Financial Ratio Analysis of Bank Performance

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A Financial Ratio Analysis of Commercial Bank Performance in South Africa
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African Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 2, No. 1, Dec 2010
©The Author(s)
Journal compilation ©2010 African Centre for Economics and Finance. Published by
Print Services, Rhodes University, P.O.Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa
A financial Ratio Analysis of Commercial Bank

Performance in South Africa
Mabwe Kumbirai2# and Robert Webb*
Abstract
This paper investigates the performance of South Africa’s commercial banking
sector for the period 2005- 2009. Financial ratios are employed to measure
the profitability, liquidity and credit quality performance of five large South
African based commercial banks. The study found that overall bank performance
increased considerably in the first two years of the analysis. A significant change
in trend is noticed at the onset of the global financial crisis in 2007, reaching its
peak during 2008-2009. This resulted in falling profitability, low liquidity and
deteriorating credit quality in the South African Banking sector.
1. Introduction
Commercial banks in South Africa have undergone immense regulatory and
technological changes since the attainment of constitutional democracy in 1994.
South African banks are faced with increasing competition and rising costs as a
result of regulatory requirements, financial and technological innovation, entry
of large foreign banks in the retail banking environment and challenges of the
recent financial crisis. These changes had a dramatic effect on the performance
of the commercial banks. Most studies on bank performance in South Africa
have focused on branch performance [see Oberholzer and Van der Westhuizen
(2004); O’Donnell and Van der Westhuizen, (2002); Okeahalam (2006)]. More
recently, Cronje (2007) and Ncube (2009) studied the efficiency of South
African banks using Data Envelopment Analysis (hereafter DEA), studying
the periods 1997-2007 and 2000-2005 respectively. This study evaluates bank
2 Caledonian Business School, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road G4 0BA,

UK # Corresponding author: kumbirai.mabwe@gcu.ac.uk
30 ©2010 The Author (s)

Journal compilation ©2010 African Centre for Economics and Finance
performance for the period 2005-2009 using financial ratio analysis (hereafter
FRA). The present study is different from earlier studies in two ways: sample
coverage and methodology. Covering South Africa’s big banks in the period both
prior to, and after the 2007 subprime meltdown highlights important changes
that have occurred in the banking industry and tease out appropriate policy for
improving bank performance. Compared to extant literature we favour FRA
because it is effective in distinguishing high performing banks from others, tends
to compensates for disparities and controls for any size effect on the financial
variables being studied (Samad, 2004). Additionally, financial ratios enable us
to identify unique bank strengths and weaknesses, which in itself inform bank
profitability, liquidity and credit quality. The rest of the paper is organised as
follows: the next section offers background information on the financial system
in South Africa. Section 3 outlines the past studies in bank performance. The
methodology and data used are described in section 4. Section 5 presents and
analyses the results and section 6 concludes.
2. Banking in South Africa

While ranked in the top 20 of world economies by size, the South African
economy remain relatively small accounting for less than 1 per cent of global
GDP (Baxter, 2008). Despite being small by global standards, South Africa is
the economic powerhouse of Africa, leading the continent in industrial output
and mineral production and generating a large proportion of Africa’s electricity
(Brand, 2009). South Africa’s economic performance during the first decade
of freedom was impressive, with favourable external environment and strong
domestic demand helping raise GDP growth to 5 % on average in 2004–2007 and
lowering the unemployment rate by 5% (Ramcharan, 2009).
The consistent performance ensured by a prolonged economic expansion,
supported by prudent economic policies and improving macroeconomic
fundamentals resulted in low inflation, high commodity prices and increased
investor confidence. In such favourable economic conditions, the banking sector
played an essential role in the economic growth of the country. However, the
global financial crisis of late 2007 sharply changed the outlook for an already
slowing economy and South Africa was not immune to the impact of the global
financial crisis-induced economic slowdown (Baxter, 2008). Slower economic
growth in key export markets, lower commodity prices and a slowdown in
capital flows to developing countries had a negative impact on the South African
economy. Negative growth was experienced in the fourth quarter of 2008 and
©2010 The Author (s) 31
the South African economy officially entered into a recession in the first quarter
of 2009 (SARB, 2009). The table below shows the South African economic
indicators for the period 2005-2009. The real GDP growth has been increasing
since 2000. The growth rate was 5.3% for 2006 before falling to 5.1% in 2007
when the financial crisis started. However as can be seen, the growth rate then
drastically fell to 3.1% for 2008 before settling on a negative 1.8 % in 2009
reflecting the above mentioned effects of the financial crisis on the South African
economy GDP growth. Inflation, which has remained outside the 3–6 % target
band since 2007, peaked to 11.5% in 2008 as shown in table 1.
Table 1: South Africa’s Key Economic Indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Real GDP 5.0 5.3 5.1 3.1 -1.8
CPI (annual average) 3.4 4.7 7.1 11.5 7.4

