OUTCOMES:

After completion of this chapter, we will be able to

1. Know the scope and role of civil engineering and civil engineer in development

of Society.

27/08/19 1 1
Outline:
Scope of Civil Engineering
Role of Civil Engineer in Society
Impact of infrastructural development on economy of
country

27/08/19 2
 SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Engineering

Ø  Ingenious means ‘Clever person’ in Latin

Ø  Engineer cleverly uses the available natural resources for the benefit of
mankind

Ø  Provides comfort to mankind and makes life comfortable.

Ø  Application of scientific and mathematical knowledge and rational thinking

to improve living standards

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 Civil Engineering
Ø  Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All engineering works other
than for military purposes were grouped in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical,
Electronics & present day Information technology followed it.

Ø  A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design, construction and
maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.

Ø  Application of physical, mathematical and scientific principles for the convenience of

civilization.

Ø  Began b/w 4000 BC and 2000 BC (during Ancient Egypt, Mesapotamia, Indus Valley
Civilisations).

Ø  John Smeaton was the first self proclaimed Civil Engineer who built Eddystone Light
House in 1771.
Ø  Civil engineering is the oldest branch of engineering which is growing right
from the stone age of civilization.

Ø  American Society of Civil Engineering defines civil engineering as "the

profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences
gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgment to develope
ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of the nature for the
progressive well being of man.“

Ø  Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the

design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and
buildings.

Ø  “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature
for the use and convenience of man”.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil
Engineers London.
FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND THEIR SCOPE

Civil engineering may be divided into the following fields:

(i) Building materials
(ii) Building construction
(iii) Structural engineering
(iv) Geotechnical engineering
(v) Hydraulics, water resources and irrigation engineering
(vi) Water supply and sanitary engineering
(vii) Environmental engineering
(viii) Transportation engineering
(ix) Town planning and architecture
(x) Surveying
(xi) Drawing
(xii) Estimation and specification
(xiii) Management techniques
(xiv) Computer application.
 DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING

Hydraulics,
Architecture &
Water Resource &
Town Planning
Irrigation Engineering

Building Remote Sensing & GIS

Materials

Construction Structural
Civil Engineering
Technology Engineering

Environmental
Surveying
Engineering

Geotechnical Transportation
Engineering Engineering
 (i) Building Materials

Ø  Shelter is the basic need of civilized society. Stones, bricks, timber and lime
concrete are the traditional materials used for the construction of houses and other
buildings.

Ø  The invention of cement and concrete has prodivided durable buildings.

Ø  Reinforced concrete which is composite construction of steel and concrete has

helped in building large structure.
Ø  Steel, aluminum, glass, plastics, glazed tiles, plaster of Paris, linoleum, paints
and varnishes have improved the quality of buildings.

Ø  Improved versions of many building materials keep on appearing in the market

regularly.

Ø  A civil engineer has to make use of all these materials judiciously.

 (ii) Building Construction
Ø  Fast rate of urbanization and increase in the cost of land has forced to go for the
vertical growth of buildings.

Ø  In metropolitan cities, 25 storey buildings are becoming common.

Ø  Even in small towns 3 to 4 storey buildings have become common.

Ø  This requirement has brought in new building technologies.

Ø  Continuous research and development in construction technology is going on to
see that huge investment in building is utilized at the earliest.

Ø  Civil engineers have to look into the problems of rural areas and urban poor
people also.

Ø  There are 23 million Indians without home.

Ø  Low cost housing is the need of the day to make poor people afford their own
houses.
(iii) Structural Engineering
Ø  Before building a structure, it should be analyzed and designed to decide
about its size to resist the possible forces coming on it.

Ø  The structure should be safe and at the same time its components should be as
small as possible.

Ø  Up to mid sixties lot of improvements were seen in the classical methods of

analysis. Need of tall structures and improvements in computers gave rise to
matrix method and finite element method of analysis.

