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8. MIL461E Standards
UNIT V EMI TEST METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Knowledge CO
S. No. Course Content
level Statement
1. U,Ap Fundamental considerations, EMI Shielding effectiveness tests
3. What are the basic differences between conducted and radiated emission?(Nov/Dec
2016)(Nov.2018)
Conducted emission: The conduction coupling between an emitter and a receptor occurs via
a direct conduction path between the emitter and receptor.
Radiated emission: The radiation coupling between an emitter and a receptor results from a
transfer of electromagnetic energy through a radiation path.
24. List the three aspects of the EMC problem to form the basic framework of any
EMC design. (Apr/ May 2019)
A system is electromagnetically compatible with it’s environment if it satisfies the three
criteria:
It does not cause interference with other systems
It is not susceptible to emissions (conducted, radiated) from other systems.
It does not cause interference with itself
PART B (C405.1)
1. (i) Describe natural sources of EMI.
(ii) Briefly explain any two EMI problems with examples.
2. Explain in detail classification of EMI.
3. Explain the various mechanisms in which electromagnetic interference can travel from
its source to the receptor. (Nov/Dec 2016)
4. Write short notes on: (i) EMC testing categories (ii) Inter system EMI.
5. Give a detailed account on (i) manmade noise (ii) Electrostatic Discharge
6. (i)Discuss on the strong sources of atmospheric noise.
2. What is the maximum value of the mutual inductance between two coils?
The mutual inductance has a relationship with the coupling coefficient. The coupling
coefficient is always between 1 and 0, and is a convenient way to specify the relationship
between a certain orientation of inductors with arbitrary inductance:
Mutual Induc tan ce M k L1 L2
Where k is the coupling coefficient and 0 ≤ k ≤ 1,
L1 is the inductance of the first coil, and
L2 is the inductance of the second coil.
Maximum value of mutual inductance is M L1 L2
6. What are the various techniques used to eliminate ground loop?(April 2018)
Ground loop can be eliminated by,
- inserting a transformer
- inserting a common mode choke
- inserting an optical isolator
- using a balanced circuit
17. What do you mean by power mains and power supply coupling?
This involves conducted emission on AC or DC unregulated power mains, where the
emission may be harmonics of 50 Hz, 60 Hz, narrow band signals from intentional emitters,
or broad band energy from pulse-type or transient causing sources. The coupling of EMI
associated with power mains also includes emissions generated by equipment that are
coupled in to the power mains and potentially can interfere with other equipment on the line.
20. What are the factors that influence grounding scheme? (Nov/Dec 2016)
type of circuitry
frequency of operation
size of the system
whether it is self-contained or distributed
safety
ESD protections
The pigtail connection shown in figure is used to connect the outer conductor of a
coaxial line to a shielded box. Pigtail connections cause the shield current to be concentrated
on one side of the shield and are therefore liable to degrade shielding effectiveness.
An electrically short pigtail does not radiate significantly at low frequencies, but it can
excite external currents on the outside surface of a coaxial line which in turn result in RF
leakage and cross talk. At higher frequencies, the pigtail can be a source of RF leakage.
PART B (C405.2)
1. How do cable coupling, near and far coupling of EM fields produced can be reduced?
How to enhance immunity of circuits/equipments and systems?
2. (i)Explain conducted, radiated and common impedance ground coupling with example.
(ii) Discuss about transient coupling.
3. What is Differential mode coupling? How do radiated coupling and transient coupling
vary from DMC?
4. Discuss the impact of radiated common mode and differential mode coupling. Also
explain how the surges on main power supply affect appliances and how it can be avoided
with appropriate design. (Nov/Dec 2016)
5. Explain Common mode, Differential mode and ground loop coupling. (Nov/Dec 2016)
6. Discuss on the sources of transients and their effects in electrical power supply lines
7. (i) Describe the cable related emissions and coupling briefly.
(ii) Demonstrate the common impedance ground couplings with examples.
(Apr/May2017) (Nov/Dec 2018)
8. (i) Explain how common mains supply acts as a frequent source of conducted interference.
(ii)Illustrate the electromagnetic impact of cable coupling in a system design.
(Apr/May 2017)
9. Write short notes on:
(i) Conducted coupling (ii) Near- field coupling (iii) Far field coupling (Nov/Dec 2017)
10. Explain in detail about transient sources and automotive transients. (Nov/Dec 2017)
11. (i) Compare radiated DM coupling and radiated CM coupling.