CPIX (end of period) 1 4.0 5.0 8.6 10.3 Na
Unemployment rate (percent) 26.2 25.5 22.7 21.9 24.9
Broad money (end of period) 20.5 22.5 23.6 14.8 7.9
National government budget balance -0.6 0.4 0.8 -0.7 -4.4
(percent of GDP)
National government debt (percent of 35.2 33.0 28.5 27.3 30.2

GDP)
External current account balance -4.0 -6.3 -7.3 -7.4 -4.4
(percent of GDP)
External debt (percent of GDP) 19.0 22.1 26.6 25.9 27.3
Gross reserves 2.9 3.1 3.7 4.6 4.5
US Dollar exchange rate (rand per u.s. 6.33 6.97 6.81 9.53 Na
dollar
Sources: South African Reserve Bank; IMF, International Financial Statistics; and
IMF Staff projections. Since January 2009, a reweighed and rebased CPI replaced the
previously used CPIX (the consumer price index excluding the interest on mortgage
loans) as the targeted measure of inflation.
Despite the apparent worsening of the economic indicators, South Africa

maintained strong macro-fiscal stabilization measures and had progressed on
several socio-economic fronts before the crisis1 hence the economy’s resilience
to the global financial crisis. Consequently, for an open economy intricately
woven into the ‘fabric’ of the global economy, South Africa weathered the global

crisis relatively well compared to other countries in the region (Baxter, 2008).
South Africa’s 1994 transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy
has been one of the most important political achievements of its time. The safe
political and business environment resulting from the attainment of democracy
opened up opportunities for new domestic entrants to the banking system (Van
der Walt, 1998). The biggest increase in new bank registrations was in 1996,
when registrations rose from 35 to 44. However, this was followed by the biggest
shakeout during 1999 when these banks faced liquidity pressures which saw them
exiting the banking system (Mboweni, 2004). Between 1996 and 2004 more than
half of these banks disappeared, including Saambou in 2002 when, like a few
other small banks, it was denied access to lender-of last resort facilities (Gilbert
et al, 2009). Mboweni, (2004) has argued that the downward spiralling of the
small and medium banks was due to consolidation in the banking sector rather
than failure of the small and medium banks. A fact also supported by Gilbert
et al, (2009:68) who states that the change in the banking scene was as a result
of the ‘‘rationalisation of the banking system whereby organisational specific,
functional specialisation was replaced by functional diversification within
multifunction institutions’’.
The socio-political changes led to structural changes in the banking sector as
well as the delivery of financial services. The political transformation, relaxation
of exchange controls and liberalisation of the economy resulted in South Africa
increasingly becoming an important financial centre (Mboweni, 2004; Murinde,
2009). Such financial liberalisation did not only bring greater competition for
traditional domestic banks but also improved the quality and availability of
financial services in South Africa. In September 2004 Barclays announced its
intention to acquire a majority shareholding in ABSA, South Africa’s second
largest bank. This event signalled the UK banking giant’s return to banking
in South Africa having been forced out by economic sanctions and political
instability in 1986. These events signified the reintegration of the South African
domestic economy into the global environment evidenced by the relaxation of
the exchange controls and the provision of financial services to the poor, non-
white population that was practically excluded from the formal financial services
in the apartheid era (Napier, 2006).
The South African banking industry is also characterised by international
links through correspondent banking relations with off-shore banks and
international institutional investments in domestic banks. Therefore, regulation

and supervision of banking is still an issue, especially with respect to financial
innovations such as derivative instruments and in light of the 2007-2009 global
financial crisis (Murinde, 2009). The 1990 Banks Act was amended in 2008,
to align the South African banking legislative framework with the principles of
Basel II. Banking regulation is aimed at a balance between enhanced stability of
the banking sector and the costs of reduced competition, struck by successive
rounds of bank regulation (Gilbert et al, 2009). Generally, South Africa’s
approach to financial system stability places considerable reliance on private
and market forces to achieve financial system stability with Rossouw (2009)
arguing that any government intervention would be at the minimum level and
only needed to contain systemic risk.
At the heart of the South African banking system is the South African
Reserve Bank (SARB), established in 1921. As at the end of 2009 the banking
sector consisted of 12 locally controlled banks, 6 foreign controlled banks and
2 mutual banks (SARB, 2009). Further, the banking sector has 42 international
banks with authorised representative offices in South Africa. The banking
sector is highly concentrated with the largest four banks holding 86.4% of the
total industry assets (SARB, 2009; Greenberg and Simbanegavi, 2009). Most
economists would analyse the level of concentration in a banking industry using
indicators such as Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, N-firm concentration ratio and
Learner’s index of monopoly (Calem and Carlino, 1991). An H-index above 0,
18 represents a highly concentrated industry that goes some way to indicating
the presence of an oligopoly. An ‘oligopoly’ can be defined as an imperfectly
competitive market structure in which a few institutions dominate the industry.
Such a description may fit the South African banking industry whose index has
been above 0.18 since 2005 (SARB, 2009).
Although the South African banking sector has been relatively insulated
from the direct impacts of the global financial-sector crisis through appropriate
monitoring and supervision of the domestic banking sector, the negative
contagion effects of the crisis had a negative effect on bank balance sheets
(SARB, 2008: 2009). The aggregated balance sheet of the banking sector in
South Africa equalled R1 677 billion in 2005. The sector’s balance-sheet size
then grew to R3 177 billion 2008 (135, 4 % of GDP), followed by a decline
in asset growth during 2009, ending the year at R2 967 billion (118, 5 % of
GDP). Banking sector assets comprise mainly loans and advances, followed
by derivative financial instruments. Home loans and term loans represent