Ø  Requirement of large column free structures gave rise to analysis and design
of shell roofs (curved surfaces), geodetic towers and tension structures.

Ø  Disasters due to earthquakes have made civil engineers to study earthquake

forces and build earthquake resistant structures. It needs the knowledge of
structural dynamics.
Ø  A civil engineer has to not only give a safe structure but he has to give an
economical structure also.

Ø  Hence, there is need for studying mathematical optimization techniques. All

these aspects of analysis and design fall under structural engineering field.

Ø  Structural engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical

knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and
geometries.

Ø  Structural engineering design utilizes a number of simple structural

elements to build complex structural systems.

Ø  Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of applied

mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to understand and
predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads.
 BRANCHES IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Ø  Material science (Strength of material)

Ø  Applied mathematics (Structural analysis)

Ø  Concrete structure (Slabs, Beams and Columns)

Ø  Steel structure (Girder, Beams and Columns)

Ø  Prefabrication structures
Material science

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter

and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.

eering.
 Applied mathematics

•  Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical

structures and their components.
Concrete structure

•  Concrete, in construction are

structural material consisting of
a hard, chemically inert
particulate substance, known as
aggregate (usually sand and
gravel), that is bonded together
by cement and water.
Steel Structure
Prefabrication structures
(iv) Geotechnical Engineering
Ø  All structures have to finally transfer the load acting on them to soil safely.

Ø  Soil property changes from place to place. Even in the same place it may not
be uniform at different depth and in different seasons.

Ø  Hence, a civil engineer has to properly investigate soil and decide about the
safe load that can be spread on the soil.
Ø  This branch of study in civil engineering is known as geotechnical
engineering.

Ø  Apart from finding safe bearing capacity for foundation of buildings,

geotechnical engineering involves various studies required for the design of
pavements, tunnels, earthen dam, canals and earth retaining structures. It
involves study of ground improvement techniques also.
 For a geotechnical engineer,

Super Structure

Ground Level

Foundation or
Substructure

Foundation Soil

Foundation Soil and sub-structure should resist forces

without failure or excessive deformation
•  Geotechnical engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the
analysis, design and construction of foundations, slopes, retaining structures,
embankments, tunnels, levees, wharves, landfills and other systems that are
made of or are supported by soil or rock.

SOIL EXPOLORATION FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

RETAINING STRUCTURES EMBANKMENTS

TUNNELS WHARVES
 (v) Hydraulics, Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering
Ø  Water is an important need for all living beings.

Ø  Study of mechanics of water and its flow characteristics is another important

field in civil engineering and it is known as hydraulics.

Ø  Requirement of water in cities for domestic purpose and for industries is

continuously increasing.

Ø  Rural areas need water for agricultural field also.

Ø  Hence civil engineers have to look for new water resources and for storing
them.

Ø  This branch of civil engineering is known as water resources engineering.

Water stored in reservoirs by building bunds and dams should be brought to
agricultural fields through canals and distributaries.

Ø  Study connected with this aspect is known as irrigation engineering.

Ø  Hydraulics deals with mechanics of water (fluid) flow.

Ø  Water resource engineering deals with identification & utilization of

available water resources minimizing the loss. Surface water such as
river and lake water and ground water are usefully managed.

Ø  This also deals with ground water utilization, ground water recharge and
rain water harvesting.
Ø  Irrigation engineering deals with water management for agriculture
purpose.

Ø  Dams are constructed at the desired locations to store water in reservoir

when the supply from river is good and to utilize for useful purpose during
draught. Canals are built for the purpose. During excess input, water is
allowed to main river through the body of dam to avoid flooding.

