See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260044387

A Comprehensive Review on the Progress of

Lead Zirconate-Based Antiferroelectric
Materials

Article in Progress in Materials Science · June 2014

DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.01.002

CITATIONS READS

78 148

4 authors:

Xihong Hao Jiwei Zhai

Inner Mongolia University of Science and Tec… Tongji University
80 PUBLICATIONS 947 CITATIONS 425 PUBLICATIONS 4,385 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

L.B Kong Zhengkui Xu

Nanyang Technological University City University of Hong Kong
241 PUBLICATIONS 4,211 CITATIONS 197 PUBLICATIONS 3,973 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Transparent ceramics, Functional ceramics, Nanocomposites for energy storages View project

High energy-storage density in glass-ceraimcs View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Zhengkui Xu on 19 August 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document
and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

CERAMICS
INTERNATIONAL
Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]
www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint

Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric

properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics
Shengbo Lua,n, Zhengkui Xua, Ruzhong Zuob
a
Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
b
Institute of Electro Ceramics and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei 230009, China
Received 1 May 2014; received in revised form 16 May 2014; accepted 16 May 2014

Abstract

The effect of domain structures on the piezoelectric properties of three typical lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, (1
x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3
xBa-
TiO3, (Na0.52K0.48
x)(Nb0.95
xTa0.05)O3
xLiSbO3 and 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3, have been studied by transmission electron
microscopy. By adding BaTiO3 in single phase Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, domain structure changed from irregular domains into submicron lamellar
domains and polar nano-regions. While in the later two system, regular submicron domains with nanodomains inside formed, which is an
important feature of these two systems. It is suggested that the changes in domain structures in these systems have a dominant effect in the
enhancement of the piezoelectric properties, comparing with single phase Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, Na0.5K0.5NbO3 and BaTiO3.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Keywords: B. Electron microscopy; C. Piezoelectric properties; D. Perovskites

1. Introduction systems, such as Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) and Pb

(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PZN-PT). It is found that domain
Environmental concerns with the toxicity of lead in lead-based structures of these systems show a common feature: high-piezo-
piezoelectric ceramics represented by Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and the electric-response MPB composition always coincides with a
legislative restriction of lead use in electronic devices in the “miniaturized domain structure,” which manifests itself as an
European Union and part of Asia have stimulated intensive “adaptive phase” consisting of nanodomains [13–18]. It should
search for lead-free piezoelectric materials worldwide [1–3]. be noted that expression “nanodomains” here loosely refers to the
In the past decades, extensive studies have been carried out on structure of ferroelectric domain walls where separation of
three typical Pb-free systems, including (Bi1
xNax)TiO3-(BNT), adjacent domain walls is on the order of tens of nanometers
(Na1
xKx)NbO3-(NKN) and BaTiO3-(BT) based systems. The rather than hundreds of nanometers or more and is different from
piezoelectric properties of these systems have been significantly the definition “polar nanoregions (PNRs)” which are frequently
enhanced through chemical modification and different processing found in relaxor ferroelectrics [19]. PNRs are generally consid-
routes, and some of them get close to and even better than those ered as a result of local compositional fluctuations in relaxor
of PZT systems [4–12]. It is well known that the macroscopic ferroelectrics so that the crystal consists of nanosize polar islands
physical properties of ferroelectric materials, such as dielectric, which are short-range ordered and embedded into a cubic matrix
ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, are closely related to in which the symmetry remains unchanged [20]. While the
microscopic domain structures. Therefore, intensive studies have formation of nanodomains are due to vanishing of the anisotropy
been focused on domain structures and the corresponding of polarization and a drastic decrease in domain wall energy in
crystallographic features of PZT and other Pb-based piezoelectric ferroelectric solid solutions with morphotropic boundaries [17].
Therefore, a better fundamental understanding of microscopic
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ852 95818731. domain structure and macroscopic property interrelationship is
E-mail address: shengbo.lu@yahoo.com (S. Lu). highly important for achieving a further improvement of

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
0272-8842/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
2 S. Lu et al. / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

