SOUND DEVICES

ONOMATOPEIA – refers to the imitation of sounds.

- is defined as a word which imitates the natural
sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing
described, making the description more expressive and interesting.
.

Examples of Onomatopoeia

 Machine noises—honk, beep, vroom, clang, zap, boing

 Animal names—cuckoo, whip-poor-will, whooping crane,
chickadee
 Impact sounds—boom, crash, whack, thump, bang
 Sounds of the voice—shush, giggle, growl, whine, murmur, blurt,
whisper, hiss
 Nature sounds—splash, drip, spray, whoosh, buzz, ru
 ALLITERATION- the repetition of beginning sounds in two or
more neighboring words within a line.

- is derived from Latin’s “Latira”. It means “letters

of alphabet”. It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having
the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.
Alliteration is a term to describe a literary device in which a series of
words begin with the same consonant sound.

Examples of Alliteration
 Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. ...
 A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who
could cook cookies.
 Black bug bit a big black bear. ...
 Sheep should sleep in a shed.
 I saw a saw that could out saw any other saw I ever saw.
ASSONANCE- The repetition of VOWEL sounds in words with different
consonant in a line.

- Assonance takes place when two or more

words, close to one another repeat the same vowel sound, but start
with different consonant sounds.

Example of Assonance
1. The light of the fire is a sight. (repetition of the long i sound)
2. Go slow over the road. (repetition of the long o sound)
3. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers (repetition of the short e
and long i sounds)
4. Sally sells sea shells beside the sea shore (repetition of the short e and
long e sounds)
5. Try as I might, the kite did not fly. (repetition of the long i sound)
CONSONANCE - Consonance is a literary device in which a
consonant sound is repeated in words that are in close proximity.
The repeated sound can appear anywhere in the words, unlike
in alliteration where the repeated consonant sound must occur in
the stressed part of the word. Consonance is also a similar concept
to assonance, which refers to the repetition of vowel sounds in
quick succession.

Example of Consonance

1 All’s well that ends well.

2.The early bird gets the worm.
3. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
4. Curiosity killed the cat.
5. A blessing in disguise.

Difference Between Consonance and

Assonance
Consonance and assonance are related, yet opposite, poetic
devices. As stated above, consonance refers to the repetition of
consonant sounds in nearby words whereas assonance refers to the
repetition of vowel sounds. In both cases it does not matter where
in the words the repeated sounds occur. An easy way to remember
the difference between the two is that “consonance” begins with a
consonant, whereas “assonance” begins with a vowel.
SOUND DEVICES ACTIVITY

Encircle the letter of the correct answer

a 1.What type of sound device? ‘’From somewhere far beyond, the flag of fate’s caprice unfurled.’’

a. Alliteration

b. Assonance

c. Onomatopeia

d. Consonance

c2. What type of sound device? ‘’A dove moved silently above the waves.’’

a. Alliteration

b. Onomatopeia

c. Consonance

d. Assonance

a3. Which of the example below are example of alliteration?

a. Billy Bozzle Buckled buttons before bedtime

b. a fat cat that spat at dat bat

c. sally farted out rainbows

d. All of the above

a4. Boom!, Woof., Crash!, Splash., Oink.

a. Onomatopeia

b. Consonance

c. Alliteration

d. Assonance
a5. Read through the following choices. Which option contains consonance?

a.Nick will lick the spoon.

b.Betsy ate a cookie

c. Allen orderd a sundae.

d. Jenny likes chocolate Ice cream.

d6. What is onomatopoeia?

a. Word that is hard to spell

b. It is different word for alliteration

c. Word that represents an idea

d. Word that represents a sound

b7. Get it? Got it. Good!

a. Assonance

b. Alliteration

c. Consonance

d. Onomatopeia

c8. Which sentence listed is an example of assonance?

a. Go catch the dog!

b. May I have a cupcake?

c. I sipped the rim with a palatable lip

d. Some days are better than others.

d9. Which of the following is NOT an example of assonance?

a. Desire is what lights our fire.

b. Joe told me to go and mow the yard.

c. He went here and there and everywhere.

