these collisions (the collisions are

not completell''elastic),resulting in
the molecules moving slou'er. and
hencea lo* er pressure.Also, after 1,, PAPER 1
the gas starts to cool from 70"C bY \\ - n u - - J1On =O- 2 . o t n s r
l. D a- r
ladiation. As temperaturefalls. the
molecuiestnovervith a slowerspeed. 2. B The speed increases from 0 to 4 m/s
ar-rdthis results in a lorver pressure initially (non-unitbm acceleration as it
as the moleculeshit the r"'allsof the is not a straight line). and then the speed
cylinder lvith iessertbrce. remains constant at .1 m/s. The speed
then decreaseslrom 4 to 0 mis (ur.riform
OR acceleration).Note: deceleration is just
(a) When the tuning fork r,ibrates. a soutld
negativeacceleration. As the speedis 0 m/s,
rvave travels torvardsthe disc.
the object is at rest
Sound u'aves are longitudinal waves^and
the moleculesof air vibrate left and right L B Since the car is moving fbrrvard, only an
E.nergyfrom this soundr.vaveis transferred increasein the lbni'ard force. Q, r.r'illcause
to the disc, causing it to vibrate lefi and an increasein speed.
right as r'r,ell. -+. C Oil reduces friction betu'een the tyles and
When the disc vibratesleft and right. the the road, thus causing the car to take a
magnet moves in and out of the fired longer time to sior'vdorvtt.
coil, causing a change in the tnagrletic
5. D Since the object is stationary.the surn olthe
flux lir.rkageu ith the coil" and an induced
forces nrust be eqr-ralto zero. Thus u-hen a
is set up due to Faradal's larrs of
e.n.r.f'.
vector diagram is drar.vn.the an'orvs must
electromagneticrnductjon.
s t a n a n d e n d a t t h e s a m ep o i n t .
Sir.rcethe ma-snetis llo\ ing in and out. the
direction of tl.reindtLcedculrent changes 6. B Weight is a force. and in this case.
as r.r'ell,resultingin an altematinge.m.f. W F 2 O O- 2 0 k g
rlr: o o - rt Un
(b) Gleater loudnessresrtltsin a greateranl- .* -

plitude of oscillationof the air molecules l . D V o l u m e o f t h e c u b e : 2 x 2x 2 = 8 c m '

and the disc. resulting iu an e.m.i oi a l\'lass: density x volume : 8 r 8 : 6'1 g
largeramplitudebeing produced.
S, -\ Applying Principle of Morneuts.
(The fiequency remains the same due to clockrvisemoment- anti-clockuisemonlents
the samepitcl.t.) 1 5 0 x 0 . 7 5: F x ( 0 . 7 5+ 0 . 7 5 )
(c) Experimentn'ith Lenz's larv.
Mnke rrseof a coil of wire.
Make use connectedto
rrn'ire. ' . 7 57 5 \
r - 1 5 I0.-5
a gallanometer. 9, ,{ The tnan's centre of gravity needs to be
directly above the rope in order fbr hinl to
balance.Otherwise he u'ill f-all of1.
1 0 .D W o r k d o n e : F s
N-------3 ll.B Powcr-'i
\ \ ' - ' tt r 5 _ 8 0 = j . 0 _ 6 J \ \
<__ ).(,
Insertthe N-pole of a bar magnetinto the 12.B When the altitude (height) increases"sttch
coil ofwire, and check the deflectionon as on the top of a mountain. the atmospheric
the galvanometer. pressureis lessas there is lessarr "presslng
Basedon the deflection,and applying the down" on us, thus causing a decreasein the
direction of magnetic field lines around a height of the mercury column.
current-canyir.rgrvire. determinethe poles trnrnp RO
l l . C P r e s s u r- e* r f a r * -'..ilt N crn
of the inducedmagnet in the coil.
Since the N-pole is being pushed in, there 14.B By the kinetic parlicle theory. particles
is an induced N-pole at the right end of arein constanttnotion.ri'hetherin a solid,
the coil to oppose the change. liquid or gaseousstate.