Falkirk Wheel in Scotland Hoover Dam in USA

Water management involves the use
of hydrologic and hydraulic
principles to design:
•  Drainage systems,
•  Detention/retention ponds,
•  Navigational waterways, and
•  Flood control levees, dams,
and lakes.
Water resource engineering: Water source, Water treatment, Water
distribution, waste water treatment and Wastewater used by agriculture
(VI) WATER SUPPLY AND SUPPLY AND SANITARY
ENGINEERING

Ø  When water is required for drinking purpose it should be purified and

made potable. Purification of water and the technology involved in
taking it to the houses is known as water supply engineering.

Ø  Waste waster and solid waste should be treated and disposed so that
they do not create health hazard. This branch of civil engineering is
known as sanitary engineering.
 (VII) ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Ø  Apart from tackling solid and waste water disposal civil engineers have
to tackle air pollution problem also.
Ø  Due to industrialization air pollution is becoming a major problem.

Ø  During the last one century, the environmental pollution has resulted in
global warming by 4°C.

Ø  An environmental disaster will be unavoidable if China, India and other

developing countries start consuming as much energy and materials as
the West did it in its march to industrialization.

Ø  Hence environmental engineering is emerging as an important field of

study in civil engineering
•  Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and public health
engineering. Different types of pollutions are water, air, noise and other
pollution.

•  Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid urbanization and

several other human activities like construction, mining, transportation,
environment gets polluted.

•  Environmental engineering deals with technologies & facilities which are

engaged in reducing pollution. Environmental engineering includes design,
construction and maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water
treatment plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it also
deals with solid waste management in towns and cities.

•  Public health engineering includes water treatment, water distribution network,

& solid waste management
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(viii) Transportation Engineering

Ø  Transportation facility is another important need. Providing good and

economical road links is an important duty of civil engineers.

Ø  It involves design and construction of base courses, suitable, surface

finishes, cross drainage works, intersections, culverts, bridges and
tunnels etc.

Ø  Railways is another important long-way transport facility. Design,

construction and maintenance of railway lines are parts of transportation
engineering.
Ø  Globalization has resulted into requirement of airports and harbors.
Ø  For proper planning of these transport facilities, traffic survey is to be carried
out. Carrying out traffic survey and then planning, designing, construction and
maintenance of roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, airports and harbors is known
as transportation engineering.

Ø  Transportation Engineering is the application of scientific principles and

technologies to the planning, design, analysis, operation, and management of
transportation systems for a full range of modes of transportation, e.g.
highway, urban transit, air, rail and water, in order to provide for the movement
of people
•  Airways
•  Water ways
•  Road ways
•  Rail ways
AIRPORT ENGINEERING HARBOUR ENGINEERING

ROADWAYS ENGINEERING RAILWAY ENGINEERING

 Deals with Transportation system
Planning And high way material design
 (ix) Town Planning and Architecture

Ø  With the growth of population and industries new towns are coming up and
existing ones are growing.

Ø  Proper town planning is to be made by civil engineers. Structures should be

aesthetically good also.
Ø  Architecture covers this area.

Ø  This field of civil engineering has grown up so much that it has become a
separate branch of engineering.

Ø  Town planning means planned & controlled growth of town by dividing town in
to different land use zones and regulating building construction to provide better
environment for the people of the town.
•  In the town planning areas of town are divided into residential, commercial,
recreational and industrial zones, which is called zoning.

•  Floor space index, and other byelaws are fixed to guide and regulate the
building construction.

•  For towns and cities master plan for town planning schemes are prepared to
accommodate future growth of town in better way. Planning of very large area
covering several towns and villages is known as regional planning.
(x) Surveying
Ø  For planning all developmental activities, proper maps are required.

Ø  The science of map making is known as surveying.

Ø  Survey maps provide the relative positions of various objects of the area in
the horizontal as well as vertical directions.

Ø  Earlier conventional instruments like chain, tape, compasses, theodolites and

levels were used for various measurements in surveying.

Ø  In this electronic era the modern equipment's like electronic distance meters
and total stations are used for measurements.