D .Tom told the tiger to sit.

d10. Which of the following lines contains onomatopoeia?

a. The family took a cab to the café.

b. Tina took time to make toast.

c. Edgar wants egg for breakfast.

d. The bacon sizzles in the pan.

Key to Correction of Sound Devices
1. a
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. a
6. d
7. b
8. c
9. d
10. d
 FORMING PLURAL OF IRREGULAR NOUNS

IRREGULAR NOUN- are those that fom their plural in other ways and
not by adding –s or –es.

- is a noun that becomes plural by changing

its spelling in other ways than adding an “s” or “es” to the end of
the word. This change can happen in a variety of way.

FOREIGN NOUNS - These nouns have irregular plural forms. They often
make their plurals according to the rules of the language they were taken from
(e.g. Latin or Greek). Sometimes there is more than one plural form possible
or these forms have different meanings.

Examples of Irregular Noun

Nouns ending in -f and -fe

To make a plural of a word ending in -f, change the f to a v and add es.
Similarly, if a word ends in -fe, change the f to a v and add an s. The result
for both types is a plural that ends in -ves. This spelling arose because of
the difficulty of pronouncing f and stogether in English (an attempt to do
this will produce a v sound).

Singular (-f, -fe) Plural (-ves)

knife knives
Life lives

wife wives

calf calves

leaf leaves

Exceptions: roofs and proofs (among others).

Nouns Ending in -o

Plurals of words ending in -o are usually made by adding -es.

Singular (-o) Plural (-oes)

potato potatoes

tomato tomatoes

hero heroes

torpedo torpedoes

veto vetoes

But of course, there are exceptions. (Aren’t there always?) Some words
ending in -othat are borrowed from other languages take only an s to make
a plural, such as pianos, cantos, photos, and zeros. Cello, which is an
abbreviation of the Italian word violoncello, can be written the traditional
way, celli, or the commonly accepted anglicized way, cellos.
Nouns That Change Vowels

Many English words become plural by changing their vowels, such

as oo to ee or an to en.

Singular Plural (vowel change)

foot feet

tooth teeth

goose geese

man men

woman women

Irregular Nouns That Change Substantially

For a variety of historical reasons, some words change in spelling

substantially when made plural.

louselice

Singular Plural

mouse mice

Die dice

Ox oxen
child children

person people*

penny pence (in British usage)

Irregular Nouns That Do Not Change At All When Made

Plural

Some English nouns are identical in both the singular and the plural forms.
Many of these are names for animals.

Singular/ Plural (no change)

sheep

fish

deer

moose

swine

buffalo

shrimp

trout

I have seen several deer when walking in the woods near here.

How many shrimp did you catch?

Aircraft, watercraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft are all the same whether
singular or plural.

NASA has made several different types of spacecraft in their fifty-nine-year history.

Plurals of Latin and Greek Words

There are certain words we use on a regular basis, especially in

mathematical and scientific contexts, that are borrowed from Latin or
Greek. Many of these words retain their Latin or Greek plurals in math and
science settings. Some of them also have anglicized plural forms that have
come into common use.

Nouns Ending in -us

To make a word ending in -us plural, change -us to -i. Many plurals of
words ending in -us have anglicized versions, formed by simply adding -
es. The latter method sounds more natural in informal settings. If there is
an anglicized version that is well accepted, this will be noted in the
dictionary entry for the word you are using.

Singular (-us) Plural (-i)

focus foci (also focuses)

radius radii (also radiuses)

fungus fungi

nucleus nuclei

cactus cacti

alumnus alumni*

octopus octopi (or octopuses)

hippopotamus hippopotami (or hippopotamuses)

With the double i, radii (pronounced RAY-dee-i) sounds unwieldy, but if

you are a mathematician, you probably use it every day. If you are a
zoologist, you might say, “Hey, did you see those hippopotami?” but it
would sound silly on a casual visit to the zoo. Many people resist the
spelling octopuses, but it is perfectly acceptable. In fact, if you put a fine
point on it, since octopus is of Greek origin rather than from Latin,
theoretically the spelling should be octopodes, not octopi.

Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in -is

Nouns with an -is ending can be made plural by changing -is to -es. Some
people have a hard time remembering that the plural of crisis is crises and
the plural of axisis axes, but crisises and axises are incorrect.

Singular (-is) Plural (-es)

axis axes (this is also the plural of ax and axe)

analysis analyses

crisis crises

thesis theses

Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in -on

These Greek words change their -on ending to -a.

Singular (-on) Plural (-a)

phenomenon phenomena

criterion criteria

Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in -um

Words ending in -um shed their -um and replace it with -a to form a plural.
The plurals of some of these words are far better known than their singular
counterparts.

Singular (-um)Plural (-a)

datum data

memorandum memoranda

bacterium bacteria
stratum strata

curriculum curricula (also curriculums)

Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in -ix

Nouns ending in -ix are changed to -ices in formal settings, but

sometimes -xes is perfectly acceptable.

Singular (-ix) Plural (-ces, -xes)

index indices (or indexes)

appendix appendices (or appendixes, in a medical context)

vortex vortices (or vortexes)

ACTIVITY

[FORMING PLURAL OF IRREGULAR NOUNS]

Write the plural form of each noun.

1. sky _________
2. fly __________
3. party ________
4. roof _________
5. wife _________
6. class _________
7. index _________
8. nucleus __________
9. pony _________
10. knife ________
11. diagnosis _______
12. formula _________
13. loss _________
14. codex ________
15. tempo _________
16. fox _________
17. thesis ________
18. dictionary __________
19. criterion_________
20. analysis ___________
Key to Correction [FORMING PLURAL OF IRREGULAR NOUNS]

1. skies
2. flies
3. parties
4. rooves
5. wives
6. classes
7. indexes/indeces
8. nuclei
9. ponies
10. knives
11.diagnoses
12. formulae
13. losses
14. codices
15. tempi
16. foxes
17. theses
18. dictionaries
19.criteria
20. analyses
PERSONIFICATION – is when an object, aniumal, or idea is given human
characteristics.

-the attribution of a personal nature or human

characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in
human form and a figure intended to represent an abstract quality.

Examples of Personification

 Lightning danced across the sky.

 The wind howled in the night.
 The car complained as the key was roughly turned in its ignition.
 Rita heard the last piece of pie calling her name.
 My alarm clock yells at me to get out of bed every morning.
 The avalanche devoured anything standing in its way.
 The door protested as it opened slowly.
 My house is a friend who protects me.
 The moon played hide and seek with the clouds.
 The approaching car's headlights winked at me.
 The camera loves her since she is so pretty.
 The stairs groaned as we walked on them.

PERSONIFICATION ACTIVITY

Directions: Underline the idea, object, animal being personified and circle what they’re doing that makes
it an example of personification.

1. The sun danced across the sky on the hot summer day.

2. The big full moon guided me through the forest.

3. The mountain listened to the rumbles beneath its surface.

4. As the rain pounded the ground, everyone ran for cover.

5. The old car complained as it made its way down the long open road.

6. The wind whispered lonely sounds as it blew through the old creaky windows.

7. The leaves raced to the ground as the children ran across the playground.

8. The pencil groaned as the boy turned the handle on the pencil sharpener.

9. The tornado sprinted across the field and wiped away everything in its path.
KEY TO CORRECTION (PERSONIFICATION)

1. The sun danced across the sky on the hot summer day.

2. The big full moon guided me through the forest.

3. The mountain listened to the rumbles beneath its surface.

4. As the rain pounded the ground, everyone ran for cover.

5. The old car complained as it made its way down the long open road.

6. The wind whispered lonely sounds as it blew through the old creaky windows.

7. The leaves raced to the ground as the children ran across the playground.

8. The pencil groaned as the boy turned the handle on the pencil sharpener.

9. The tornado sprinted across the field and wiped away everything in its path.
ELEMENTS OF POEM

RHYME – A group of words in a poem with the same ending sounds.