approximately 52% of the total assets while commercial mortgages represent
9.7%. On the liabilities side, deposits constitute a significant percentage of
banking-sector liabilities amounting to 79, 6 % in 2008 and 85, 4 % in 2009.
Deposits by corporate customers which constitute the largest portion of banking-
sector deposits amounted to 42, 5 % in 2009, followed by retail customers and
bank deposits, which accounted for 22, 3 % and 13, 7 %.
3. Previous research on bank performance

The measurement of bank performance particularly commercial banks
is well researched and has received increased attention over the past years
(Seiford and Zhu, 1999). There have been a large number of empirical studies
on commercial bank performance around the world (see Yeh, 1996; Webb, 2003;
Lacewell, 2003; Halkos and Salamouris, 2004; Tarawneh, 2006). However,
little has been done on bank performance in South Africa. However, with the
deteriorating health of the banking institutions and the recent surge of bank
failures as a result of the current global financial crisis, it is justified that bank
performance receives increased investigation from both scholars and industry
specialists.
There are two broad approaches used to measure bank performance, the
accounting approach, which makes use of financial ratios and econometric
techniques. Traditionally accounting methods primarily based on the use of
financial ratios have been employed for assessing bank performance (Ncube,
2009). However, the limitations of this method coupled with advances in
management sciences have led to the development of alternate methods such
as non-parametric DEA and parametric Stochastic Frontier Approach (hereafter,
SFA) (Berger and Humphrey, 1997).
Berger & Humphrey (1997) assert that the whole idea of measuring bank
performance is to separate banks that are performing well from those which
are doing poorly. They further indicated that, “evaluating the performance of
financial institution can inform government policy by assessing the effects of
deregulation, mergers and market structure on efficiency” (p175). Bank regulators
screen banks by evaluating banks’ liquidity, solvency and overall performance
to enable them to intervene when there is need and to gauge the potential for
problems (Casu et al, 2006). On a micro‐level, bank performance measurement
can also help improve managerial performance by identifying best and worst
practices associated with high and low measured efficiency.
This brief review will focus upon studies on South Africa and other
emerging economies. When looking to improve their performance, banks
compare the performance of their peers and evaluate the trend of their financial
performance over time. Tarawneh (2006) in his study measured the performance
of Oman commercial banks using financial ratios and ranked the banks based
on their performance. The study utilised FRA to investigate the impact of asset
management, operational efficiency and bank size on the performance of Oman
commercial banks. The findings indicated that bank performance was strongly
and positively influenced by operational efficiency, asset management and bank
size.
In the Gulf, Samad (2004) investigated the performance of seven locally-
incorporated commercial banks during the period 1994-2001. Financial ratios
were used to evaluate the credit quality, profitability, and liquidity performances.
The performance of the seven commercial banks was compared with the
banking industry in Bahrain which was considered a benchmark. The article
applied a Student’s t-test to measure the statistical significance for the measures
of performance. The results revealed that commercial banks in Bahrain were
relatively less profitable, less liquid and were exposed to higher credit risk than
the banking industry, in which wholesale banks are the main component.
Kiyota (2009) in a two- stage procedure investigated the profit efficiency
and cost efficiency of commercial banks operating in 29 Sub-Saharan African
countries during 2000-2007. The article employs the SFA for the estimation of
profit and cost efficiency, financial ratios and the Tobit regression to provide
cross-country evidence on the performance and efficiency of African commercial
banks. The findings based on a range of performance ratios as well as stochastic
cost and profit frontier estimation, suggest that foreign banks tend to outperform
domestic banks in terms of profit efficiency as well as cost efficiency. The results
are also in line with the research by Kirkpatrick et al (2007) who used a sample of
89 banks from Sub-Sahara African countries for the period 1992-1999 and found
that banks are on average 67% profit efficient and 80% cost efficient, as indicated
by the results from both the distribution free approach and SFA methods.
O’Donnell and Van der Westhuizen (2002) measured the efficiency of a
South African bank at branch level. Their main focus was investigating branches
which were performing well and those that were doing badly, where efficiency
could be improved. They found that many branches were operating on a scale
that is too small and could increase their operational scales thereby improving
the overall efficiency of the bank. In a similar approach, Okeahalam (2006)