Ø  Modern technology like remote sensing has made surveying vast area in a
short period possible.
Ø  Activity involved in collection of topographic features of a location for future
construction.
Ø  Feasibility survey, alternate and most suitable method is evolved
Ø  Helps in environmental impact assessment
Objectives of Surveying
• Execution of survey to collect topographic data
• Calculation and analysis of data, plotting survey data to create design maps
• Provision of line, grade and other layout works
 (xi) Drawing
Ø  Drawing is the language of engineers. The survey maps and plans, the building
description etc are to be provided with neat scaled drawings.

(xii) Estimation and Specification

Ø  Civil engineers have to prepare estimation and detailed specifications for each
and every work to be taken up.

(xiii) Management Techniques

Ø  Civil engineers must manage, men, materials and equipment's efficiently.
Since huge funds are to be handled in civil engineering projects, a civil
engineer must know the basics in financial management and legal
obligations.

Ø  Knowledge of management techniques is an asset to practicing civil engineer.

(xiv) ComputerApplications
 Geomatics engineering

•  Geomatics engineering is the surveying of the entire or a part of the earth with
various techniques (satellites positioning, satellite images processing, etc.) and
the resulting spatial data is evaluated and expressed in maps and plans in the
computer environment
Earthquake engineering
Earthquake engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERS
BEST CREATION
Island made of humans - Palm Islands
World tallest building -Burj Khalifa
Qingdao Haiwan Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge
Hoover Dam
Great Wall of China
English channel tunnel
Functions of Civil Engineering

Civil engineering functions performed can broadly be classified in three

categories.

•  Before construction

•  During construction

•  After Construction
Before Construction

•  Feasibility study
•  Surveying
•  Site investigation
•  Planning
•  Design and drawing
•  Estimating
•  Planning & Scheduling
 Before Construction
•  In the beginning technical feasibility, environmental impact assessment and
economical viability of the project are studied.

•  Surveying includes preparing site plan, contour map and measurement of

field dimensions and levels.

•  Soil investigation includes collecting data regarding soil and bearing

capacity of soil.

•  Soil investigations is done for the purpose of foundation design.

•  On the basis of the data collected planning, designing, are carried out and
drawings are prepared.

•  Estimates are prepared to know the probable cost of completion of work

and detailed planning and scheduling are prepared to carry out different
27/08/19
activities in time without any delay. 56
During Construction

•  Dealing with clients, Consulting engineer and contractors

•  Execution and supervision

•  Quality control

•  Costing

27/08/19 57
During Construction

Ø  Onwer, engineer and contractor are the three constituents of a

construction team in engineering profession, hence continuous liaison
among themselves is a very essential for the speedy progress of the
work.

Ø  Execution of work is actual construction carried out on the site with

materials and equipment's, by the skilled and unskilled work force,
under the technical guidance and supervision of engineer in charge.

Ø  During the construction engineer has to supervise the work carried

out as per the specifications for quality control.

Ø  Costing is the accounts procedure of arriving at the actual cost of

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construction.
After Construction

•  Maintenance and repairs

•  Valuation

•  After the construction regular maintenance of structures is to be carried

out. Valuation is carried out for the purpose of sale, purchase and
many others purposes.

27/08/19 59
 Role of Civil Engineers
Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public utilities.
Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers.

•  Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing, estimation and

execution of structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports,
dams, canals, water and waste water treatment plants, water distribution
network and sewerage system.

•  To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of different engineering

problems

•  To solve different engineering problems with the help of field experience,

laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using computer and information
technology.
•  To implement management techniques for better management of man, material,
machines and money.
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•  To carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as suggested by
clients or user, the building may be residential building, public building, or
industrial building. He has to plan the building as per the byelaws.

•  To carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of structures.

•  To carry out design of structures as per the principles of structural analysis and
design. He should also ensure that the design is safe, durable, and economical.

•  To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of completion of work.

•  To invite tenders & to select contractors for the works.

•  To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding its sale or
purchase price or taxation.
•  Civil engineers has to work for the general welfare of people.

