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    Analog To Digital Converter: ADC Process

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    Jawad Sandhu
    An analog to digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. The conversion process involves two main steps: sampling and holding the input signal, and then quantizing and encoding it to a digital value. ADCs are used in applications like computers, cell phones, and scientific instruments to interface analog signals from the physical world with digital systems. Improving the resolution or sampling rate of an ADC reduces quantization error and increases conversion accuracy. Common ADC types include successive approximation, dual slope, pipeline, delta-sigma, and flash ADCs.

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    Analog To Digital Converter: ADC Process

    Uploaded by

    Jawad Sandhu
    45 views7 pages
    An analog to digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. The conversion process involves two main steps: sampling and holding the input signal, and then quantizing and encoding it to a digital value. ADCs are used in applications like computers, cell phones, and scientific instruments to interface analog signals from the physical world with digital systems. Improving the resolution or sampling rate of an ADC reduces quantization error and increases conversion accuracy. Common ADC types include successive approximation, dual slope, pipeline, delta-sigma, and flash ADCs.

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    An analog to digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. The conversion process involves two main steps: sampling and holding the input signal, and then quantizing and encoding it to a digital value. ADCs are used in applications like computers, cell phones, and scientific instruments to interface analog signals from the physical world with digital systems. Improving the resolution or sampling rate of an ADC reduces quantization error and increases conversion accuracy. Common ADC types include successive approximation, dual slope, pipeline, delta-sigma, and flash ADCs.

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    45 views7 pages

    Analog To Digital Converter: ADC Process

    Uploaded by

    Jawad Sandhu
    An analog to digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. The conversion process involves two main steps: sampling and holding the input signal, and then quantizing and encoding it to a digital value. ADCs are used in applications like computers, cell phones, and scientific instruments to interface analog signals from the physical world with digital systems. Improving the resolution or sampling rate of an ADC reduces quantization error and increases conversion accuracy. Common ADC types include successive approximation, dual slope, pipeline, delta-sigma, and flash ADCs.

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    Analog to Digital Converter

    From the name itself it is clear that it is a converter which converts the analog
    (continuously variable) signal to digital signal. This is really an electronic integrated
    circuitwhich directly converts the continuous form of signal to discrete form. It can
    be expressed as A/D or A-to-D or A-D or ADC. The input (analog) to this system can
    have any value in a range and are directly measured. But for output (digital) of an
    N-bit A/D converter, it should have only 2N discrete values. This A/D converter is a
    linkage between the analog (linear) world of transducers and discreet world of
    processing the signal and handling the data. The digital to analog converter (DAC)
    carry out the inverse function of the ADC. The schematic representation of ADC is
    shown below.

    ADC Process
    There are mainly two steps involves in the process of conversion. They are

     Sampling and Holding


     Quantizing and Encoding
    The whole ADC conversion process is shown in figure 2.

    Sampling and Holding


    In the process of Sample and hold (S/H), the continuous signal will gets sampled
    and freeze (hold) the value at a steady level for a particular least period of time. It is
    done to remove variations in input signal which can alter the conversion process
    and thereby increases the accuracy. The minimum sampling rate has to be two times
    the maximum data frequency of the input signal.

    Quantizing and Encoding


    For understanding quantizing, we can first go through the term Resolution used in
    ADC. It is the smallest variation in analog signal that will result in a variation in the
    digital output. This actually represents the quantization error.

    V → Reference voltage range


    2N → Number of states
    N → Number of bits in digital output

    Quantizing: It is the process in which the reference signal is partitioned into several
    discrete quanta and then the input signal is matched with the correct quantum.
    Encoding: Here; for each quantum, a unique digital code will be assigned and after
    that the input signal is allocated with this digital code. The process of quantizing
    and encoding is demonstrated in the table below.

    From the above table we can observe that only one digital value is used to represent
    the whole range of voltage in an interval. Thus, an error will occur and it is called
    quantization error. This is the noise introduced by the process of quantization. Here
    the maximum quantization error is
    Improvement of Accuracy in ADC
    Two important methods are used for improving the accuracy in ADC. They are by
    increasing the resolution and by increasing the sampling rate. This is shown in
    figure below (figure 3).

    Types of Analog to Digital Converter


     Successive Approximation ADC: This converter compares the input signal
    with the output of an internal DAC at each successive step. It is the most
    expensive type.
     Dual Slope ADC: It have high accuracy but very slow in operation.
     Pipeline ADC: It is same as that of two step Flash ADC.
     Delta-Sigma ADC: It has high resolution but slow due to over sampling.
     Flash ADC: It is the fastest ADC but very expensive.
     Other: Staircase ramp, Voltage-to-Frequency, Switched capacitor, tracking,
    Charge balancing, and resolver.
    Application of ADC
     Used together with the transducer.
     Used in computer to convert the analog signal to digital signal.
     Used in cell phones.
     Used in microcontrollers.
     Used in digital signal processing.
     Used in digital storage oscilloscopes.
     Used in scientific instruments.
     Used in music reproduction technology etc.

    Digital to Analog Converter or DAC


    Op amp is extensively used as main building block of digital to analog convertor.
    Digital to analog convertor is an electronics device in form of IC, which converts
    digital signal to its equivalent analog signal. The DAC can be realized in many
    ways. One of the popular digital to analog convertor circuit is binary weighted
    ladder.
    This is basically a summing amplifier designed with suitable resistances, as shown
    below.

    Now, applying Kirchhoff Current Law at node 1 of the above circuit, we get,
    Before going through the above circuit of digital to analog convertor, Let us put
    some suitable values of different resistors connected in the circuit.
    Such as, Rf = 10KΩ, R1 = 10KΩ, R2 = 20KΩ, R3 = 40KΩ and R4= 80KΩ.
    Putting these values in equation (i) we get,

    Now, let us also apply voltage at input terminals either 0 or 1 volt. Putting , 0 volt at
    all inputs,(i.e. v1 = 0, v2 = 0, v3 = 0 and v4 = 0) we get,

    So, for digital input 0000, we get analog output 0 volt. Putting, 1V at last input only,
    (i.e. v1= 0, v2 = 0, v3 = 0 and v4 = 1V), we get,

    Similarly, for v1 = 0, v2 = 0, v3 = 1, v4 = 0

    For, v1 = 0, v2 = 0, v3 = 1, v4 = 1

    In this way the inputs and corresponding outputs can be represented in a table as
    shown below.

    Binary Input [v1 v2 v3 v4] Decimal Value Output(-v0)

    0000 0 0

    0001 1 0.125

    0010 2 0.25

    0011 3 0.375

    0100 4 0.5

    0101 5 0.625

    0110 6 0.75

    0111 7 0.875
    1000 8 1.0

    1001 9 1.125

    1010 10 1.25

    1011 11 1.375

    1100 12 1.5

    1101 13 1.625

    1110 14 1.75

    1111 15 1.875

    So, for each decimal number there is one unique output voltage level. From the table
    it is also seen that, form 0 to 15, for each increment there is an increase of output
    voltage level by 0.125 volt.
    So, the output is analog and it is linearly proportional the decimal equivalent of
    digital inputs. The above example was of a four bit DAC. A four bit DAC can be
    represented as shown below.

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