used the Bayesian SFA to assess the production efficiency of 61 bank branches
in nine provinces of South Africa. The findings of the study points to the fact
that although every branch is operating at increasing returns to scale, the bank
branches can reduce their cost by 17% if they improve the level of efficiency.
Overall the article concludes that the bank branches are less efficient than they
should be and could obtain cost reductions by increasing output.
Further, Oberholzer and Van der Westhuizen (2004) investigated the
efficiency and profitability of ten banking regional offices of one of South
Africa’s larger banks. This study demonstrates how conventional profitability
and efficiency analyses can be used in conjunction with DEA. Although their
study concentrated on banking regions, their findings confirm those of Yeh
(1996) that DEA results as an efficiency measure have a relationship with both
profitability and efficiency ratios. The conclusions were that there are significant
relationships between conventional profitability and efficiency measures and
allocative, cost and scale efficiency and no significant relationship with technical
efficiency.
Most of the above mentioned studies concentrated on branches of a single
bank, one of the studies that investigated the entire South African banking
sector is Cronje (2007) who employed the DEA method and a sample of 13
South African banks to provide a measure of the efficiency of the South African
banks. His findings show that out of the 13 banks, the three largest banks are
efficient and serve as a standard for the banks classified as inefficient. The fourth
largest bank showed a slight inefficiency. Overall, seven banks were classified as
inefficient and the article recommends target areas for the banks to improve their
efficiencies with guidelines that bankers in inefficient banks could use to increase
their sustainable profitability. The results of this study are in sharp contrast to
studies in the UK where Drake (2001) and Webb (2003) found the larger banks
less efficient. This difference could be attributed to the differences in operating
environment as South Africa is an emerging economy with a different political
and economic history where as UK is a developed country.
Another study that provides a brief but interesting account of bank
performance was conducted by Ncube (2009) who uses the stochastic frontier
model to analyse the cost and profit efficiency of four large and four small South
African banks. The results of the study show that South African banks have
significantly improved their cost efficiencies between 2000 and 2005 with the
most cost efficient banks also being most profit efficient. However, efficiency

gains on profitability over the same time period were found not to be significant.
4. Methodology and Data

This paper uses a descriptive financial ratio analysis to measure, describe and
analyse the performance of commercial banks in South Africa during the period
2005-2009. Additionally, to examine whether the difference in performance of
the banks in 2005-2006 is statistically different from that of 2008-2009 a student’s
t- test is employed to test the hypothesis that the means of the two periods are the
same on the seven variables as detailed in section 4.1.
The following hypothesis has been tested:
H0: µ1 =µ2,
Where µ1 is the mean for 2005-2006 and µ2 is the mean for 2008-2009.
Inferences about the hypothesis are made by looking at test statistics and critical
values associated with the mean. If P-value ≤ α, reject the null hypothesis. If
P-value > α, do not reject the null hypothesis. The results of the test are to be
handled with caution as there are very few observations and the statistical tool
might not be very effective when the sample is small.
The selection of the FRA method for this study is motivated by the fact
that from the review of past studies on banking in South Africa and to the
researchers’ knowledge, no researcher has used FRA to measure the performance
of commercial banks in South Africa during 2005-2009. Authors Oberholzer and
Van der Westhuizen (2004) used the method in measuring branch performance
however, the authors concentrated on branches of a single large bank. The
main advantage of FRA is its ability and effectiveness in distinguishing high
performance banks from others and the fact that FRA compensates for disparities
and controls for any size effect on the financial variables being studied (Samad,
2004). Additionally, financial ratios can be used to identify a bank’s specific
strengths and weaknesses as well as providing detailed information about bank
profitability, liquidity and credit quality policies (Hempel et al, 1994: Dietrich,
1996). FRA permits a historical sketch of bank returns and risks which Hempel
et al, (1994) suggests presents an opportunity to evaluate the past performance
of the bank which is an important step for planning for future performance.
Although accounting data in financial statements is subject to manipulation and
financial statements are backward looking, they are the only detailed information
available on the bank’s overall activities (Sinkey, 2002). Furthermore, they are
the only source of information for evaluating the management’s potential to
generate satisfactory returns in future.
The population for this research comprise of all the banks operating in
South Africa between 2005 and 2009. A sample of the top five commercial
banks was selected based on the value of their total assets at the end of the
2009 financial year end. These are the banks that dominate the sector with the
top 4 banks controlling 84.6% of the total industry assets which makes them
systemically important banks. The fact that all banks could not be included in the
study constrains the validity of the study. However, only the five largest South
African banks (FirstRand Bank, Absa, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Imperial
bank2) offer a comprehensive variety of financial services right through South
Africa, all the other banks are aimed at niche markets or confined to geographical
operations. The data was obtained from Bankscope and the bank’s financial
statements and websites.
4.1 The Variables
A. Profitability Performance
The most common measure of bank performance is profitability. Profitability is
measured using the following criteria:
Return on Assets (ROA) = net profit/total assets shows the ability of
management to acquire deposits at a reasonable cost and invest them in profitable
investments (Ahmed, 2009). This ratio indicates how much net income is
generated per £ of assets. The higher the ROA, the more the profitable the bank.
Return on Equity (ROE) = net profit/ total equity. ROE is the most important
indicator of a bank’s profitability and growth potential. It is the rate of return to
shareholders or the percentage return on each £ of equity invested in the bank.
Cost to Income Ratio (C/I) = total cost /total income measures the income
generated per £ cost. That is how expensive it is for the bank to produce a unit of
output. The lower the C/I ratio, the better the performance of the bank.
B. Liquidity performance
Liquidity indicates the ability of the bank to meet its financial obligations in a
timely and effective manner. Samad (2004:36) states that ‘‘liquidity is the life
and blood of a commercial bank’’. Financial liabilities are attracted through
retail and wholesale distribution channels. Retail generated funding is