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ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN SOCIETY
—  A civil engineer has to conceive, plan, estimate, get approval, create
and maintain all civil engineering activities.

—  Civil engineer has very important role in the development of the

following infrastructure:
(i)  Measure and map the earth’s surface.

(ii) Plan new townships and extension of existing towns.

(iii) Build the suitable structures for the rural and urban areas for
various utilities.

(iv) Build tanks and dams to exploit water resources.

(v) Build river navigation and flood control projects.
(vi) Build canals and distributaries to take water to agricultural fields.
 (vii) Purify and supply water to the needy areas like houses, schools,
offices etc.

(viii) Provide and maintain communication systems like roads railways,

harbors and airports
(ix) Devise systems for control and efficient flow of traffic.

(x) Provide and maintain solid and waste water disposal system.

(xi) Monitor land, water and air pollution and take measures to control
them.

(xii) Fast growing industrialization has put heavy responsibilities on

civil engineers to preserve and protect environment.
 Infrastructure

Ø  Infrastructure is the framework of supporting system consisting of roads,

airports, bridges, buildings, parks and other amenities for the comfort of mankind.
Ø  Economically, infrastructure are the structural elements that allow for production
of goods and services without themselves being part of the production process,
e.g. roads allow the transport of raw materials and finished products.
Ø  The word is a combination of "infra" and "structure". The term came to
prominence in the United States in the 1980s following the publication of America
in Ruins (Choate and Walter, 1981), which initiated discussion of the nation’s
"infrastructure crisis" caused by inadequate investment and poor maintenance of
public works.
Infrastructure deals with

Transportation
Road Network
Railway
Ports & Harbors
Air travel and Airports
Television Network
Telephone Network
Landline connections
Mobile phone connections
Energy Sector
Electrification
Reduction in energy loss
Use of renewable energy such as Solar, Wind, Biogas plants
Agricultural Activity
Largest economic investment
Construction Activity
Second largest economy in India
Lifelines
 India’s Infrastructure policy
Ø  Additional power generation capacity of about 70,000 MW
Ø  Construction of Dedicated Freight Corridors between Mumbai and Delhi, and
Ludhiana and Kolkata
Ø  Capacity addition of 485 million MT in major ports, 345 million MT in minor ports
Ø  Modernisation and redevelopment of 21 railway stations
Ø  Development of 16 million hectares through major, medium and minor irrigation
works
Ø  Modernisation and redevelopment of 4 metro and 35 non-metro airports
Ø  Six-laning 6,500 km of Golden Quadrilateral and selected National Highways
Ø  Construction of 1,65,244 km of new rural roads, and renewing and upgrading
existing 1,92,464 km covering 78,304 rural habitations
Ø  Infrastructure growth at 15 % P.A
Ø Construction sector to be the biggest beneficiary. Second largest after
agriculture, 11% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) & 50 % of Gross
Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), 65 % of total investment

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Impact of infrastructural development of a country

Ø  Increase in food production

Ø  Protection from drought, famine, flood
Ø  Healthy and comfortable housing facility
Ø  Safe domestic and industrial water supply
Ø  Safe and scientific waste disposal
Ø  Improvement in communication and transportation
Ø  Generation of electricity from, nuclear, hydel, thermal, solar or wind
energy
Ø  Improved, wealth, prosperity, standard of living
Ø  Overall growth of a nation
Impact of infrastructural development of a country

Ø  Large scale budget allocation for infrastructure leads to agricultural and

industrial developments.
Ø  Provide employment, eradicates poverty and enhances per capita income.
Ø  Urban growth only can lead to population drift from rural sectors leading to
explosion in population in cities and inadequate development of villages and
improper care for agricultural sector.
Ø  Use of infarstructural facility only by upper class leads to imbalance.
Impact of Infrastructure Development on the Economic Development of a
country
•  The infrastructural facilities mainly transportation, power, communication,
water resources, banking, science and technology create environment in
which Industries and business can grow.

