Answer All Questions

Part I
Answer all questions.
1. Find the value of x for which the following equation is satisfied

(1 + x)2 (1 + 2x)2 (1 + 3x)2

(2 + x)2 (2 + 2x)2 (2 + 3x)2 = −648x.

(3 + x)2 (3 + 2x)2 (3 + 3x)2
[5]
2. Find the particular solution of the differential equation

dy
3x − y = ln(x) + 1, x > 0,
dx
satisfying the condition y(1) = −2.
[5]
∫
3. Find the value of the integral z 2 ez dz, where C is an open
C
contour in the complex Z-plane as shown in the figure below.
Im Z
(0,1)
C
Re Z
(−1,0) (1,0)
[5]
4. A mass m when suspended from a light spring causes an extension

α. If a mass M is added to m, find the time period and amplitude
of the oscillation.
[2+3]
2
5. An observer in a rocket moving parallel to a long platform mea-
sures the length of the platform to be 300 meters while the length
of the platform measured by a stationary observer is 500 meters.
Find the time taken by the rocket to cover the platform with
respect to the platform observer.
[5]
6. An electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is described

by ( )
V0 3x 4y
E(x, y, z, t) = cos − − ωt ẑ
a a a
where V0 and a are constants and the other symbols have their
usual meaning. Find the wavelength and period of the wave. Also
determine the direction of propagation.
[(2+2)+1]
3
Part II
Physics
Answer any five questions.
1. (a) A block of mass M is rigidly connected to a massless vertical

circular track of radius r on a frictionless table.The distance
between the centre of the circular track and centre of the
mass M is L. A particle of mass m is restricted to move on
the vertical circular track without friction. Please see the
figure below.
y
M
r θ
m
x
(0,0)
L
i. Set up the Lagrangian using coordinates θ and x.

ii. Obtain the equations of motion.
(b) A particle of mass m is bound by a linear potential U = kr
where k is a constant.
i. For what energy and angular momentum will the orbit
be a circle of radius r about the origin?
ii. What is the frequency of this circular motion?
iii. If the particle is slightly disturbed from this circular
motion, what will be the frequency of small oscillation?
[(4+3)+(2+2+3)]
2. (a) A particle of mass m and charge q in the presence of elec-

⃗ and magnetic field B
tric field E ⃗ experiences the Lorentz
( )
force F⃗ = q E ⃗ + ⃗v×B⃗ where ⃗v is the particle velocity. If
c
E⃗ = −∇ϕ(x,
⃗ y, z) is independent of time, show that the par-
1
ticle energy 2 m⃗v .⃗v + qϕ is also independent of time.
4
ε0 ε3
b ε
2
a
(b) Consider two infinitely long cylinders, as shown in the figure

above. The inner cylinder of radius a is a conductor with
linear charge density λ1 > 0. The second cylinder with inner
radius b and outer radius c consists of a material with permit-
tivity ε3 and is uniformly charged with line charge density
λ3 < 0 (λ1 > |λ3 |). The space between the two cylinders
(i.e., a < r < b) is filled with a medium of permittivity ε2 .
The medium outside the outer cylinder possesses the permit-
tivity ε0 . Compute the potential difference between a point
at |⃗r| = 2c and the center of the inner cylinder.
[5+9]
d 2
3. (a) Consider an operator Â = dϕ 2 , acting on periodic functions
of period 2π i.e., f (ϕ + 2π) = f (ϕ), where ϕ is the azimuthal

angle in polar coordinates (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π).
i. Check whether Â is Hermitian.
ii. Determine the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of Â and
specify the degenerate eigenvalues.
(b) Consider a charged particle in one-dimensional harmonic os-
⃗
cillator potential. Suppose we turn on a weak electric field E,
so that the potential energy is shifted by an amount −qEx.
Calculate the first and second order corrections to the ener-
gies.
[(2+5)+(3+4)]
5
4. (a) A one-dimensional free particle wave function is given by
∫∞ [ ( )]
−1/2 i p2x
ψ(x, t) = (2π~) exp px x − t ϕ(px ) dpx ,
~ 2m
−∞
where the symbols have their usual meaning. Show that the
expectation values of the position ⟨x⟩ and momentum ⟨px ⟩
can be related by the expression
⟨px ⟩
⟨x⟩ = ⟨x⟩t=t0 + (t − t0 ).
m
(b) In relativistic quantum mechanics, fermions are described by