considered less interest elastic and more reliable than deposits attracted
from wholesale distribution channels (Thygerson, 1995). The following ratios
are used to measure liquidity.
Liquid assets to deposit-borrowing ratio (LADST) = liquid asset/customer

deposit and short term borrowed funds. This ratio indicates the percentage of
short term obligations that could be met with the bank’s liquid assets in the case
of sudden withdrawals.
Net Loans to total asset ratio (NLTA) = Net loans/total assets NLTA measures
the percentage of assets that is tied up in loans. The higher the ratio, the less
liquid the bank is.
Net loans to deposit and borrowing (NLDST) = Net loans/total deposits and
short term borrowings. This ratio indicates the percentage of the total deposits
locked into non-liquid assets. A high figure denotes lower liquidity.
C. Asset Credit Quality (Credit Performance)

While it is expected that banks would bear some bad loans and losses in their
lending activities, one of the key objectives of the bank is to minimize such
losses (Casu et al, 2006). Credit performance evaluates the risks associated with
the bank’s asset portfolio i.e. the quality of loans issued by the bank. Several
ratios can be used for measuring credit quality however, not all information on
the loans is always available. Non-performing loans is not available for all banks
therefore this paper use the following ratio:
Loan loss reserve to gross loans (LRGL) = Loan loss reserve/gross loans.
This ratio indicates the proportion of the total portfolio that has been set aside but
not charged off. It is a reserve for losses expressed as a percentage of total loans.
5. Results
This section presents and discusses the results.
5.1 Profitability Performance

In banking the risk-reward trade off is constantly present. Risk taking
generates higher expected earnings through various mechanisms. For example
granting high margin loans to risky customers may increase earnings in the short
term but it also increases the credit risk profile and the probability of future
losses (KPMG, 1998). Figure 1 shows the profitability performance of the South
African commercial banking sector for the period 2005-2009. Profitability is
measured in terms of ROA, ROE, and Cost-to-Income (C/I).
Figure 1: Profitability Trend
70
60
50
40 ROA
30 ROE
20 C/I
10
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Figure 1 shows an increasing profitability trend from 2005 to 2006 with

a slight decrease in 2007. Return on assets increased by 5.14 % from 1.36%
in 2005 to 1.43% in 2006 before slightly falling to 1.40% in 2007. The SARB
believes that the banks’ profitability remained favourable during 2005-2006 due
to strong asset growth as the total assets grew from R1, 474 billion in 2005 to R1,
847 billion in 2006 registering an increase of 25.3%. Loans and advances were
the main contributors to the increase in assets mainly due to increase in mortgage
loans. The higher ratios indicate a better prospective as the high net interest
margin was feeding through greater net income thus boosting ROA and ROE.
However, at the onset of the economic downturn bank performance
deteriorated slightly. ROA decreased from 1.40% for the year 2007 to 1.17%
in 2008 before finally settling on a low 0.80% for the year 2009, a consequence
of the global financial crisis and a slowing down in the domestic economy. The
downward trend is also reflected in the ROE, which decreased from 24.01%
in 2007 to 20.33% in 2008 before drastically decreasing to 13.65% in 2009,
reflecting a decline of 35.56%. The downward trend is attributable to a decrease

in loans and advances to customers as well as increased credit impairments
owing to defaults which negatively impacted profitability.
The trend reflected by ROA and ROE is also reflected in the cost to income
ratio, which improved by 9.2% from 60.93 in 2005 to 55.32 in 2006 indicating
better efficiency and profitability performance. The ratio continued to show signs
of improvement, it strengthened by 6.79% from 51.53 in 2007 to 48.03 in 2008.
The steady improvements in cost to income are mainly ascribed to increasing net
income reported by the banks which rose by 63% from R 17813 million in 2005
to R 29038 million in 2006 consequent of the lower loan loss provisions and
relatively lower operating expenses experienced by the large banks during that
period. The decline in the C/I ratio is as a result of cost efficiency levels which
Ncube (2009) in his study of efficiency levels in South African banks found to
have significantly improved. However, from 2008 the C/I ratio continued to fall
at a decreasing rate and eventually increased to 49.65 in 2009.
5.2 Liquidity Performance

Liquidity performance measures the ability to meet financial obligations as
they become due and is crucial to the sustained viability of banking institutions.
What began as credit concerns for the US sub-prime market developed into
concerns in global credit markets with unknown financial exposures and
potential losses (ABSA, 2009). The resultant uncertainty made financial market
participants exceedingly risk averse, such that they were unwilling to invest in
any markets or financial instruments other than ‘safe havens’. This severely
reduced the levels of liquidity in the global financial markets (SARB, 2009).
South Africa was not immune to such developments and this is reflected in the
liquidity ratios. South African banks rely on customer’s deposits and their current
balances with the South African Reserve bank for their liquidity. These banks are
required to hold an average daily amount of liquid assets that shall not be less
than 5% of adjusted liabilities3. Figure 2 shows the liquidity trend in terms of
average net loan to total assets ratio (NLTA), net loan to deposit and short term
borrowing ratio (NLDST), and liquid assets to deposits and short term borrowing
ratio (LADST).