EXAMPLE:

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty Dumpy had a great fall.

All the King’s horses, And all the king’s men

Couldn’t put Humpty Dumpty together again!’’

IMAGERY – is the use of vivid descriptive words to appeal to the senses of the readers for
them to visualize what the author is describing.

EXAMPLE:

 It was dark and dim in the forest.

The words “dark” and “dim” are visual images.
 The children were screaming and shouting in the fields.
“Screaming” and “shouting” appeal to our sense of hearing, or auditory sense.
 He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee.
“Whiff” and “aroma” evoke our sense of smell, or olfactory sense.
 The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric.
The idea of “soft” in this example appeals to our sense of touch, or tactile sense.
 The fresh and juicy orange is very cold and sweet.
“Juicy” and “sweet” – when associated with oranges – have an effect on our
sense of taste, or gustatory sense.
RHYME AND IMAGERY ACTIVITY

Draw a if the phrase/sentence is RHYME and if it is IMAGERY.

________1.”Baa baa black sheep, have you any wool?

Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full!

One for the master, one for the dame,

And one for the little boy who lives down the lane.”

__________2. I could hear the popping and crackling as mom dropped the bacon into the frying pan,
and soon the salty, greasy smell wafted toward me.

_______3. Glittering white, the blanket of snow covered everything in sight.

_______4. Under my window, a clean rasping sound.

When the spade sinks into gravelly ground.

__________5. Partake the fire divine that burns,

In Milton, Pope, and Scottish Burns,
Who sang his native braes and burns. 


__________6. The golden yellow sunlight filtered down through the pale new leaves on the oak trees,
coming to rest on Jessica's brown toes that were splayed in the red Georgia mud.

_______7. Bid me to weep, and I will weep

While I have eyes to see
And having none, yet I will keep
A heart to weep for thee.

________8. He opens his mouth, but the words won't come out.

He's choking how, everybody's joking now.

The clock's run out, times up, over, plow.

________9. He felt like the flowers were waving hello.

_______10. The music coursed through us, vibrating through our bodies as if it came from
within.
KEY TO CORRECTION (RHYME AND IMAGERY)

1.

2.

3
.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
SUBECT-VERB AGREEMENT

“RULES IN SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT #1”

Adding the s or es to a verb makes it singular. The plural form of the

verb is it’s base form.
Singular nouns or pronouns as subject of the sentence takes singular
verbs.
Plural nouns or pronouns as subject of the sentence take plural verbs.
When the subject is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns
joined by and, use the plural verb.
When two singular nouns or pronouns are joined by or or nor, use a
singular verb.
When there are two subjects in a sentence, one of which is singular
and the other is plural joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the one
nearer to it.

“SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT #2”

Doesn’t ( Does not ) is used with singular nouns or pronouns ( except I

and You ).

Don’t ( Do Not ) is used witj plural nouns.

For the subjects with intervening phrases, the verb should follow the
subject and not the noun in the intervening phrase.

When “there is” or “there are” starts the sentence, the verb follows the
noun found after it.34
EXAMPLES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT #1 AND #2:

When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns

connected by and, use a plural verb.

EXAMPLE: She and her friends are at the fair.

When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a
singular verb.

EXAMPLE: The book or the pen is in the drawer.

When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined
by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.

EXAMPLES: The boy or his friends run every day.

His friends or the boy runs every day.

Doesn't is a contraction of does not and should be used only with a singular
subject. Don't is a contraction of do not and should be used only with a plural subject.
The exception to this rule appears in the case of the first person and second person
pronouns I and you. With these pronouns, the contraction don't should be used.

EXAMPLES: He doesn't like it.

They don't like it.

Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb. The verb
agrees with the subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase.

EXAMPLES: One of the boxes is open

The people who listen to that music are few.
The team captain, as well as his players, is anxious.
The book, including all the chapters in the first section, is boring.
The woman with all the dogs walks down my street.
Those trousers are made of wool.