Dirac equation with the Hamiltonian
−
→
Ĥ = −i~c→
−
α . ∇ + βm0 c2 ,
where − →
α ≡ (α1 , α2 , α3 ) along three spatial directions. The
αi ’s and β are Hermitian, traceless matrices with eigenvalues
±1. The rest mass of the fermion is m0 and c is the speed
of light in vacuum.
i. Derive the equation of continuity.
ii. Show that the total probability is conserved.
[6+(6+2)]
5. (a) Calculate the number of ways in which N identical bosons

can be distributed in two energy levels.
(b) A column of a liquid contains suspended metal particles of
radius r0 which are in thermal equilibrium at temperature
T . Let the densities of the liquid and metal be ρ and ρ0
respectively. If there are N particles per unit volume at a
given height H, find the number of particles per unit volume
at a position h units above H.
(c) Consider a gas consisting of N noninteracting spins (S=1)
⃗ such that the Hamiltonian is given by
in a magnetic field B,
B Ŝz . Using canonical ensemble, find the average magneti-
zation of the gas.
[2+5+7]
6
6. (a) In tight-binding approximation the dispersion relation of
electrons in a 3D lattice is given by
Ek = α cos(kx a) + β cos(ky a) + γ cos(kz a)

where a is the lattice constant and α, β, γ are constants with
dimension of energy. Find the effective
( )mass tensor at the
corner of the first Brillouin zone πa , πa , πa .
(b) A type-II superconductor is placed in a small magnetic field,
which is then slowly increased till the field starts penetrating
the superconductor. The strength of the field at this point
is π2 × 105 Gauss. Assuming the flux-quantum (fluxoid) to
be 2 × 10−7 Gauss-cm2 , find the penetrating depth of this
superconductor.
(c) Consider a free electron gas in three-dimensional space.
i. Write the Hamiltonian of the system.
ii. Find the quantized wave vectors and allowed eigenen-
ergies for the cases of periodic and hard-wall boundary
conditions.
iii. For the above two boundary conditions, calculate the
degeneracy factor of the single-particle ground state en-
ergy. Set the system temperature at absolute zero.
[3+5+(1+4+1)]
7. (a) The orbit of a particle of mass m under a central force with

centre at the origin is described by the following trajectory
r = a(1 + cosθ), a is a constant.

i. Show that the force is inversely proportional to r4 .
ii. Write the Hamiltonian for the particle in polar coordi-
nates.
(b) Consider the following interaction:
π 0 → γ + γ.
Here a neutral π 0 meson decays into two highly energetic

photons. The rest mass of the π 0 meson is 135 MeV/c2 .
i. Find the energy of each photon when the π 0 particle
decays at rest.
7
ii. Suppose the π 0 meson decays while in motion and it
has total energy 426 MeV in the laboratory system. If
the photons now move apart at arbitrary angles with
respect to the direction of the moving meson, what are
the maximum and minimum energies the photons can
attain?
[(4+3)+(2+5)]
8. (a) Consider an interacting quantum field theory of two scalar

fields ϕ and ψ in (3+1) dimensions with the interaction term
of the form λϕψ 3 , λ being the coupling constant. Assuming
the mass of ϕ as m and ψ as massless, write down the ac-
tion of the theory. Draw possible Feynman diagrams for the
following processes:
i. One ϕ particle and one ψ particle going to two ψ parti-
cles.
ii. Two ϕ particles going to two ψ particles.
In each case label the momenta in the propagators for some
arbitrary initial and final momentum configurations.
(b) A π + meson is created in a high-energy collision of a primary
cosmic ray particle in the earth’s atmosphere 200 km above
the sea level. It descends vertically at a speed 0.99c (c is the
speed of light in vacuum) and it disintegrates, in its proper
frame, 2.5 × 10−8 seconds after its creation. Determine the
altitude above the sea level at which the disintegration oc-
curs.
[(1+3+3)+7]

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Part I

Answer all questions.

1. Find the value of x for which the following equation is satisfied

2. Find the particular solution of the diﬀerential equation

4. A mass m when suspended from a light spring causes an extension

6. An electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is described

Answer any five questions.

1. (a) A block of mass M is rigidly connected to a massless vertical

i. Set up the Lagrangian using coordinates θ and x.

2. (a) A particle of mass m and charge q in the presence of elec-

(b) Consider two infinitely long cylinders, as shown in the figure

of period 2π i.e., f (ϕ + 2π) = f (ϕ), where ϕ is the azimuthal

(b) In relativistic quantum mechanics, fermions are described by

5. (a) Calculate the number of ways in which N identical bosons

Ek = α cos(kx a) + β cos(ky a) + γ cos(kz a)

7. (a) The orbit of a particle of mass m under a central force with

r = a(1 + cosθ), a is a constant.

Here a neutral π 0 meson decays into two highly energetic

8. (a) Consider an interacting quantum field theory of two scalar

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