Figure 2: Liquidity Trend
120
100
80
NLTA
60
NLDST
40 LADST
20
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
** Imperial Bank data missing in NLDST and LADST for 2009 at the time of data collection
In as much as the ratio of net loans to total assets does not directly measure
liquidity, it gives an indication of how much of the bank assets are tied into
illiquid loans. From the trend displayed by Figure 2, NLTA increased by 2.84%
from 73.00 in 2005 to 75.08 in 2006 and increased again to 76.48 in 2007 when
favourable economic conditions and preparations for the World Cup 2010
increased the demand for loans from businesses and allowed banks to grow their
loan portfolios. Loans to customers increased by 30% from R1, 005 billion in
2005 to R1, 285 billion in 2006 while total assets increased from R1, 474 billion
in 2005 to R1, 847 billion in 2006 and increased by 21.67% to R2, 247 billion at
the end of 2008.
In 2008 NLTA dropped to 72.94 before finally increasing again to 73.99 in
2009. The change in the trend signifies the slowing down in loans to customers
and a continued increase in impaired loans leading to a decrease in net loans and
in total assets which consequently decreased by 4.78% to R2, 673 billion at the
end of 2009. Generally, a higher NLTA may indicate possible liquidity problems
for banks in a tight credit market in the face of a large deposit withdrawal or in
case of unexpected withdrawals. However, the increase in NLTA for the five
banks did not pose any liquidity problems as South African banks could still
access the cash reserves that they held in excess of the minimum requirement
with the reserve bank.
The LADST ratio has been gradually falling for the period under review

indicating reduced liquidity for the banks. The ratio decrease by 14.56% from
18.06 in 2005 to 15.43 in 2006 indicating a fall in the amount of customer and
short term funds that could be met if they were suddenly withdrawn. The ratio
however slightly increased by 2.03% in 2008 as the amount of liquid assets
held by the banks increased by 20% during 2009 as banks increased their
investments in instruments qualifying as liquid assets (SARB, 2009). The ratio
then decreased from 15.06 to 13.40 in 2009 indicating a further deterioration in
liquidity. Therefore in as much as banks have been increasing their percentage of
liquid assets that mainly consist of current accounts/reserves with the SARB and
other banks, customer deposits and short term funding have also been increasing
such that the overall trend continued to show reduced levels of liquidity.
NLDST followed a similar trend increasing by 2.16% from 88.02 in 2005
to 89.93 in 2006 and subsequently increasing by 8.55% to 97.62 in 2007. The
increasing trend indicate deteriorating liquidity in the banking sector as more
and more assets, customer deposits and short term funding are tied into loans
which are classified as illiquid assets. The liquidity of the banks contracted most
between the years 2006-2007 when the banks were aggressively increasing
their loan portfolios during the country’s preparation for World Cup 2010. The
variation in the ratio from 2007 onwards is ascribed to changes in both loans to
customers and changes in deposit and short term funding. The banks tightened
lending standards later in 2008 in response to the global financial crisis such that
credit expansion slipped by 2.6% from R1, 842 billion in 2008 to R1, 794 billion
in 2009 eventually reaching very low levels and zero growth by the end of the
year. The lower rate may also be attributed to a tighter monetary policy stance
and the implementation of the stringent risk based lending criteria by the banks
as a result of the introduction of the National Credit Act of 2007. While bank
loans and advances contracted during 2009, the contraction in credit extension
had both demand-side and supply-side elements (SARB, 2009). On the demand
side, it would appear that households continued to be reluctant to incur more debt
leading to a fall in demand for loans, while on the supply side lending standards
have remained tight and led to the slowing down in the growth of loans and
advances to customers.
Financial stability issues lie at the profitability-liquidity nexus therefore
a decline in liquidity is associated with an increase in profitability, since low
liquidity means larger percentage of assets and total deposits are tied with
loans. Under normal circumstances rapid loan growth tend to result in higher

returns and higher risks. However, Saunders and Cornett (2006) argue that rapid
growth in assets (loans) than in deposits is indicative of banks using borrowed
funds excessively. This seems to highlight the position of the South African
commercial banks. There has been a growing trend in loans and advances to
customers; however, this increase has not been met by an equal increase in
customer deposits. This may then mean South African commercial banks have
been turning to purchased liquidity in the form of money market instruments to
fund the increase in loans. However, this remains uncertain as the data contained
in Bankscope is not adequate to be able to back up the information with detailed
ratios. Furthermore, a closer inspection of the balance sheets shows that retail
deposits represent only about 25% of total deposits in the South African
commercial banking system, while deposits with less than one year maturity
represent close to 80% of total deposits (IMF, 2008).
It is therefore worth noting that as a result of the above mentioned issues
concerning the composition of the deposits, the South African banking system
faces long-standing structural risks rooted in the sector’s reliance on short-term
wholesale deposits. The IMF has recommended that the SARB explore ways
to reduce the risks associated with the banks’ reliance on short term wholesale
deposits. One of the recommendations is implementing a deposit insurance
system to counter such risks and provide the added benefit of inducing household
saving to migrate from unguaranteed liquid financial instruments to competing
bank deposits, thus strengthening the retail base of banks.
5.3 Asset Credit Quality (Credit Performance)