In sentences beginning with "there is" or "there are," the subject follows the verb. Since
"there" is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows.

EXAMPLES: There are many questions.

There is a question.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ACTIVITY 1

Direction: Underline the correct verb in each of the sentences below

1. Your friend (talk-talks) too much.

2. The man with the roses (look-looks) like your brother
3. The women in the pool (swim-swims) well.
4. Bill (drive-drives) a cab.
5. The football players (run-runs) five miles every day
6. That red-haired lady in the fur hat (live-lives) across the street.
7. He (cook-cooks) dinner for his family.
8. The boys (walk-walks) to school every day.
9. The weather on the coast (appear-appears) to be good this weekend.
10. The center on the basketball team (bounce-bounces) the ball too high.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ACTIVITY 2

Directions: Underline the correct verb in the sentences below.

1. Each of the girls (look-looks) good on skis.

2. Everybody (was-were) asked to remain quiet.
3. Neither of the men (is-are) here yet.
4. (Is-Are) each of the girls ready to leave?
5. Several of the sheep (is-are) sick.
6. Some members of the faculty (is-are) present.
7. Nobody in the class (has-have) the answer.
8. Each of the girls (observe-observes) all the regulations.
9. All of the milk (is-are) gone.
10. Most of the seats (was-were) taken.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS ( SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT)

ACTIVITY 1

1. talks
2. looks
3. swim
4. drives
5. run
6. lives
7. cooks
8. walk
9. appears
10. bounces

ACTIVITY 2

1. looks
2. was
3. is
4. is
5. are
6. are
7. has
8. observes
9. is
10. were
IRONY- This refers to the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally
signifies the opposite, typically for numerous or emphatic effect.

EXAMPLE:

1. The butter is as soft as a slab of marble.

2. You laugh at a person who slipped stepping on a banana peel, and the
next thing you know, you’ve slipped too.

3. The name of Britain’s biggest dog was “Tiny.”

Three Kinds of Irony

VERBAL IRONY- is when words express something contrary to truth or

someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean. Verbal
irony is often sarcastic.

EXAMPLE:

1. After looking at a student’s poor test score, the teacher says, “You will
surely finish the year with highest honors”.

2. A man tastes his wife’s delicious home- cooked meal and exclaims, “I
shall never eat this food ever again”.

3. After they kissed, the groom, with a smile on his face, muttered to his
bride, “This is the day I will always want to forget”.

DRAMATIC IRONY- occurs when the audience knows something that is going on in a
situation but the characters are unaware of what is going on. Because of this understanding,
the words and actions of the characters take on a different meaning. This can create intense
suspense or humor.
EXAMPLE:

1. In “Saving Private Ryan”, the group of soldiers were hopeless they could
find Private James Ryan alive, but the audience knew from the start that
Private Ryan went on to live until his later years.

2. The wife believed that her husband died in an airplane crash and but the
audience was aware that the husband had survived.

3.Readers knew that Caitlyn’s character in the novel “A Song for

Caitlin” would eventually die but the other characters never even knew she
was sick.

SITUATIONAL IRONY- occurs when the actual result of a situation is totally

different from what you’d expect the result to be. Sitcoms often use
situational irony.

EXAMPLE:

1. Dr. Johnson smokes a pack of cigarettes a day.

2. Our boss, the owner of a big construction firm, cannot fix his house’s
broken ceiling.

3. The defence lawyer failed to acquit his son in a case.

IRONY ACTIVITY

Identify the type of irony used in each example

(VERBAL IRONY, DRAMATIC IRONY OR SITUATIONAL IRONY)

1. Everything in the cleaner’s cupboard is covered in dust and grease.

2. A father goes into his son’s messy room and says. “I see you’ve tidied your
room.”

3. A person posts on facebook how facebook is a waste of time.

4. In a film, the audience knows someone has broken into a house and is hiding
behind a door when another character enters and is unaware.