(ii) Explain the separation of conducted emissions into common and different mode
currents for diagnostic purposes. (Apr/May2018)
12 (i) Write the principle behind EFT and Surge. What are the typical modes of noise
coupling? List the basic elements of EMI situations.
(ii) Explain the relation between ground loops and subsystem decoupling. (Apr/May2018)
13. Explain in detail about radiation coupling and conduction coupling. (Nov/Dec 2018)
14. Discuss in detail how transients affect electronic systems. Explain automotive transients
and its detrimental effects. (Apr/May 2018)
E-Field,
E1
shielding effectiveness (dB) 20 log 10
E2
E1 electric field at the receptor without a shielding barrier
E 2 electric field at the receptor with a shielding barrier
H-Field,
H
shielding effectiveness (dB) 20 log 10 1
H2
H 1 magnetic field at the receptor without a shielding barrier
H 2 magnetic field at the receptor with a shielding barrier
The intent in using a single-point ground system is to prevent currents of two different
subsystems from sharing the same return path and producing common impedance coupling.
PART B(C405.3)
4. What are the FCC limits for conducted and radiated emissions for class A
equipments? (Nov/Dec 2016)
Frequency range Class A equipment Other than class A
equipment
Conducted emission, dB V
0.45 – 1.705 MHz 60 47.9
1.705 – 30 MHz 69 47.9
Radiated emission dB V /m
30 – 88 MHz 39 40
88 – 216 MHz 43.5 43.5
216 – 960 MHz 46.4 46
Above 960 MHz 49 54
7. Give the immunity limits for pulsed interferences specified by IEC and EN.
Immunity IEC 801 EN 55101
Electrostatic discharge
- contact discharge 8 kV 3 kV
- air discharge 15 kV 8 kV
Electrical Fast Transients
1- 4 kV 1- 4 kV
( 5 ns rise time and 50 ns pulse
( 5 kHz prf) ( 4 kHz prf)
width)
Electrical surges 1- 4 kV 1- 4 kV
(1.2/50 s surges) ( 0.7 – 3 kA) ( 0.7 – 3 kA)
19.Give the FCC/CISPR conducted emission limits for class A digital devices.
21.Give the FCC/CISPR conducted emission limits for class B digital devices.
22. Analyze the key for conducted emission (CE) EMC standards. (April/May 2017)
Limitation on the noise current conducted out through the AC power chord of the
product is specified in the CE EMC standards.
For Eg: IEC/CISPR specifies the following restrictions for class A equipment for the
frequency range 0.5-5.0MHz.
73 dBµV – Quasi peak detector measurement
60 dBµV – Average detector measurement
26. What are the classes of EMC requirements imposed on electronic systems?
(Apr/May 2018)
There are basically two classes of EMC requirements that are imposed on electronic systems:
1. Those mandated by governmental agencies
2. Those imposed by the product manufacturer
The requirements imposed by governmental agencies are legal requirements and
generally cannot be waived. These requirements are imposed in order to minimize the
interference produced by the product.
EMC requirements that manufacturers voluntarily impose on their products are
intended to result in customer satisfaction. They are imposed for the purpose of ensuring a
reliable, quality product.
Compliance with both of these EMC requirements is critical to the success of the
product in the marketplace.
28. Point out the parameters that involves in testing and evaluation of EMI and EMC?
(NOV/DEC 2018)
The test and evaluation for Electromagnetic Interfernce(EMI) and Electromagnetic
Compatibility(EMC) involves measurements and compliance relating to
Conducted Emission(CE)
Radiated Emission(RE)
Susceptibility/Immunity to Conducted emission ( CS)
Susceptibility/Immunity to Radiated emission ( RS)
PART B (C405.4)
1. Discuss in detail the specifications for emissions and susceptibility given in MIL-STD-
461E. (Nov/Dec 2016)
2. Why do the standards vary with reference to civilian and military applications? What are
the various standards for civilian applications? Discuss them in detail.
3. Discuss in detail on the FCC regulations for class A and class B devices.
4. Explain the civilian standards FCC, CISPR and IEC in detail. (Nov/Dec 2016)
5. (i) What is the need for EMI standards? Explain. (ii)Discuss briefly on FCC regulations.
6. What is the purpose of EMI standards and give different types of standards followed in
different countries.