•  Due to the basic facilities which any industry needs are provided by
infrastructural sector, country has progressed well. Per capita income and
Gross domestic product are the economic measures for assessment of
development.
Per Capita Income:

•  Per Capita income is the average income of normal resident of a country in

a particular year. It is obtained by dividing national income of a country by
its population
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Impact of Infrastructure Development on the Economic Development of a
country
Gross domestic Product:

•  Gross domestic product at market price is the value of all fixed goods
and services at prices prevailing in the market produced in the
domestic territory of a country during a given year.

•  Due to the acceleration of progress of infrastructural projects overall

development and upliftment of common man can be done.

•  Thus the infracture development is key to economic development of

any country.

27/08/19 71
Impact Of Infrastructural Development On Economy Of Country

—  Civil engineering activities in the infrastructural development are:

(i)  Good planning of towns and extension areas in the cities. Each extension
area should be self sufficient in accommodating offices, educational
institutions, markets, hospitals and residential accommodation.

(ii) Assured water supply.

(iii) A good drainagesystem.

(iv) Pollution free environmental conditions.

(v) A well planned and built network of roads and road crossings.

(vi) Railways connections to all important cities and towns.

(vii) Airports and harbors of national and international standards.

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Ø  Infrastructure also involves electricity supply, without assured electric supply
no city town can develop.

Ø  Internet and telephones are also desirable features.

Ø  Educational facility also forms part of infrastructure.

Ø  Proximity of good primary and secondary schools to residential areas is

desirable. Collegiate and professional education also form part of
infrastructure of a city.

Ø  Good health care facility is a necessity. Primary health centers, specialized

hospitals and doctors add to the desirable infrastructure facility.
Effect of infrastructure facilities are:
1. Connecting producing centers to marketing places minimize exploitation
of producers by middlemen. Imports and exports became easy and as a
result of which whole world becomes a village.

2. Improved irrigation facility enhances agricultural products and hence

producers as well as consumers are benefitted.

3. Infrastructural facility develops scope for a number of industries and it

creates job opportunities.

4. Improved education and health care give rise to skilled and

healthy work force. Quality of life of the people is improved.

5. Utilization of manpower for the benefit of mankind brings down

antisocial activities.
6. In case of natural calamities assistance can be easily extended to the
affected areas and misery of affected people minimized.
7. Infrastructural facility improves defense system and peace exists in the
country.

8. Improved economical power of the country brings a respectable status in

the world. The world has realized that a government should not involve
itself in production and distribution but should develop infrastructure to
create an atmosphere for economical development
Role of Civil engineers in Infrastructural development

Ø  Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and airports

Ø  Construction of dams and proper utilization of water resources.

Ø  Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial complexes

Ø  Maintenance of facility
Ø  Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair
 •  Field job
•  Research
•  Management

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27/08/19 78
Ø  Private sector
Ø  Public sector
Ø  Government sector

27/08/19 79
IES(Indian engineering services)

There are several jobs for engineer in the Indian Railways. you can apply
for

Ø  Indian Railway Service of Engineers

Ø  Indian Railway Stores Service
Ø  Central Engineering Service
Ø  Military Engineer Service (Building and Roads Cadre)
Ø  Central Water Engineering
Ø  Assistant Executive Engineer
Ø  Survey of India Service
M.Tech/M.E.
Ø  Building science and technology
Ø  Geotechnical engineering
Ø  Hydraulic engineering
Ø  Hydraulics Mechanics & water management
Ø  Infrastructure engineering
Ø  Structural engineering
Ø  Transportation engineering
Ø  Building technology & construction management
Ø  Soil mechanics and foundation engineering
Ø  Geo Informatics
Ø  Highway technology
Ø  Offshore structures
Ø  Traffic & transportation planning
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3.  Associated Engineering 12.  Macro Marvel Infrastructure
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Chennai
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 THANK YOU

27/08/19 83