Table 1 piezoelectric properties of Pb-free ceramics. Unfortunately, in the

Piezoelectric properties of three typical lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. past, only the domain structure of BNT-based systems has been
BNT BNT–BT NKN NKTN-LSO BT BZT-BCT
studied in detail [4,21–24]. Currently, the outstanding piezo-
electric properties of NKN-based system have been mostly
d33 (pC/N) 98 231 80–160 328 500 620 attributed to the composition driven phase transitions [7]. Mean-
Kp (%) 48 41 23–40 50 50 56 while, a d33 as high as 620 pC/N have been recently reported in
Tc (1C) 315–337 280 400 320 120 94
one of the BT-based system, 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)
Reference [27] [6] [5] [7] [10] [12]
TiO3 (BZT-BCT) [12]. Moreover, its parent system, BaTiO3
BNT–BT—0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3. ceramic, has been also reported to have a high d33 of 4500
NKTN-LSO—(Na0.52K0.4335)(Nb0.9035Ta0.05)O3–0.0465LiSbO3. pC/N processed by a two-step sintering method [10,11].
BZT-BCT—0.50Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)TiO3–0.50(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3.
Mostly recently, domain structures of the NKN-based and

Fig. 1. Bright-field images for various (1
x)BNT-xBT compositions: (a) x ¼0, (b) x ¼0.06, (c) x¼ 0.07, (d) x¼ 0.09, and SAED of 0.94BNT-0.06BT along
〈0 0 1〉c (e) and (f) 〈0 1 1〉c zone axis. Arrows in (e) and (f) indicate the 1/2〈1 1 0〉c and 1/2〈1 1 1〉c superlattice spots, respectively. “n” indicates the
transmitted beam.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
 S. Lu et al. / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3

BT-based system have been investigated by transmission electron 3. Results and discussion
microscopy [25,26]. However, comparisons of domain structures
are still missing among different Pb-free piezoceramic systems. In Table 1 lists the best piezoelectric properties of the three
this work, a comparative study of the domain structures of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic systems, comparing with those
three Pb-free piezoelectric systems was carried out by transmis- of pure BNT, NKN and BT ceramics. Clearly, a significant
sion electron microscopy (TEM). Differences in measured piezo- improvement of piezoelectric properties can be found in
electric properties among the three systems are discussed in terms the modified systems comparing with their single phase
of observed different features of domains in corresponding lead- counterparts. This improvement will be related to the domain
free systems. structure in different systems as analyzed blow.
Fig. 1 shows a series of TEM bright field images revealing the
change in the domain structure with the addition of BT and
2. Experimental procedure selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns along 〈0 0 1〉c
and 〈0 1 1〉c zone axis from the MPB BNT–BT with x¼ 0.06.
(1
x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3
xBaTiO3 ((1-x)BNT–xBT), (Na0.52 Single phase BNT with x¼ 0 has an irregular or dirty domain
K0.48
x)(Nb0.95
xTa0.05)O3
xLiSbO3 (NKTN-xLSO) and structure (Fig. 1(a)), while the BNT–BT with x¼ 0.06 and 0.07
0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT-BCT) ceramics near MPB shows a combination domain structure of PNRs and
were fabricated by a conventional solid-state reaction method. fine lamellar domains (Fig. 1(b) and (c)). With a further increase
The specimens for TEM studies were prepared from bulk of BT concentration, x¼ 0.09, PNRs become the dominant
samples by mechanical thinning to  10 μm, followed by ion domain structure, which is a typical domain contrast of relaxor
milling to perforation. All specimens were annealed at 80 1C ferroelectrics (Fig. 1(d)) [28]. These results are quite consistent to
for at least one day to release the stress induced during the results reported by Ma et al. recently [29], and indicate that
preparation. TEM studies were carried out on a Philips CM20 the addition of BT has a significant impact on domain structure
microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. in the BNT–BT system, which will correspondingly affect the
Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns were macroscopic properties of the lead-free ceramics. In addition,
recorded at 120 kV. crystal structure of the MPB BNT–BT ceramic with x¼ 0.06 was

