A Vowel Digraph: Is Two Letters With The First Letter Making A Long Sound and The Second Letter Is Silent. We Call This

Consonant
A consonant is a speech sound made by partially or completely blocking

the flow of air through the mouth (using the lips, teeth, tongue, and
palate).
Consonant X Contoid
Since the word ‘consonant’ is used in describing the phonology of a
language that can include sounds which could be classed phonetically as
vowels (Y, W), so we ought also to have a different word which covers just
those sounds which are phonetically of the type that produces a
significant obstruction to the flow of air through the vocal tract: the term
proposed is CONTOID.
A vowel is a speech sound made by allowing breath to flow out of the
mouth, without closing any part of the mouth or throat.
Also, attention to these two sounds, which are very similar:
Exocentric” digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is different from

that of either of its constituent letters. These are rarely considered
"silent". There are examples where the phoneme has no standard single-
letter representation, as with consonants ‹ng› for /ŋ/ as in sing, ‹th› for
/θ/ as in thin or /ð/ as in then, and diphthongs ‹ou› in out or ‹oi› in point
and where standard single-letter representation uses another letter, as
with ‹gh› in enough or ‹ph› in physical instead of ‹f›.
Endocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is the same as that
of one of its constituent letters. These include most double consonants,
as ‹bb› in clubbed; though not geminate consonants, as ‹ss› in misspell,
the discontiguous digraphs whose second element is "magic e", e.g. ‹a_e›
in rate (cf. rat), ‹i_e› in fine (cf. fin) and others such as ‹ck› (which is in
effect the "doubled" form of ‹k›), ‹gu› as in guard, vogue; ‹ea› as in bread,
heavy, etc. These are difficult for writers and sometimes for readers.
A vowel digraph is two letters with the first letter making a long sound
and the second letter is silent. We call this:
"first one does the talking, the second keeps on walking."
CONSONANT BLEND OR CLUSTER

Two or three consonants are blended together, each consonant sound
may be heard in the blend. Some examples of consonant blends are:
bl–black, cl–clap, fl–flip, gl–glass, pl–play, sl–slip, br–brick, cr–crab, dr–
drop, fr–from, gr–grab, pr–press, tr–trap, sc–scale, sk–skip, sm–smell,
sn–snail, sp–spill, rl–world, st–stop, sw–swell, str–stray (in which there
are two clusters: s+t and t+r), xth–sixth (in which the cluster is x + th).
Vowel diphthong refers to the blending of two vowels sounds, both
vowel sounds are usually heard and they make a gliding sound.
More Examples:
1. here, near, dear, beer
2. late, came, lane, day, make, again
3. cure, newer, tube
4. boy, voice, oil, boil, toy, noise
5. low
6. there, wear
7. time, bite, light, try, night
8. house, ouch!, loud, mouth
In phonology, hiatus or diaeresis refers to two vowel sounds occurring in

adjacent syllables, with no intervening consonant. When two adjacent
vowel sounds occur in the same syllable, the result is instead described
as a diphthong.
The English words hiatus and diaeresis themselves contain a hiatus
between the first and second syllables.
So: Hi – a – tus / di·aer·e·sis
A semivowel (or glide) is a sound, such as English /w/ or /j/ (‘y’), that is
phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable
boundary rather than as the nucleus of a syllable.
Triphones is union of a diphthong plus one vowel. The first sound is

always that of a diphthong. If a vowel comes after a diphthong, a small
tick is attached to that diphthong in the opposite direction. This tick will
indicate that there is a vowel after diphthong but will not indicate which
is that vowel.
e.g. diary - loyal – genuine - renewal – denial.
Sometimes, the letter y is a consonant, and other times it is a vowel. The

rule for telling the two apart is simple: The letter ‘y’ is a consonant if it is
at the beginning of a syllable. If ‘y’ is anywhere else in the syllable, it is a
vowel.
In general, the ‘Y’ is a consonant when the syllable already has a vowel.
Also, the ‘Y’ is considered a consonant when it is used in place of the soft
J sound, such as in the name ‘Yolanda’ or ‘Yoda’. In the names ‘Bryan’
and ‘Wyatt’, the ‘Y’ is a vowel, because it provides the only vowel sound
for the first syllable of both names. For both of these names, the letter
‘A’ is part of the second syllable, and therefore does not influence the
nature of the ‘Y’.
Examples of ‘Y’ as a Consonant: yes - yam - yell - yellow - yogurt – yacht.