A16
Edition
\nsu ersto O-LevelPhl'sicsYearl"v
( SAPGroupPteLtd 2008
Year2009/Year
 15.8 At a higher temperature,the molecules 25. B Sincethe metal ball is earthed,the positive
move at a greater speed. However, the charges r.vill be neutralised by electrons
pressure is the same as the piston moves fiom earth.
out, rvhich ntust mean that the rate of
26. D Electric field lines go from positive to
collision is reduced. Note: If the rate of
negative charges.
collision is greater, the pressurewill be
g r e a t e ra s u e l l . 27. B From the equation,Q - lt, rve have:
.r- .f tqn tnn a
I:T--:)us
to
16.A0-f r l0o.c-;:0_i6dt00.c
: 600
28.8 When su'itch S, and S. are closed, the
17.C During boiling. there is no change in eff'ective resistanceof the 3.0 f2 resistors
terrperature and it is the intennolecular in parallel is 1.5 Q. Thus we need another
bonds that are broken. ,1.5 Q resistor to make the total resistance
6.0 L Sri itch S..must be open, in order to
18.D This rs a transverse\vave. r.vhichmeans "lbrce" all the current to flow through the
that all the \\'ave particlesare just moving ,1.5Q lesistor.Note: If S. is closed. ther.r
up and dou n
the toial resistanceis only 1.5 Q as there is
\\'aVeorrecuon a short circuit acrossthe -1.,5
fJ resistor.

29. C To rncreasethe current. n'e need a lolr,er

resistance. uhich can be obtained by
h a r i n g a s h o n e rr r i r e .
From tiie above diagram,we can seethat P
30. D By Kirchofi's first current larv, the current
mor es dor n and Q moves up after a few
must be conserved. This means that the
lltoments.
total current must be accounted for in all
1 9 . C \ \ a r e s p e e dr .: 1 ) - ( 2 . 5 ) ( 0 . 6 0 ) 1
: . 5m / s t h e b r a n c h e so f t h e c i r c u i t .
D- i s r a n e- c; -i -. 0
-lS
llllle- ,
\nde(-l
31. B Smallest potential diflerence is uhen the
l.l
variable resistorhas the srnallest resistance,
20. D Lrght is reliacted as it entersand exits the rvhich is I kQ. Using the formula for a
-slassblock and is reflectedat the silvered potential divider, we get
surt'ace. R , r- l l - r' l
\/-- r 'r 6v-:v
R'+R,
21.A Since the hghr undergoestotal internal
reflection in the prism, the angle of 32.B Periodof u'ave: -1cn.r'. I rns'cm
incidence (-15') rrust be greater than the =8ms:8x10-rs
c r i t i c a la n g l e . ,. 1 I
f:'i:8,i4-:ll5Hz
22. B Only' statentenr I and 3 are correct.
33.A A thermistorhasa largeresistance rvhenit
Ultraviolet \\ a\ es are used in sunbeds,X-
is cold anda light-dependent resistorhasa
rays are usedntedicallvto locatefractures,
largeresistance u'henit is dark.
while infia-red s ar es are used in intmder
alanns. 3 4 .C E : P t - ( 2 k w x 2 h ) - 4 k w h
Cost=4xS0.16-50.64
23. A A frequencyof i600 Hz means that 3600
complete wa\:es are produced rn 1 second. 35.A The fuseandswitchshouldbe on the live
In 0.50 s, 1800 complete u'avelengthsare wtre.
produced.
36.A For magnetisation,
we placethe objectin
24. D Since the pitch is the same.the liequency themiddleof a solenoidandconnectit to a
must be the same. The speed of the sound D.C. supply.
dependson the rnedium (e.g. 3y1/ riater)
37.B The magneticfleld strengthis stt'ongest
and since the medium is the same. the
at Y, due to the soft iron core which
speedof soundmust be the same.
concentrates
the magneticfield lines.The