Fig. 2. Bright-field images for various NKTN-xLSO compositions: (a) Na0.5K0.5NbO3, (b) x¼ 0.0405, (c) x¼ 0.0465, (d) x ¼0.0495.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
4 S. Lu et al. / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

further studied by SAED patterns along 〈0 0 1〉c and 〈0 1 1〉c Fig. 2 shows a series of TEM bright field images revealing the
zone axis, as shown in Fig. 1(e) and (f). It has been well founded changes in domain structure of NKTN-LSO lead-free piezoelectric
and accepted that two types of oxygen octahedral tilting exist in ceramics with LSO content (Fig. 2(a)). Similar to pure BNT, very
polar ferroelectric phases, low temperature R3c phase and high irregular domains are observed in pure NKN. This type of domain
temperature P4bm phase, of pure BNT [30], which can be becomes less pronounced with the addition of 5 at% Ta and with
described as a
a
a
and a0a0c þ tilt systems after the notation increased LSO concentration (Fig. 2(b)–(d)). With small amount
of Glazer [31]. The octahedral tilting results in superlattice of LSO adding into NKTN, x¼ 0.0405, it can be seen that some
reflections of the type 1/2{ooo} for rhombohedral R3c and 1/2 submicron lamellar domains with nanodomains inside begin to
{ooe} for tetragonal P4bm [13], where o and e denote the odd appear although irregular domains still exist (Fig. 2(b)). When the
and even Miller indices, respectively. In this case, both super- LSO concentration is increased to x¼ 0.0465, submicron lamellar
lattice reflections were observed, indicating the coexistence of domains with nanodomains inside become the dominant domain
rhombohedral and tetragonal phases in the BNT–BT ceramics structure in the lead-free ceramics (Fig. 2(c)). With further increase
with x¼ 0.06. of LSO concentration to x¼ 0.0495, a typical tetragonal domain

Fig. 3. Bright-field image (a) and 〈0 0 1〉c CBED patterns ((b) and (c)) of NKTN-LSO with x¼ 0.0465, which has the largest d33 in the NKTN-LSO system.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
 S. Lu et al. / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 5

structure with both 901 and 1801 domains can be observed. The this composition due to the existence of nanodomains which
results are quite consistent with the x-ray diffraction results in our response to an external electric field more noticeably than
previous report in which it was revealed that two phase coexis- microdomains [14] and the coexistence of orthorhombic and
tence, orthorhombic and tetragonal phase, was found in NKTN- tetragonal phase in individual domains.
LSO with 0.0405rxo0.0495, while only a single tetragonal Fig. 4 shows typical domain structures of BT (a) and BZT-
phase was found in the NKTN-LSO with x¼ 0.0495 [7]. In this BCT (b)–(d). Pure BT exhibits typical submicron lamellar
system, NKTN-LSO with x¼ 0.0465 has the best piezoelectric domains (Fig. 4(a)). Domain structures changes from signifi-
property as shown in Table 1. To investigate the origin of high cantly with addition of Zr and Ca, as shown in Fig. 4(b)–(d).
piezoelectric response, further domain structure of NKTN-LSO Not only both rhombohedral domains (Fig. 4(b) and (c)) and
with x¼ 0.0465 was studied by bright field image and CBED tetragonal domains (Fig. 4(d)) were observed but also nano-
patterns, as shown in Fig. 3. Micro-domains with nano-domains of domains with several tens of nanometers inside of submicron
 50 nm in width inside were observed, as shown in Fig. 3(a). lamellar domains, which is very similar to that observed in
This important feature was found in lead-based piezoelectric PZT, PMN-PT, and PZN-PT piezoelectric systems [13–18].
materials as well, such as PZT ceramics, PMN-PT, and PZN-PT Accordingly, this is believed to be the reason why BZT-BCT
single crystals [13–18], and was attributed to their high piezo- shows the best piezoelectric response at room temperature
electric coefficient. As mentioned above, NKTN-LSO with among the three systems compared in this work.
x=0.0465 has a coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phase. According to the classical theory of ferroelectric domains, the
These phases could be distinguished with CBED within a single domain size is proportional to the square root of domain wall
nanodomain because they belong to different space group Bmm2 energy, since domain size is determined by a balance between
and P4mm thus mirror planes parallel to different directions will the energy of domain wall and the energies of electric and elastic
be obtains along a given zone axis [15]. Based on this method, the fields caused by the spontaneous polarization and strain [32].
coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phase in indivi- Accordingly, the corresponding domains have been miniaturized
dual domains was then confirmed by CBED patterns along in MPB regime, as has been observed in the three systems
pseudocubic 〈0 0 1〉c zone axis, in which a mirror plane parallel studied in this work. With lowered energy of nano-sized domain
to 〈1 1 0〉 direction in the orthorhombic phase and to 〈0 1 0〉 walls, the miniaturized domains can be more easily reoriented
direction in the tetragonal phase can be seen in Fig. 3(b) and (c). under external applied electrical field, which leads to strong
As a consequence, a high piezoelectric constant can be expected in piezoelectricity.