7. Write notes on the following standards: (i) BSI (ii) AS/NZS
8. Discuss in detail the specifications for emissions and susceptibility given in ANSI.
9. Summarize FCC and CISPR conducted and Radiated Emission standards. (Apr/May
2017)
10. Write short notes on
(i) BSI (ii) CENELEC (Apr/May 2017)
11. Briefly explain the following standards:
(i) CISPR (ii) CENELEC (Nov/Dec 2017)
12 .Explain in detail about the CE, CS, RE, RS limits in military standards. (Nov/Dec 2017)
13. Explain the measurement of radiated and conducted emission for verification of
compliance. (Apr/May 2018)
14. (i) List out the emission and susceptibility requirements of MIL-STD-461E.
(ii) List the requirements for commercial products marketed in the United States.
(Apr/May 2018)
15. Explain in detail about various military standards. (Nov/Dec 2018)
16. Explain VDE and Euro norms for EMI/EMC. (Nov/Dec 2018)
5. Why are EMI measurements normally performed in open area test sites?
EMI measurements are normally performed in OATS. In a carefully prepared open area
test sites, there will not be scattering and reflection of signals. If these measurements are done
in a room or in an enclosed area, there may be reflections or scattering of signals from walls,
floor and ceiling which may give rise to error in test results.
11. List some commonly used test antenna and the useful frequency range for each.
(Nov/Dec 2016)
Test antenna Frequency range MHz
Rod antenna 0.01-30
Loop antenna 0.01-30
Biconical antenna 30-220
Dipole antenna 30-1000
Log periodic antenna 200-1000
Conical log spiral 200-10,000
Double edged waveguide 1000-18000
Waveguide horn Above 1000
14. List the commonly used radiated interference measurement facilities and the useful
frequency range of each.
Microwave anechoic chamber- above few hundred MHz
TEM cell- up to few hundred MHz
GTEM Cell – Wide frequency range Up to GHz
19. Give out the need for feed through capacitors. (NOV/DEC 2017)
Feed through capacitors are used for filtering EMI in high frequency applications. Feed
through capacitors are available with resonant frequency well above 1 GHz. Feed through
capacitors are three terminal capacitors designed to reduce inherent lead inductance.
22. Give the list of antennas used for microwave frequencies. (April/May 2017)
Micro strip patch antenna
Horn antenna
Parabolic antenna
Plasma antenna
28. A log periodic antenna is to be used from 500MHz to 10GHz. Determine the length
of the shortest and longest terminals. (Nov/Dec 2018)
λmax = C/fmin =3x 108/500x106=0.6m
λmin = C/fmax =3x 108/109= 0.3m
Lmin = λmin/2 = 0.15m
Lmax==λmax/2 = 0.3m
PART B (C405.5)
1. Explain the measurement procedure for RE using OATS.
2. Give a detailed account on anechoic chamber used for EMI measurement and explain the
procedure for RE and RS measurement. (Nov/Dec 2016)
3. Explain the various EMI test instruments and EFT test bed.
4. What do you mean by open area test site and explain how radiation susceptibility
measurements are done?
5. Write notes on: (i) Current probes (ii) Feed through capacitor (iii) LISN
6. Give a detailed account on EMI test receivers and EMI test wave simulators. (Nov/Dec
2016)
7. With neat diagram, explain the super-heterodyne spectrum analyzer. (Apr/May 2017)
8. Define EMI test receiver. Explain. List out the key features used to design EMI test
receiver. (Apr/May 2017)
9. Describe about the open area test site measurements. What are its limitations? Outline the
characteristics of open area test site.(Nov/Dec 2017)
10. (i) Formulate the various EMI Test Instruments
(ii)Develop a test bed for EFT. (Nov/Dec 2017)
11. Explain the application of spectrum analyzer in EMI/EMC area. Distinguish between
intentional antennas and unintentional antennas. (April/May 2018)
St.Joseph’s college of Engineering/ St.Joseph’s Institute of Technology 28
EC6011- Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility Department of ECE 2019-2020
12. (i) Write the purpose and methodology for EMC system.
(ii) Explain the significance of shielding effectiveness tests. Write the application of
current probes. (April/May 2018)
13. What do you understand from TEM cell? Discuss any one measurement using TEM cell.
(Nov/Dec 2018)
14. Write notes on Broadband measurement antennas.
(i) The Biconical antenna
(ii) Log Periodic antenna (Nov/Dec 2018)