Ans$ers to C)-Levcl Physics Yearll.Edition

1.17
a SAP Groui) Pte [-rd Year2008
 strength of the magnetic field is equal at increaseas his kinetic energy increases.
X and Z" as thev are at the same distance However.as the man is tied to an elastic
from the solenoid. rope" the kinetic energy is converted to
elastic potential energy in the rope and
38. D Apply Flemin-e'sleft-handrule.
hence the man slows dou'n as he moves
Eliminate optionsA and B straightaway,as
from A to B and eventually comes to a
the fbrce must be perpendicular to BOTH
stop at B.
the direction of rnagnetic field and the
(b) Change in gravitational potential
current.
energy
39. A The magnitude of the induced e.m.t-. : 6 x g x l
depends on the rate of change of the :80kgx10N/kgx56m
magnetic field lines cutting the solenoid : ,1,1800J
(by Faraday's lar,v) (c) \4aximum kinetic energy:23000 J
. l
40.A Assuming 100% efficiency, the porver il.lnetlcenel€y-7mv-
transmitted will be the same. I
2 3 0 0 :0 t ' 8 0k g ' u '
P n , " t n . . , p p t 'P
: t'.tt
' l'rll r : 23.979 = 24.0mis
| \/ -
rmrinr Y nr:rn.
Rn.,, (a)
Vtn.,, l2t -no7ia
,r n r . * :
n' V,, Digital vollreter
, , , , , R n . , 2, 4 0 " 8

PAPER 2
Wire X
SECTION A
e . g .c o p p e r
1. (a) A vector quantity is a physical quantit)'
, wlre I
that has both magnitude and direction.
A scalar quantity is a physical qualititr-
that has magnitude only.
(b) Acceleration lnsidejetengine At 0'C
Hotjunction Coldjunction
(c) LetI cm:40N
(b) Before we can use the thermocouple
thermometer, we will need to calibrate
it. We u'ill first put the cold junction of
the thermocouple into pure nlelting ice at
0 " C a n d t h e h o t j u n c t i o ni n l o p u r e s l e l n t
at 100'C. This u'ill give us a readins in
terms of mV which will be capturedbr'
the digital voltrneter.Next r'r'eu'ill place
the hotjunction (servesas a probe) rnto
the jet engine and take note of tire ne*
l'oltmeter reading.
To calculate the temperatrlre. \\'e can
use the fomula:
. Lengthof Fu :4.3 cm V '-I '
. Tensionin stringB - 4.3 x 40 N T, ..,. ,r''
' 0 0 ,-l
' r )
loo c
: 1 7 2N
( c ) l. It respondsvery quickll to rapidl.v
' Lengthof f'.. = 2.55cm changingtemperature.
. Tensionin stringC - 2.55x 40 N 2. ltcanmeasurereryhightemperature
: t02N which cannot be done on notrnal
liquid-in-glassthen.nometer.
2 (a) As the man falls from positionA to B,
the man loses gravitationalpotential ( a ) (i) X-ray has rvarelengthbet\\'eenl0
energy. His speed of falling should to 0.01 nanometres,

A18
{nsrvers to O-[.evel Physics \early- f:dition
a SAP GrouD Pte Ltd Year2008
 L e t t h e n a r e l e n g t ho l - X - r a 1b e
1x 10em.
(ii) Usingv-fi
Assuming the speedof X-ray
- I x l{ls 11/5

'r ' - ] - . 1 ^ o 'r r o H z

1 10"
( b ) Ionisation is the physical process of
(ii) As light enters liom air to lens,
con\erting an atom or molecule into
the density changes frorn optically
an ion by adding or removing charged
less dense to denser.This causes
particles such as electrons or other
the speed of light to slou dorvn
lons.
and hence resulting in a changein
(i) X-ra1s cause ionisation whereby
direction.
ce1lsand tissues absorb sulficient
(b) The object rnustbe placed in fiont of F.
energr 1'rornradiation to break their
closer to the lens. for an image fbrmed
molecular bonds. This causesthe
to be r inr-ral.
direct modification or destruction A
, , 1 -t l t c e c l l s a t t d l i s s t t e : .c a t t s i t t g
genetic damage, early cell death,
^ t i
.l
prenratureaging and even cencer. F Y. i , ' F
a
t ii r \licro$ aves causethe temperature
"'f.
. ' i r i r l c r r t t o l e c u l e st o i n c r e a s e . ' - ' P o s i t i o no l o b j c c t
t
\ - e e l l . . t r t dt i s s u e cs o n t a i nu a t c r ,
ri hen micron'aves are absorbed, t. ( a ) (i) When V is negative,the currentI is
the lrr ing cells and tissuesrvil1 be ZCTO.
heatedand destroyed. (ii) When V is positive. the current
rvill lemain at zero fiom V: 0 V to
V:0.6 V. For V > 0.6 \'. the current
rvill increaseerponentiallv.
( b ) When V - 0.8 V" cltrrent I : 6 rnA.
A p p l y i n g O h n r ' sl a s . \ ' - R r l .
R- 0l^\ - tr.t .j = ljj t2
6 10 '_\
( c ) I do not agrecu ilh the student.
\ I