5. You comment on the beautiful weather, minutes before rain starts to fall.

6. Your friend spills coffee down their new coat and says, “That’s just great.”

7. In Romeo and Juliet, the audience sees Romeo takes his own life because he
believes Juliet is dead. However, the audience know that Juliet has faked her
death so that she can be with him.

8. When talking about the character Scrooge, your friend describes him as “a
little ray of sunshine.”

9. When the air conditioning goes out on a hot summer afternoon, a tenant says to their
landlord, "It's about as cool as the fires of Hell."

10. The teacher fails the test.

KEY TO CORRECTION ( IRONY )

1. Situational Irony

2. Verbal Irony

3. Situational Irony

4. Dramatic Irony

5. Situational Irony

6. Verbal Irony

7. Dramatic Irony

8. Verbal Irony

9. Verbal Irony

10. Situational Irony

HYPERBOLE – This is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point; exaggerated statements
or claims not meant to be taken literally. It is used to add extra drama or comedy to a situation.

EXAMPLE:

1. The minister told the guests that the couple’s friendship was deeper than
the sea, and sweeter than honey.

2. She is as heavy as an elephant!

3. The weather was so hot that literally everything was on fire

HYPERBOLE ACTIVITY

Read the pair of sentences. Underline the one that uses hyperbole.

1. I am very hungry, and I cannot wait for lunch.

I am so hungry I could eat a horse!

2. My teacher gave us a thousand math problems to do tonight.

We have a lot of homework in math tonight.

3. It is so cold in this room that icicles are hanging off of my nose.

It was cold enough in the classroom that we had to wear our jackets.

4. My mom is going to kill me for ripping a hole in my jeans.

My mom is going to be angry at me for tearing my clothes.

5. My dad’s new car cost him a ton of money!

My dad’s new car was very expensive!

6. Kevin is the fastest boy in our class.

Kevin is as fast as lightning.

KEY TO CORRECTION ( HYPERBOLE )

1. I am very hungry, and I cannot wait for lunch.

I am so hungry I could eat a horse!

2. My teacher gave us a thousand math problems to do tonight.

We have a lot of homework in math tonight.

3. It is so cold in this room that icicles are hanging off of my nose.

It was cold enough in the classroom that we had to wear our jackets.

4. My mom is going to kill me for ripping a hole in my jeans.

My mom is going to be angry at me for tearing my clothes.

5. My dad’s new car cost him a ton of money!

My dad’s new car was very expensive!

6. Kevin is the fastest boy in our class.

Kevin is as fast as lightning.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE- is the verb form of the present tense that
expresses actions happening now, actions that are in progress, or actions that
will occur in the near future.

To form present progressive verbs, follow this formula:

 Subject + am/is/are + present participle (and “-ing” to end of the verb)

Present Progressive Tense Examples:

 Verb: to clean
 We are cleaning the garage on Sunday.
 Note: simply add “-ing” to the end of a verb that ends in a
consonant that does not have a short vowel sound

 Verb: to run
 He is running the race well.
 Note: Most verbs that end in short vowel sounds will require an
extra consonant before adding “ing”

 Verb: to motivate
 Your speech is motivating me to take action.
 Note: A verb that ends in a “silent e” will drop the “e” before
adding “ing”

 Verb: to work
 In the real world, Guttenberg is working on a sitcom with Jon Lovitz,
which he describes as a “sort of spy vs. spy, two nemeses, with Jon as
a loudmouth Rodney Dangerfield type and me as the Alan Arkin,
uptight fellow.” –New York Post
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE- is a verb tense that indicates a continuing action or
an action in progress that started in the past.

The past progressive tense is formed with a past “to be” verb conjugation and
the present participle of a verb (-ing ending).

To form the past progressive:

 Subject + was/were + present participle of verb

Subjects with their appropriate past “to be” conjugation for past progressive:

 I was
 You were
 He/She/It was
 We were
 They were

Examples:

 Subject (you)
 Verb (to be=were)
 Participle (going)
 Sentence: You were going to the party.

 Subject (I)
 Verb (to be=was)
 Participle (trying)
 Sentence: I was trying a new recipe.
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE ACTIVITY

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).

