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Advanced Engineering Mathematics MATH 133: Engr. Christopher S. Paladio

This document provides an overview of matrices and linear algebra concepts taught in an Advanced Engineering Mathematics course. It defines matrices and vectors, describes rules for matrix addition and scalar multiplication, and covers matrix multiplication, transposition, inverses, and solving systems of linear equations using Gaussian elimination and inverse matrices. The instructor is Engr. Christopher S. Paladio and examples and exercises are provided to illustrate key concepts.

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Christopher Paladio
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49 views

Advanced Engineering Mathematics MATH 133: Engr. Christopher S. Paladio

This document provides an overview of matrices and linear algebra concepts taught in an Advanced Engineering Mathematics course. It defines matrices and vectors, describes rules for matrix addition and scalar multiplication, and covers matrix multiplication, transposition, inverses, and solving systems of linear equations using Gaussian elimination and inverse matrices. The instructor is Engr. Christopher S. Paladio and examples and exercises are provided to illustrate key concepts.

Uploaded by

Christopher Paladio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVANCED ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS
MATH 133

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO


• It is a rectangular array of numbers (or functions) enclosed in
brackets. These number (or functions) are called the entries (or
sometimes the elements) of the matrix.

• It is denoted by capital boldface letters A, B, C, … or by writing


the general entry in the brackets;
• 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• VECTORS
• It is a matrix with only one row or column. Its entries are called the
components of the vector.
• It is usually denoted by lowercase boldface letters, a, b, c,… or by its
general component in brackets,

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• EQUALITY OF MATRICES
• Two matrices 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 are equal, written 𝐴 = 𝐵, if and
only if they have the same size and the corresponding entries are equal,
that is 𝑎11 = 𝑏11 , 𝑎12 = 𝑏12 , and so on. Matrices that are not equal are
called different.

• ADDITION OF MATRICES
• The sum of two matrices 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 of the same size is
written 𝐴 + 𝐵 and has the entries 𝑎𝑗𝑘 + 𝑏𝑗𝑘 obtained by adding the
corresponding entries of A and B.
• Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• SCALAR MULTIPLICATION (MULTIPLICATION BY A NUMBER)
• The product of any 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 and any scalar c is written cA
and is the 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix c𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎𝑗𝑘 obtained by multiplying each entry
of A by c.

• RULES FOR MATRIX ADDITION AND SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• Find the following expressions
or give reasons why they are
undefined.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
• The product 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 (in this order) of an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 times an
𝑟 𝑥 𝑝 matrix 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 is defined if and only if 𝑟 = 𝑛 and is then the
𝑚 𝑥 𝑝 matrix 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑗𝑘 with entries

• RULES IN MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• TRANSPOSITION OF MATRICES AND VECTORS
• The transpose of an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 is the 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 matrix 𝐴𝑇 (read
A transpose) that has the first row of A as its first column, the second row of
A as its second column, and so on.

• RULES FOR TRANSPOSITION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• SYMMETRIC AND SKEW – SYMMETRIC MATRICES
• The transpose of an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 is the 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 matrix 𝐴𝑇 (read
A transpose) that has the first row of A as its first column, the second row of
A as its second column, and so on.
• 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 thus 𝑎𝑘𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 - symmetric matrix
• 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 thus 𝑎𝑘𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑘 - skew – symmetric matrix

• TRIANGULAR MATRICES
• Upper Triangular Matrices – square matrices that can have nonzero entries
only on and above the main diagonal, whereas any entry below the
diagonal must be zero.
• Lower Triangular Matrices – square matrix that can have nonzero entries
only on and below the main diagonal, whereas any entry above the
diagonal must be zero.
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
• SCALAR MATRICES
• These are diagonal matrices with entries on the main diagonal equal.

• IDENTITY (UNIT) MATRIX


• A scalar matrix whose entries on the main diagonal are all equal to 1
• Denoted by I

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• Exercises: Calculate the following products and sums or give
reasons why they are not defined.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• AUGMENTED MATRIX

augmented matrix 𝐴𝑏

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• INVERSE OF A MATRIX
• GAUSS – JORDAN ELIMINATION
• The inverse of an 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 is denoted by 𝐴−1 and is an
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 matrix such that

• If A has an inverse, then A is called a nonsingular matrix. If A has no


inverse, then A is called a singular matrix.
• An inverse of a matrix is unique.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• EXISTENCE OF THE INVERSE
• The inverse matrix 𝐴−1 of an 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 matrix A exists if and only if
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = 𝑛, thus 𝑑𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0. Hence A is nonsingular if 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = 𝑛, and is
singular if 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 < 𝑛.

• RANK IN TERMS OF DETERMINANTS


• An 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 has a rank 𝑟 ≥ 1 if and only if A has an 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
submatrix with nonzero determinant, whereas every square submatrix with
more than r rows that A has (or does not have) has determinant equal to
zero.
• In particular, if A is square, 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛, it has rank n if and only if 𝑑𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• INVERSE MATRIX BY GAUSS – JORDAN ELIMINATION
• 𝐴 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝐴−1

• INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• Exercises: Find the inverse by Gauss – Jordan Elimination or state
that it does not exist.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• Exercises: Find the inverse by Gauss – Jordan Elimination or state
that it does not exist.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

• If all b’s are equal to zero then it is called a homogeneous system.


• If at least one b is not zero, then it is called nonhomogeneous system.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
• GAUSS ELIMINATION
• 𝐴𝑏 = 𝐼𝑋

• INVERSE METHOD
• 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑏
• 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑏
• 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑏
• 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑏

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
• Exercises: Solve the following systems using Gauss elimination or indicate
the nonexistence of solution. (Show the details of your work)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT


• LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
• Exercises: Solve the following systems using Gauss elimination or indicate
the nonexistence of solution. (Show the details of your work)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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