Credit performance is concerned with the examination of the risk associated
with a bank’s asset portfolio. Figure 3 shows a fairly stable trend in the loan
reserve to gross loans ratio between 2005 and 2007. However, 2008-2009 shows
a significant deterioration in the credit quality. The ratio registered a decline of
12% from 1.83 to 1.61 during 2005-2006 before slightly increasing from 1.61
to 1.68 in 2007. The slight improvement was due to continued growth in loans
to customers as well as growth in non performing loans which continued on a
downward trend.

Figure 3: Credit Quality Trend
Loan Reserve-Gross loans

2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Data for imperial bank for LRGL for 2009 was missing at the time of data collection
The loan portfolio deteriorated in 2008-2009 as the ratio increased by

8.33% from 1.92 in 2008 to 2.08 in 2009. Credit risk ratios increased during
2008 indicating the deterioration of the quality of the loan portfolio as compared
to 2005. For the period 2008 to 2009 nonperforming loans and advances
increased from 2.8% in July 2008, to 5.5 % in August 2009, as a result of the
crisis and the period was also marked by an increase in credit losses in line with
the tougher market conditions. This is because the banks were more exposed to
increased credit risk as risky loans given during the 2005-2006 period began to
go bad and the banks reported higher charge off or additional provision for loan
losses. Hence South Africa’s banks are facing increased credit risk, especially in
their home loan portfolios, in the face of record household indebtedness and a
mounting debt service burden.
Overall, although risk appetites were adjusted in line with challenging
economic conditions and caution was exercised with regard to lending, the
operating environment continued to be under pressure during 2009 as evidenced
by increased credit impairments and resultant lower profitability levels. This
resulted in the quality of the loan portfolio sharply deteriorating during 2008-
2009.
Hypothesis Testing
To examine whether the difference in performance of the banks in 2005-2006

is statistically different from that of 2008-2009 a student’s t- test is employed to
test the hypothesis that the means of the two periods are the same on the seven
variables. The table below provides a summary of a student’s t- test results for
the two periods under review.
Table 2: Student’s T- Test Results

Mean Mean P value Decision
2005-2006 2008-2009
Profitability ROA 1.395 0.986 0.006 Reject
ROE 24.149 16.99 0.009 Reject

C/ I 58.125 48.842 0.0009 Reject
Liquidity NLTA 74.04 73.465 0.666 Accept

NLDST 91.686 82.319 0.391 Accept
LADST 16.746 14.226 0.207 Accept
Credit quality LRGR 1.719 1.997 0.542 Accept
With regard to profitability, ROA and ROE shows banks performed better
in the period 2005-2006 compared to 2008-2009. As shown in Table 2, the mean
for ROA was 1.395 for 2005-2006 compared to the 0.986 for 2008-2009. ROE
shows a similar trend with the mean for 2005-2006 being 24.149 compared
to 16.99 for 2008-2009. This indicates that the banks significantly progressed
in profitability during 2005-2006. The P- values for ROA and ROE are 0.006
and 0.009 respectively, therefore the differences between the performances for
the two periods are statistically significant as the P-values are below 0.05 and
therefore the null hypothesis has to be rejected leading to the conclusion that
profitability deteriorated during 2008-2009. The C/I ratio shows a similar trend,
the difference in the C/I means is statistically significant at 95% confidence
level as the P-value is 0.0009 and therefore less than 0.05 the null hypothesis is
therefore rejected. However, in terms of C/I ratio an improved bank performance
is highlighted for the period 2008-2009 as opposed to ROA and ROE which
showed better performance for 2005-2006.
Liquidity levels have been falling as a result of the financial crisis. However,
the null hypothesis of equality of means for the two different time periods
cannot be rejected for NLTA and NLDST as the P-values are 0.666 and 0.391
respectively. This implies that statistically, there is no significant difference
between the liquidity performance of the banks in the two periods in terms of
NLTA and NLDST. The means for the LADST shows a different trend with the
mean for 2005-2006 being 16.746 while the one for 2008-2009 is 14.226. This
indicates that banks have been more liquid in 2005-2006 compared to 2008-2009
in terms of LADST. However, with the P-value being 0.207, the differences are
not statistically significant. The improved liquidity is a consequence of more
stringent lending procedure and tightening of credit extension procedures in
response to the financial crisis.
With respect to credit quality the mean for loan reserve to gross loan
ratio is 1.719 for 2005-2006 and 1.997 for 2008-2009 indicating that the loan
portfolio deteriorated in 2008-2009. However, the difference is not statistically
significant as the P-value is 0.542. Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be
rejected.
From the results of the student t-test, it can be argued that despite the
financial turmoil that engulfed the global economy and affected financial
institutions around the world, statistically significant differences were only
observed in profitability performance of the South African commercial banks.
On the contrary, no significant differences were observed between the overall
performances of the commercial banks in South Africa during the two periods
in terms of liquidity and credit quality. This is supported by the null hypothesis
of the equality of the means being accepted on liquidity and credit quality and
rejected on all three profitability ratios. Although the student’s t-test is showing
a mixture of results on the overall performance, the overall results are consistent
with recent literature (See Baxter, 2008; Mminele, 2009) and shows that South
Africa side-stepped the worst of the crisis and has been resilient to the global
financial crisis. This is mainly because South African commercial banks had no
direct exposure to the sub-prime mortgage market, while the banks’ international
franchises had very limited exposure (SARB, 2009).
6. Summary and Conclusion