1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) dinner.

3. The kids (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

4. I (practice) the guitar when he came home.

5. We (not / cycle) all day.

6. While Aaron (work) in his room, 7. his friends (swim) in

the pool.

8. I tried to tell them the truth but they (listen / not) .

9. What (you / do) yesterday?

10. Most of the time we (sit) in the park.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE ACTIVITY

Fill in the blanks with the present then with the present progressive form of the verb.

1. My dad works_________ (work) in an office building.

My dad is working___________ (work) in an office building.
2. Drew _____________ (play) video games with his brother.
Drew _____________ (play) video games with his brother.

3. In California, the voters _____________ (choose) to go to the election.

In California, the voters _____________ (choose) to go to the election.

4. Ben and Jordan _____________ (buy) new jeans and shoes.

Ben and Jordan _____________ (buy) new jeans and shoes.

5. We may visit my aunt when we _____________ (go) to Texas.

We may visit my aunt when we _____________ (go) to Texas.

6. Their dog _____________ (chase) the ball around the yard.

Their dog _____________ (chase) the ball around the yard.

7. My family _____________ (celebrate) my birthday.

My family _____________ (celebrate) my birthday.

8. My boss _____________ (ask) me to travel to Virginia.

My boss _____________ (ask) me to travel to Virginia.

9. Tyler’s parents _____________ (say) hello to everyone.

Tyler’s parents _____________ (say) hello to everyone.

10. Hudson and Ethan_____________ (move) the furniture.

Hudson and Ethan_____________ (move) the furniture.

KEY TO CORRECTION ( PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE )

1. When I phoned my friends, they were playing monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I was preparing dinner.

3. The kids were playing in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

4. I was practicing the guitar when he came home.

5. We were not cycling all day.

6. While Aaron was working in his room, 7. his friends were swimming in the
pool.

8. I tried to tell them the truth but they were not listening.

9. What were you doing yesterday?

10.Most of the time we were sitting in the park.

KEY TO CORRECTION ( PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE )

1. My dad works (work) in an office building.

My dad is working (work) in an office building.
2. Drew plays (play) video games with his brother.
Drew is playing (play) video games with his brother.

3. In California, the voters chooses (choose) to go to the election.

In California, the voters is choosing (choose) to go to the election.

4. Ben and Jordan buys (buy) new jeans and shoes.

Ben and Jordan is buying (buy) new jeans and shoes.

5. We may visit my aunt when we go (go) to Texas.

We may visit my aunt when we are going (go) to Texas.

6. Their dog chases (chase) the ball around the yard.

Their dog is chasing (chase) the ball around the yard.

7. My family celebrates (celebrate) my birthday.

My family is celebrating (celebrate) my birthday.

8. My boss asks (ask) me to travel to Virginia.

My boss is asking (ask) me to travel to Virginia.

9. Tyler’s parents says (say) hello to everyone.

Tyler’s parents is saying (say) hello to everyone.

10. Hudson and Ethan moves (move) the furniture.

Hudson and Ethan is moving (move) the furniture.

PERFECT TENSE

Remember that the tense of a verb refers to the time of the action or state of being.
The perfect tenses expresses action that is already completed.
The present perfect tense expresses a present action that began in the past and is
now completed in the present.
The past perfect tense expresses an action that began in the past, was completed in
the past before something else occurred.
The future perfect tense expresses an action that will be completed by some point in
the future.

Examples of The Perfect Tense:

To form the perfect tenses, you must use auxiliary verbs.

