2).Using triple quotation marks:-
>>> str2='''welcome
to
SSSIT'''
>>> print (str2)
welcome
to
SSSIT
>>>

Numeric Literals
Numeric Literals are immutable. Numeric literals can belong to following four different
numerical types.

Int(signed Long(long float(floating Complex(complex)

integers) integers) point)

Numbers( can be Integers of Real numbers with In the form of a+bj where a
both positive and unlimited size both integer and forms the real part and b forms
negative) with no followed by fractional part eg: - the imaginary part of complex
fractional part.eg: lowercase or 26.2 number. eg: 3.14j
100 uppercase L eg:
87032845L
Boolean Literals
A Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.
Special Literals
Python contains one special literal i.e., None.
None is used to specify to that field that is not created. It is also used for end of lists in
Python.

Operators
Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a–b=-
10

* Multiplies values on either side of the operator a*b=

Multiplication 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns b%a=0
remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10

to the
power 20

// Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the 9//2 = 4
quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. and
But if one of the operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., 9.0//2.0 =
rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity) − 4.0, -11//3
= -4, -
11.0//3 =
-4.0
Python Comparison Operators
These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the
relation among them. They are also called Relational operators.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

== If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition (a == b)

becomes true. is not
true.

!= If values of two operands are not equal, then condition (a != b)

becomes true. is true.

<> If values of two operands are not equal, then condition (a <> b)
becomes true. is true.
This is
similar to
!=
operator.

> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right (a > b)
operand, then condition becomes true. is not
true.

< If the value of left operand is less than the value of right (a < b)
operand, then condition becomes true. is true.

>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the (a >= b)
value of right operand, then condition becomes true. is not
true.

<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of (a <= b)
right operand, then condition becomes true. is true.

Python Assignment Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −
Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side c=a+b

operand assigns
value of a
+ b into c

+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the c += a is
result to left operand equivalent
to c = c +
a

-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left operand and c -= a is

AND assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c -
a
 *= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand and c *= a is
AND assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c *
a

/= Divide AND It divides left operand with the right operand and assign c /= a is
the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c /
ac /= a is
equivalent
to c = c /
a

%= Modulus It takes modulus using two operands and assign the c %= a is

AND result to left operand equivalent
to c = c
%a

**= Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators c **= a is

AND and assign value to the left operand equivalent
to c = c
** a

//= Floor It performs floor division on operators and assign value c //= a is
Division to the left operand equivalent
to c = c //
a

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation. Assume if a =
60; and b = 13; Now in binary format they will be as follows −
a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101
-----------------
a&b = 0000 1100
a|b = 0011 1101
a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in (a & b)
both operands (means
0000 1100)

| Binary OR It copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (a | b) = 61

(means
0011 1101)

^ Binary XOR It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not (a ^ b) =
both. 49 (means
0011 0001)
 ~ Binary Ones (~a ) = -61
Complement (means
1100 0011
in 2's
It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. complement
form due to
a signed
binary
number.

<< Binary Left The left operands value is moved left by the a << 2 =
Shift number of bits specified by the right operand. 240 (means
1111 0000)

>> Binary Right The left operands value is moved right by the a >> 2 =
Shift number of bits specified by the right operand. 15 (means
0000 1111)

Python Logical Operators

There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume
variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then

Operator Description Example

and Logical If both the operands are true then condition becomes (a and b)
AND true. is true.

or Logical OR If any of the two operands are non-zero then condition (a or b)

becomes true. is true.

not Logical Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. Not(a
NOT and b) is
false.
Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.
Python Membership Operators
Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as
strings, lists, or tuples. There are two membership operators as explained below

Operator Description Example

in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence x in y, here in

and false otherwise. results in a 1
if x is a
member of
sequence y.

not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified x not in y,
sequence and false otherwise. here not in
results in a 1
if x is not a
member of
sequence y.
Python Identity Operators
Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two
Identity operators explained below −

Operator Description Example

Is Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the x is y,

operator point to the same object and false otherwise. here is results
in 1 if id(x)
equals id(y).

is not Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the x is not y,

operator point to the same object and true otherwise. here is
not results in
1 if id(x) is
not equal to
id(y).

Python Operators Precedence

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.
Sr.No. Operator & Description

1 **
Exponentiation (raise to the power)

2 ~+-
Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@
and -@)

3 * / % //
Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

4 +-
Addition and subtraction

5 >> <<
Right and left bitwise shift

6 &
Bitwise 'AND'

7 ^|
Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

8 <= < > >=

Comparison operators

9 <> == !=
Equality operators

10 = %= /= //= -= += *= **=
Assignment operators
 11 is is not
Identity operators

12 in not in
Membership operators

13 not or and
Logical operators

Punctuators
Punctuators are symbols that are used in programming language to organize sentence
structures and indicate the rhythm and emphasis of expressions, statements and program
structure.
Most common punctuators in python are- ' " # \ ( ) [ ] { } @ , : . =