Fig. 4. Bright-field images of BaTiO3 ceramics (a) and of BZT-BCT ((b)–(d)). “gb” in (a) indicates grain boundaries that separate three adjacent grains, A–C.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
6 S. Lu et al. / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

4. Conclusions [8] Ruzhong Zuo, Jian Fu, G.Z. Yin, X.L. Li, J.Z. Jiang, Electric field
induced phase instability in typical (Na,K)(Nb,Sb)O3–LiTaO3 ceramics
In summary, a systematic study of the effect of domain near orthorhombic and tetragonal phase boundary, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101
(2012) 092906.
structure on the piezoelectric properties in three typical lead- [9] T. Takennaka, K. Maruyama, K. Sakata, (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3
free piezoelectric ceramics, BNT–BT, NKTN-LSO, and BZT- system for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1
BCT, was performed by transmission electron microscopy. For 30 (1991) 2236.
single phase BNT, NKN and BT, irregular or dirty domains exist [10] T. Karaki, K. Yan, M. Adachi, Subgrain microstructure in high-
in the first two and submicron straight lamellar domains in the performance BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics, Appl. Phys. Express 1
(2008) 111402.
third. These two kinds of domain features as well as single phase
[11] Yu Huan, Xiaohui Wang, Jian Fang, Longtu Li, Grain size effects on
crystal structure make polarization switching process difficult in piezoelectric properties and domain structure of BaTiO3 ceramics
three pure ceramics. Domain structures in NKTN-LSO and BZT- prepared by two-step sintering, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (2013)
BCT ceramics were compared as well. A domain miniaturization 3369–3371.
was found in these two systems when their compositions reach [12] W.F. Liu, X.B. Ren, Large piezoelectric effect in Pb-free ceramics, Phys.
the MPB regime, which contributes to the high piezoelectric Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 257602.
[13] D.I. Woodward, J. Knudsen, I.M. Reaney, Review of crystal and domain
response. Regular submicron lamellar domains with nanodomains
structures in the PbZrxTi1
xO3 solid solution, Phys. Rev. B: Condens.
inside are an important feature of domain configurations in these Matter 72 (2005) 104110.
two Pb-free systems. On the other hand, fine tweed-like and [14] R. Theissmann, L.A. Schmitt, J. Kling, R. Schierholz, K.A. Schönau,
nanodomains were observed in BNT–BT. In addition, at least H. Fuess, M. Knapp, H. Kungl, M.J. Hoffmann, Nanodomains in
two phases coexistence were found in all three MPB composi- morphotropic lead zirconate titanate ceramics: on the origin of the strong
tions. Both observed domain features and two phase coexistence piezoelectric effect, J. Appl. Phys. 102 (2007) 024111.
[15] H. Wang, J. Zhu, X.W. Zhang, Y.X. Tang, H.S. Luo, Domain structure of
facilitate polarization switching process, which result in much adaptive orthorhombic phase in [1 1 0]-poled Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.5%
strong piezoelectric effect. Among three studied Pb-free systems, PbTiO3 single crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008) 132906.
observed domain structure in BZT-BCT is very close to that [16] F. Bai, J.F. Li, D. Viehland, Domain hierarchy in annealed (0 0 1)-
reported in the excellent PZT ceramics, PMN-PT and PZN-PT oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3
x%PbTiO3 single crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett.
piezoelectric crystals, which is believed to be the reason why 85 (2004) 2313–2315.
[17] Y.M. Jin, Y.U. Wang, A.G. Khachaturyan, J.F. Li, D. Viehland,
BZT-BCT exhibits the highest piezoelectric response among the
Conformal miniaturization of domains with low domain-wall energy:
three systems studied in this work. monoclinic ferroelectric states near the morphotropic phase boundaries,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 197601.
[18] U. Belegundu, K. Uchino, Effect of electric field on domain formation in
relaxor based Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystals, Ferroelectr. Lett
Acknowledgments 26 (1999) 107–116.
[19] Q. Tan, Z. Xu, J.F. Li, D. Viehland, Role of defect distributions and
mobility on ferroelectric phase transformations in lead zirconate titanate,
The work was supported by a grant from the Research
Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 1062–1064.
Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative [20] A.A. Bokov, Z.G. Ye, Recent progress in relaxor ferroelectrics with
Region, China (Project no. 9041211). perovskite structure, J. Mater. Sci. 41 (2006) 31–52.
[21] V. Dorcet, G. Trolliard, A transmission electron microscopy study of the
A-site disordered perovskite Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, Acta Mater. 56 (2008)
1753–1761.
References [22] C.W. Tai, S.H. Choy, H.L.W. Chan, Ferroelectric domain morphology
evolution and octahedral tilting in lead-free (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–(Bi1/2K1/2)
[1] S.O. Leontsev, R.E. Eitel, Progress in engineering high strain lead-free TiO3–(Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 ceramics at different temperatures, J. Am.
piezoelectric ceramics, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 11 (2010) 044302. Ceram. Soc. 91 (2008) 3335–3341.
[2] P.K. Panda, Review: Environmental friendly lead-free piezoelectric [23] V. Dorcet, G. Trolliard, P. Boullay, Reinvestigation of phase transitions
materials, J. Mater. Sci. 44 (2009) 5049–5062. in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 by TEM. Part I: First order rhombohedral to orthor-
[3] T.R. Shrout, S.J. Zhang, Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: alternatives for hombic phase transition, Chem. Mater. 20 (2008) 5061–5073.
PZT?, J Electroceram 19 (2007) 111–124. [24] C. Ma, X. Tan, In situ transmission electron microscopy study on the
[4] M. Murayama Deepam Maurya, A. Pramanick, W.T. Reynolds Jr., phase transitions in lead-free (1
x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3
xBaTiO3 ceramics,
Ke An, Shashank Priya, Origin of high piezoelectric response in A-site J. Am. Ceram. Soc 94 (2011) 4040–4044.
disordered morphotropic phase boundary composition of lead-free piezo- [25] Jian Fu, Ruzhong Zuo, Zhengkui Xu, High piezoelectric activity in (Na,
electric 0.93(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–0.07BaTiO3, J. Appl. Phys. 113 (2013) K)NbO3 based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: contribution of nanodo-
114101. mains, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 (2011) 062901.
[5] J. Rödel, W. Jo, K. Seifert, E.-M. Anton, T. Granzow, D. Damjanovic, [26] Jinghui Gao, Dezhen Xue, Yu Wang, Dong Wang, Lixue Zhang,
Perspective on the development of lead-free piezoceramics, J. Am. Haijun Wu, Shengwu Guo, Huixin Bao, Chao Zhou, Wenfeng Liu,
Ceram. Soc. 92 (2009) 1153–1177. Ge Sen Hou, Xiao, Xiaobing Ren, Microstructure basis for strong
[6] Dunmin Lin, Dingquan Xiao, Jianguo Zhu, Ping Yu, Piezoelectric and piezoelectricity in Pb-free Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 ceramics,
ferroelectric properties of [Bi0.5(Na1
x
yKxLiy)0.5]TiO3 lead-free piezo- Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 (2011) 092901.
electric ceramics, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006) 062901. [27] B. Jaffe, W.R. Cook, H. Jaffe, Piezoelectric Ceramics, Academic Press,
[7] R.Z. Zuo, J. Fu, X.H. Wang, L.T. Li, Phase transition and domain London, 1971.
variation contributions to piezoelectric properties of alkaline niobate [28] M.A. Akbas, I.M. Reaney, W.E. Lee, Domain structure–property rela-
based lead-free systems, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron 21 (2010) tions in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics, J. Mater. Res. 11
519–522. (1996) 2293–2301.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
 S. Lu et al. / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 7

[29] C. Ma, X. Tan, Phase diagram of unpoled lead-free–ceramics, Solid State [31] A.M. Glazer, Simple ways of determining perovskite structures, Acta
Commun. 150 (2010) 1497–1500. Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr. 31 (1975) 756–762.
[30] G.O. Jones, P.A. Thomas, Investigation of the structure and phase [32] G.A. Rossetti Jr., A.G. Khachaturyan, G. Akcay, Y. Ni, Ferroelectric
transitions in the novel A-site substituted distorted perovskite compound solid solutions with morphotropic boundaries: vanishing polarization
Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 58 (2002) anisotropy, adaptive, polar glass, and two-phase states, J. Appl. Phys. 103
168–178. (2008) 114113.

Please cite this article as: S. Lu, et al., Comparative study of the effect of domain structures on piezoelectric properties in three typical Pb-free piezoceramics,
Ceramics International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.070
View publication stats