Present Perfect-Present tense of have + past participle

Past Perfect-Past tense of have + past participle
Future Perfect-Will or shall + have + past participle

EXAMPLES:
1) I have put the money in the machine. (PRESENT PERFECT)
2) I had finished my homework before mom called me for dinner. (PAST PERFECT)
3) By the time the show is over, Marie will have danced for 40 minutes.
(FUTURE PERFECT)
4) The class has been outside for recess. (PRESENT PERFECT)
5) Jeff tried to hide the vase because he had broken it. (PAST PERFECT)
6) By the time I am 18, I will have saved over $2,000. (FUTURE PERFECT)
7) My sister has taken martial arts lessons for six years. (PRESENT PERFECT)
8) I had watched almost all of the show before the power went off. (PAST PERFECT)
9) Do you think the lunchroom will have cooked enough pizza for all of us? (FUTURE
PERFECT)
10) Will had won the race every year until this year. (PAST PERFECT)
PERFECT TENSE ACTIVITY

Write if the verb tense is past perfect, present perfect or future perfect. present perfect

__________ 1. She has eaten three pieces of chocolate cake.

__________2. We had seen the movie two times before today.

__________3. They have visited this museum previously.

__________ 4. My brother and sister will have already slept for two hours before I get home.

__________5. The dog had chased the cat all around the neighborhood.

__________6. The teacher has taught this lesson before at a different school.

__________7. My parents will have wrapped the presents before my birthday.

__________8. We had looked at a new house on Elm Street.

Complete the sentence with the correct perfect tense of the verb.

1. Before we finish fifth grade, we ____________ (study) some biology and some chemistry.

2. The students ______________ (eat) breakfast before they boarded the bus for the field trip.

3. My friend, Jason, ______________ (go) to Florida every year since he turned five

. 4. My dad ______________ (want) to be a lawyer for as long.

KEY TO CORRECTION ( PERFECT TENSE )

Present perfect 1. She has eaten three pieces of chocolate cake.

Past perfect 2. We had seen the movie two times before today.

Present perfect 3. They have visited this museum previously.

Future perfect 4. My brother and sister will have already slept for two hours before I get home

Past perfect 5. The dog had chased the cat all around the neighborhood.

Present perfect 6. The teacher has taught this lesson before at a different school.

Future perfect 7. My parents will have wrapped the presents before my birthday.

Past perfect 8. We had looked at a new house on Elm Street.

Complete the sentence with the correct perfect tense of the verb.

1. Before we finish fifth grade, we will have studied (study) some biology and some chemistry.

2. The students had eaten (eat) breakfast before they boarded the bus for the field trip.

3. My friend, Jason, has gone (go) to Florida every year since he turned five.

4. My dad has wanted (want) to be a lawyer for as long as he remember.

MODALS
TONE- In written composition, is an attitude of a writer toward a subject or audience.
The tone can be formal, informal, serious, comic, sarcastic, sad and cheerful.

EXAMPLE:

1. Father: “We are going on a vacation.”

Son: “That’s great!!!”

– The tone of son’s response is very cheerful.

2. Father: “We can’t go on vacation this summer.”

Son: “Yeah, great! That’s what I expected.”

– The son’s tone is sarcastic.

3. “Yeah, your grades on this exam will be as good as the previous exams.”

– The tone is pessimistic in this example.

MOOD- Is a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through
words. Usually, mood is referred to as the atmosphere of literary piece, as it creates an
emotional situation that surrounds the readers. Mood is developed in a literary
piece through various methods.

EXAMPLE:

Example #1: Pickwick Papers (By Charles Dickens)

Charles Dickens creates a calm and peaceful mood in

his novel Pickwick Papers:

“The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and
sparkled as it flowed noiselessly
Example #2: Wuthering Heights (By Emily Bronte)

Emily Bronte, in Wuthering Heights, creates two contrasting moods through two
contrasting settings. The events of the narrative takes place in two neighboring houses:
Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. A depressing mood is created whenever
Wuthering Heights is described. For example, in chapter 12 the narrator says:

“There was no moon, and everything beneath lay in misty darkness: not a light gleamed
from any house, far or near all had been extinguished long ago: and those at Wuthering
Heights were never visible..”
On the contrary, the description of Thrushcross Grange creates a calm and peaceful
mood:

“ Glimmerton chapel bells were still ringing; and the full, mellow flow of the beck in the
valley came soothingly on the ear. It was a sweet substitute for the yet absent murmur
of the summer follage, which drowned that music about the Grange when the trees
were ion leaf.”