Anyong Lupa

ANYONG LUPA
Transition forms and valley shoulders[edit]
Look from Paria View to a valley in Bryce Canyon,Utah, with very striking shoulders
Depending on the topography, the rock types and the climate, a lot of transitional forms between V-, U- and plain valleys exist. Their
bottoms can be broad or narrow, but characteristic is also the type of valley shoulder. The broader a mountain valley, the lower its
shoulders are located in most cases. An important exception are canyons where the shoulder almost is near the top of the valley's
slope. In the Alps – e.g. theTyrolean Inn valley – the shoulders are quite low (100–200 meters above the bottom). Many villages are
located here (esp. at the sunny side) because the climate is very mild: even in winter when the valley's floor is completely filled with
fog, these villages are in sunshine.
In some stress-tectonic regions of the Rockies or the Alps (e.g. Salzburg) the side valleys are parallel to each other, and additionally
they are hanging. The brooks flow into the river in form of deep canyons orwaterfalls. Usually this fact is the result of a violent
erosion of the former valley shoulders, a special genesis found also at arêtes and glacial cirques, at every Scottish glen, or in a
northern fjord.
Hanging valleys[edit]
Bridal Veil Falls inYosemite National Parkflowing from a hanging valley.

Hanging valley, Ibar river valley, RilaMountain, Bulgaria
A hanging valley is a tributary valley that is higher than the main valley. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys
when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. The main glacier erodes a deep U-shaped valley with nearly vertical
sides while the tributary glacier, with a smaller volume of ice, makes a shallower U-shaped valley. Since the surfaces of the glaciers
were originally at the same elevation, the shallower valley appears to be 'hanging' above the main valley. Often, waterfalls form at or
near the outlet of the upper valley.[4]
Hanging valleys also occur in fjord systems under water. The branches of Sognefjord are for instance much shallower than the main
fjord. The mouth of Fjærlandsfjord is about 400 meters deep while the main fjord is 1200 meters nearby. The mouth of Ikjefjord is
only 50 meters deep while the main fjord is around 1300 meters at the same point. [5]
Glaciated terrain is not the only site of hanging streams and valleys. Hanging valleys are also simply the product of varying rates of
erosion of the main valley and the tributary valleys. The varying rates of erosion are associated with the composition of the adjacent
rocks in the different valley locations. The tributary valleys are eroded and deepened by glaciers or erosion at a slower rate than that
of the main valley floor, thus the difference in the two valleys' depth increases over time. The tributary valley composed of more
resistant rock then hangs over the main valley.[6]
Trough-shaped valleys[edit]
Trough-shaped valleys also form in regions of heavy denudation. By contrast, with glacial U-shaped valleys, there is less downward
and sideways erosion. The severe slope denudation results in gently sloping valley sides and their transition to the actual valley
bottom is unclear. Trough-shaped valleys occur mainly in periglacial regions and in tropical regions of variable wetness. Both
climates are dominated by heavy denudation.
Box valleys[edit]
Box valleys have wide, relatively level floors and steep sides. They are common in periglacial areas and occur in mid-latitudes, but
also occur in tropical and arid regions.[7]
Valley floors[edit]
Usually the bottom of a main valley is broad – independent of the U or V shape. It typically ranges from about one to ten kilometers
in width and is commonly filled with mountain sediments. The shape of the floor can be ratherhorizontal, similar to a flat cylinder,
or terraced.
Side valleys are rather V than U-shaped; near the mouth waterfalls are possible if it is a hanging valley. The location of the villages
depends on the across-valley profile, on climate and local traditions, and on the danger ofavalanches or landslides. Predominant are
places on terraces or alluvial fans if they exist.
Historic siting of villages within the mainstem valleys, however, have chiefly considered the potential of flooding.
ANYONG TUBIG
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to
the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded byAsia and Australia in the west and
the Americas in the east.
At 165,250,000 square kilometers (63,800,000 square miles) in area (as defined with an Antarctic southern border), this largest
division of the World Ocean—and, in turn, the hydrosphere—covers about 46% of Earth's water surface and about one-third of its
total surface area, making it larger than all of Earth's land area combined. [1] The centers of both the Water Hemisphere and
the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean. Theequator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific
Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South
Pacific.[2] Its mean depth is 4,000 meters (13,000 feet).[3] The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the
world, reaching a depth of 10,911 meters (35,797 feet).[4] The western Pacific has many peripheral seas.
Though the peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times, the eastern Pacific was first
sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboacrossed the Isthmus of Panama in
1513 and discovered the great "southern sea" which he named Mar del Sur (in Spanish). The ocean's current name was coined
by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favorable
winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means "peaceful sea".[5]
The Pacific Ocean is the body of water between Asia and Australia in the west, the Americas in the east, the Southern Ocean to
the south, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. It is the largest namedocean and it covers one-third of the surface of the entire world. It
joins the Atlantic Ocean at a line drawn south from Cape Horn, Chile/Argentina to Antarctica, and joins the Indian Ocean at a line
drawn south from Tasmania, Australia to Antarctica.
As the Atlantic slowly gets wider, the Pacific is slowly shrinking. It does this by folding the sea floor in towards the center of
the Earth - this is called subduction. This bumping and grinding is hard so there are many earthquakes and volcanoes when
the pressure builds up and is quickly released as large explosions of hot rocks and dust. When an earthquake happens under the
sea, the quick jerk causes a tsunami. This is why tsunamis are more common around the edge of the Pacific than anywhere else.
Many of the Earth's volcanoes are either islands in the Pacific, or are on continents within a few hundred kilometers of the ocean's
edge. Plate tectonics are another reason which makes Pacific Ocean smaller.

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ANYONG LUPA

Transition forms and valley shoulders[edit]

fog, these villages are in sunshine.

Bridal Veil Falls inYosemite National Parkflowing from a hanging valley.

near the outlet of the upper valley.[4]

resistant rock then hangs over the main valley.[6]

climates are dominated by heavy denudation.

also occur in tropical and arid regions.[7]

places on terraces or alluvial fans if they exist.

the Americas in the east.

drawn south from Tasmania, Australia to Antarctica.

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