Frorn R : i. n hen I is zero,the value of

' slll/' R n rlll.cirrhnite.
( b.) K e l r a C t l \t l l ' r l C \ .l l -
.i,,1
: 'i" 1?l:r 3i8 8. ( a ) The alternating current generated by
5ll1 JU thc pori er station at the primary coil
Appl-ving the lomula to find critical u'ill inducean increasingmagneticfield
angle C. in the plimarv coil. This increasing
1 - :^l l l l and changing magnetic field induces
n - ^ . ( l , - . . \1
slll L | .-1.r
a current in the secondarycoil rvhich
- + 3 . 1 6 1= - 1 8 . ' 1 o
gives an output r.oltageof 400 000 V
Ne Vr Ne I
Ir Lu, I Iul). ri r^ r^ E ' - 25 00t)
N. v. N. 4oo ooo l 6
Therefore,the ratio Np : N.: 1 : 16.
N l l I
( i i ) B e c a u s el i g h t r a 1 ' L r n d e r o o et o
s tal (c) urr.< .
\ ^| p ,1" 6 1 20 0 0A
internal reflection as it strikes at L:750A
the optical fibre at an angie greater (d) When rve use a high voltage lor
than critical angle. t r r u s r n i s s i o no f c l e c t r i c a l c n e r q ) . the

Al9
.Ans\\'crsto L) [,evel Phl sics Yearly Edition
c S;\P Croup Pte Ltd Year2008
 current r'vill be kept low. This means 10. (a) (i) Polystyrene is a good insulattng
that less heat will be generatedand less material' As the foam seParatethe
power ''vill be lost as heat. inner u'ail with the outer v'a11,heat
conduction will be reduced'
(ii) The cooling unit is located at the
SECTION B
toP of the refrigerator. Cold air
9. (a) (i) The massof the car rvithout load is
900 kg. being denserwill descendnaturally
When the car is loadedn'ith 80 kg. and this cools the content of the
it onlY increasesthe total mass of refrigerator that is belorv the
the car bY 8.89%. cooling unit. Hot air will rise uP
When the car is loaded r'vith 160 as it is less dense and convectton
curent rvill be set uP.
kg. it only incteasesthe total mass
(iii) White smooth surface reflects heat
ofthe cal bY 17 8%
away better than dark and rough
Hence, the additional rnass will
surfaces.
onlY dectease its acceleration
slightly due to the small increasetn
(b) (i) EnergYloss bY the water
: mcAT
Percentageof the rnass.
: 100g x'1.2 J/(g'C) x (50 - 46) "C
(ii) There are t$'o main forces acttng
: 1 6 8 0J
on the car, namely the air reststance
and fiiction. As the sPeed of the (ii) Thermal energYneeded
: mcAT
car increases' the air reslstance
-3gxul.2Jl(g"C)x46"C
also increases.Most of the engine
- 579.6J
porver is used to overcome the
resistil'e tbrce and hence. the net (iii) Latent heat of fusion
polr'er uscd to increasethe speedof : I 6 8 0 - 5 1 9 . 6 : I 1 0 0 . 4J
the car uill be limited. Hence, the = 1100J
car u ill have a tnaxirnumsPeed. (iv) Latent heat of fusion : m x lr
(b) (i) From the table"marimum speedof 1100J-3xl'
the car is 10 9 nlls \ : 3 6 7 J / g( 3 s . f . )
Maximum distancetravelled bY the
1I. EITHER
car is 49 km.
(a) (i) Live means it allows electrlc
Time taken current ftom source to reach the
a p p li a n c e .
(ii) Neutral allows the same cunelrt to
return to the source and coulplete
= 4 5 0 0s ( 3 s . t . ) the circuit.
(ii) EnergyprovidedbYthe battery' (b) (i) The 5 A fuse will, Prelent an\
- po\\'erx tltne current higher than 5 A to flos
: (1.24x 1000)W x '1495s through if there ls a current sllrge'
- 1 9 . 1M . l ( 3 s . f . ) Horvever, rvhen the fuse is replaced
: :18V bY 30 A 1use,the current allosed
liii) Porver: IV 95 Ax
- : 1 5 6 0w to flon'through w'ill be increasedto
E n e r g -l P o \ \ c r ) t i m e 30 A rvhich can electrocutethe user
e n e r g } 1 9 . 1x 1 0 " J ofthe aPPliance.
| ilne - Tr(\\er : 1560w (ii) When the earlh u ire is not
- 4 18 8 . 6 connected to the metal case' th€
= 4 1 9 0s ( 3 s . f . ) metal case u'ill beconle live u'hen
(ii') We areassuming thereis no power the wire is dan.ragedand touches
the case.Anyone touchesthe metal
l o s sd u r i n gc h a r g i r rPgr o c e s s .
henceno caselvill be electrocuted.
(c) No exhaust is beinggenerated'
(c) A circuit breakerrvill s$'itch ofi all the
air pollution.