This paper measured the performance of South Africa’s commercial
banking sector over the period 2005-2009. The results indicate that the overall
bank performance in terms of profitability, liquidity, and credit quality has been
improving since 2005 up to and including 2007. Banks increased the size of
their loan portfolios during the period as the country prepared for World Cup
2010. Although the banks aggressively increased their loan portfolios, sound and
effective credit risk management policies have been in place so that the lending
behaviour could still be contained. This is reflected in the downward trend in
nonperforming loans. However, bank performance deteriorated during 2008-
2009 as the banks’ operating environment deteriorated due to the global financial
crisis and a slowing economy. The analysis has also uncovered that the illiquidity
levels in the South African commercial banks has reached extreme levels. This
is exacerbated by the banks’ dependence on wholesale markets and the fact that
deposits with less than one year maturity represent close to 80% of total deposits.
Despite these alarming features, South African banks have managed to continue
with their normal day to day business during the global financial crisis. South
African banks’ low leverage, high profitability, and limited exposure to foreign
assets and funding allowed them to remain liquid and well-capitalized; obviating
any need for extraordinary liquidity or state support.
We also found significant differences in profitability performance
for the period 2005-2006 and the period 2008-2009. The results indicate that
profitability deteriorated during the later period. There might be several reasons
for the significant deterioration in profitability. One of the reasons could be
increasing bank operating costs and reduced incomes amid the global financial
crisis. Furthermore in these recessionary times, when corporate and private
clients find it hard to service their debts, the level of the provision for loan losses
and bad debts increased. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were
observed between bank performance during the two periods in terms of liquidity
and credit quality. The comparable performance results in terms of liquidity
and credit quality between these two periods may be as a result of the fact that
South Africa entered the downturn with a sound macro/fiscal position, enabling
aggressive counter-cyclical fiscal and monetary responses. Notwithstanding the
turmoil experienced in international financial markets and the domestic cyclical
economic developments during 2008-2009, the South African banking system
remained stable; banks were adequately capitalised and profitable. South African
banks remained in a sound position weathering the global financial storm, as they
benefited from limited exposure to foreign currency debt and the fact that assets
at the epicentre of the crisis were minimal in South Africa (SARB, 2008).
Notes:
1.http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/
AFRICAEXT/SOUTHAFRICAEXTN
2. Investec Bank has been omitted from the sample as it is an investment bank
rather than a commercial bank. Capitec Bank, Teba Bank and African bank

have been excluded on the basis that they are micro financing institutions
with different profiles from the five banks in the sample.
3. Adjusted liabilities’ refers to total liabilities reduced by (1) funding received
from head office or from other branches within the same group; and (2)
amounts owing by banks, branches and mutual banks in South Africa.
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A Financial Ratio Analysis of Commercial Bank Performance in South Africa

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A financial Ratio Analysis of Commercial Bank

2 Caledonian Business School, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road G4 0BA,

30 ©2010 The Author (s)

2. Banking in South Africa

Table 1: South Africa’s Key Economic Indicators

CPI (annual average) 3.4 4.7 7.1 11.5 7.4

National government debt (percent of 35.2 33.0 28.5 27.3 30.2

Despite the apparent worsening of the economic indicators, South Africa

32 ©2010 The Author (s)

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3. Previous research on bank performance

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4. Methodology and Data

4.1 The Variables

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Liquid assets to deposit-borrowing ratio (LADST) = liquid asset/customer

C. Asset Credit Quality (Credit Performance)

5.1 Profitability Performance

Figure 1: Profitability Trend

Figure 1 shows an increasing profitability trend from 2005 to 2006 with

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5.2 Liquidity Performance

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5.3 Asset Credit Quality (Credit Performance)

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Loan Reserve-Gross loans

The loan portfolio deteriorated in 2008-2009 as the ratio increased by

46 ©2010 The Author (s)

Table 2: Student’s T- Test Results

ROE 24.149 16.99 0.009 Reject

Liquidity NLTA 74.04 73.465 0.666 Accept

6. Summary and Conclusion

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