Examples of ‘Y’ as a Vowel: gym - my - cycle - baby - hairy - sky – valley
– fairy
W’ becomes a semi-vowel when it becomes part of a diphthong. You

hear it most commonly in combination with ‘a’, ‘e’, and ‘o’. For example,
we have the ‘aw’ in ‘claw’, the ‘ew’ in ‘few’, and the ‘ow’ in ‘show’.
Sound out the word where it's used to make the final determination for
‘w’. If it glides, it’s a vowel. If not, it’s a consonant.
Examples of ‘W’ as a Consonant: winged – wren – why.
Examples of ‘W’ as a Vowel: awe – bow – dew – ewe – jaw – known –
lawn.
Let's try counting a couple of words.

How many phonemes are there in:
a) rich? 3 /r/ /i/ /ch/(digraph)
b) pitch? 3 /p/ /i/ /tch/(digraph)
c) bring?– 4 /b/ /r/ /i/ /ng/(digraph)
d) shoot? 3 /sh/ (digraph) /o/ (digraph) /t/
e) shy? 2 /sh/ (digraph) /y/
f) six? 4 /s / /i / / k / /s/ as the "x" has two distinct speech sounds.
g) brought? 4 /b/ /r/ /ou/ /ght/
h) through? 3 /th/ /r/ /ough/
i) thorough?4 /th/ /o/ /r/ /ough/
j) cane? 3 /c/ /a/ /n/
k) Bible? 5 /b/ /i/ /b/ /l/ /e/
8. How many phonemes are there in the words BRANCH, STRING, SPEECH, SHRINK?
e) 5 - 5 - 4- 5
CONSONANT CLASSIFICATION
We need to know six things to arrive at classification:
The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the
consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved.
STOPS (PLOSIVES): involve the stoppage and sudden release of air.
NASALS: the air escapes through the nose.
FRICATIVES: involve the constricted flow of air producing a kind of
hissing sound. Fricatives are sometimes referred to as "spirants" but this
term is now considered obsolete.
AFFRICATES: a combination of stop + fricative.
LATERAL: flow of air channeled through the sides of the tongue:
RETROFLEX: similar to the lateral but involving a backward curving of the
tip of the tongue.
SEMIVOWELS(GLIDES): similar to vowels in that the stoppage of the flow
of air is very minimal.
Words pronounced with a final consonant often have “e” as the final
letter. When “e” is the last letter in a word, it is usually silent; a
consonant is actually the last SOUND.
Examples:
made – phone – bite – have
Voiced
B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (then), V, W, Y e Z.
Voiceless
Ch, F, K, P, S, Sh, T e Th (thing)
8. Which alternative presents the wrong concept of pronunciation?
/ d/ - When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with an alveolar stop consonant /d/ or /t/.
The -s is pronounced like /z/ - after sibilant sounds.
The -s is pronounced like /s/ after voiceless sounds.
/t/ - When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with a voiceless consonant.
/d/ - When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends in a vowel or voiced consonant.
Explicação:
The -s is pronounced like /z/ after voiced sounds. The -s is pronounced like /s/ after voiceless sounds. .
The -s is pronounced with an additional syllable - similar to "iz" - after the following endings, both voiced
and voiceless which are sibilant.
/d/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends in a VOWEL OR VOICED CONSONANT.
/t/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with a voiceless consonant.
/ d/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with an alveolar stop consonant ¿ /d/ or /t/

A Vowel Digraph: Is Two Letters With The First Letter Making A Long Sound and The Second Letter Is Silent. We Call This

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Consonant

A consonant is a speech sound made by partially or completely blocking

Exocentric” digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is different from

CONSONANT BLEND OR CLUSTER

In phonology, hiatus or diaeresis refers to two vowel sounds occurring in

Triphones is union of a diphthong plus one vowel. The first sound is

Sometimes, the letter y is a consonant, and other times it is a vowel. The

Examples of ‘Y’ as a Consonant: yes - yam - yell - yellow - yogurt – yacht.

W’ becomes a semi-vowel when it becomes part of a diphthong. You

Let's try counting a couple of words.

B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (then), V, W, Y e Z.

Ch, F, K, P, S, Sh, T e Th (thing)

8. Which alternative presents the wrong concept of pronunciation?

The -s is pronounced like /z/ - after sibilant sounds.

The -s is pronounced like /s/ after voiceless sounds.

/d/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends in a VOWEL OR VOICED CONSONANT.

/t/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with a voiceless consonant.

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