A20
\ns$ ers to O-Ler el Phl sics \tarll' Edition
q S.\P Group Ptc Llci Year2008
 circuitsin the housein a very shorttime (c) Let V* : potentialdifferenceacrossthe
if an earthleakagecuffentof morethan i.6 kQ resistor
25 mA occurs.It can breakthe circuits Let V.,.: potentialdiff-erenceacrossthe
so quickly that the risks are greatly thermistor
reduced. A t 1 0 ' C ,V R : 0 . 9V
(d) Apparatus needed: vr:6-0.9:5.1v
1) r,oltmeter At 20"C,V* = 2.2V,
2) ammeter vr: 6- 2.2:3.8Y
3 ) r.'ariable resistor(VR) A t 4 0 ' C ,V R : 3 . 6V
,1) battery Vr:6-3.6:2.4V
5) 5A fuse A t 6 0 ' C ,V R : 4 . 5 V
6) sn itch Vr:6,4.5:1.5V
7 ) l i g h tb u l b A t 8 0 ' C ,V R: 5 . 1 5V
v,:6-5.15:0.85V
A t 1 0 0 ' CV, R : 5 . 5V
V'=6 5.5=0.5V

-/
5 A fuse
Procedure: voltmeter
,-j
Z
Filst set up the apparatus as shown. readlng +
i:1, ya
\,/ :r ra T-

Control the current by adjusting the ./

r ariable resistor and the cuffent passing
,1:
through it \\,ill be displayed in the
t" \-
anlrneter. As long as the current stays
belos 5 A. the bulb will continue to
light up. But once the current increases i-\
\ -'. :
belond ,sA. the 5 A fuse lvill blow and J:: I \ _--:.1

this u ill stop current from reaching the \::

bulb and the bulb u,ill not be lighted
I
i-i:r::i-
-\ il
up. -l
rl

OR 0 20 1rr 60 80 100

(a) \Vhen temperature increases, the temperatufe ol the thermlstor/.C

( d ) Apparatus: 1) Sn'rtch
resistance
in thethermistor\,villdecrease.
Therefbre. bv Lrsing the lormula fbr 2 ) heater
3) temperatureprobe
p o l e n t i adl i r i d e r . \ U
*\ Procedure:
the potential ditterence across the 1.6 First of all. set up thg apparatus as
kS) resistor u ill increaseand this rvill shou'n in the circuit. Include a switch
be shoul br the voltmeter connected befbre the 1.6 kQ resistor. Place a
acrossthe L6 kQ resistor. heater next to the thermistor as u'eli
(b) At 40"C. the r oltmeterreadin-s: 3.6 V as a temperature probe attached to the
Applying the potentialdir ider equation: thermistor to measure the temperature

\' /' -- R , R ,
+R, \v/ of the thermistor.
By adjusting the temperature of the
1600 heaterat regular intervais, we can record
J.6-1600 6*here R is lhe
0 both the temperature of thennistor as
resistanceo I rhe thermislor: l"'ell as the potential diff-erenceacross
3 . 6 x 1 6 0 0+ 3 . 6 R : 1 6 0 0x 6 the 1.6 kf2 resistor.To obtain the graph
R : r 066.7 in Fig. 11.2, .'ve plot the p.d. recorded
R = 1070Q (3 s.f.) against the temperaturerecorded.

\ns$ers to O-[-erel Ph,u-sics

Yearly Edition
A21
C SAP Croup Pte l-td Year 2008