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Topic 1 - Design Principles PDF

This document discusses pavement design principles and provides an overview of flexible and rigid pavement structures. It defines the function of pavements as providing durable, safe, and smooth vehicle access under all climatic conditions. Key considerations in pavement design include topography, soils, weather, traffic loads, available materials, and design life. The document outlines typical flexible pavement structures incorporating asphalt concrete and untreated or treated granular bases, and rigid pavement structures using jointed plain or reinforced concrete. Joints and dowels in rigid pavements are intended to relieve stresses and provide load transfer.

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yoseph dejene
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
89 views

Topic 1 - Design Principles PDF

This document discusses pavement design principles and provides an overview of flexible and rigid pavement structures. It defines the function of pavements as providing durable, safe, and smooth vehicle access under all climatic conditions. Key considerations in pavement design include topography, soils, weather, traffic loads, available materials, and design life. The document outlines typical flexible pavement structures incorporating asphalt concrete and untreated or treated granular bases, and rigid pavement structures using jointed plain or reinforced concrete. Joints and dowels in rigid pavements are intended to relieve stresses and provide load transfer.

Uploaded by

yoseph dejene
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pavement Design Principles

Dr. Antonis Michael


Frederick University

Notes Courtesy of Dr. Christos Drakos


University of Florida

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


What is Design?
• Conceive & develop plans for something to serve a specific
function
• Must define function prior to design
What is the Function of a Pavement?
• To provide vehicle access between two points
Is this specific enough for
you to proceed w/ design?

• More specific function for pavements:


– Access  Under all climatic conditions (drain)
– Durable  Sufficient structure for loads
– Safe  Adequate friction
– Smooth  Good ride quality, level

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
How many Elements into the Design of a Highway?
• Route  Geometric design
• Materials  Mix design
• Pavements  Thickness design
What information do you need as an Engineer?
• Topography
– Route (Access)
– Drainage (Hydrology)
– Cut / Fill (Cost)
• Existing soils
– Must carry loads
– Determine structural requirements
– Affect drainage and drainage requirements

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


What information do you need as an Engineer? (cont)
• Weather (Rainfall – Temp. variation)
– Drainage
– Frost Heave
– Durability of Asphalt/PCC Roads
 Rutting / Bleeding (HOT)
 Low temperature cracking (COLD)
• Traffic (Load levels)
– Structural requirements
• Use (Primary or secondary facility)
– Acceptable quality
– High or low maintenance
• Design life
– High initial cost  Low maintenance cost (high access)
– Low initial cost  High maintenance cost (low access)

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
What information do you need as an Engineer? (cont.)
• Available materials / Contractors
– Type of structure (AC or PCC)
– Stabilization requirements

MANY ASPECTS TO DESIGN OTHER THAN SIZING COMPONENT

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


What will this course cover?
• Pavement types:
– Flexible (Asphalt Concrete)
– Rigid (Portland Cement Concrete)
• Failure modes/causes:
– Rutting
– Cracking
• Stresses in the pavement structure:
– Distribution of stresses and strains
– Multilayer analysis
• Traffic Characterization
– Predict traffic loads over a certain period of years
• Material Characterization
– Define material properties
• Design Procedures
– AI
– AASHTO

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
Pavement History – Major Developments
• Wheel
– 3500 BC / ASIA
– Roads begun; movement to Egypt
• First Long-distance Highway
– 3500 to 323 BC / Persia
– 1755 miles; three-month trip
• First Engineered Road
– 300 BC / Romans (Appius Claudius)
– Built 53,000 miles of road
– Via Appia: 360 miles, 14-ft wide, 3-5 ft thick, hand placed!
– Lasted 2000 years; Recognized two essentials:
 Dry Road bed
 Impervious surface

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


First Engineered Road

Concrete
(Stone & other
material with
Lime)

Squared Stones Fine Dry Soil (Well-compacted)

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
First Modern Roads
• 1764 France (Tresaguet)
• Labor costs too high; smaller stones, thinner sections
• Maintained two essentials mentioned above; 10
years design life

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


Use of Tar and Asphalt
• 1830’s USA - England (McAdam)
• Impervious surface; asphalt/tar mixed hot; sand
added to fill voids

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
Pavement History – Other Developments
• Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
– 1850 Austria – first PCC roads
• Rubber-tired Motor Cars
– 1900 USA – caused dust & pollution problems
– Generated need for binders
– Higher speed requiring more smoothness
• Highway Research Board (Currently: TRB)
– 1920 USA
– Research efforts to improve pavement design
– Looked at better materials & construction methods
– Initiated rapid development in pavement technology
• 20th Century Pavements
– Better understanding of stress distribution
– Use stiffer/stronger materials near the surface

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


1. Introduction
1.1 What is Pavement Structure?
Shoulder Asphalt Concrete

PAVEMENT
Base Course STRUCTURE
Subbase Course
Subgrade (existing Soil)

1.2 Purpose of Pavement Structure


• Protect Subgrade  reduce stresses & strains to tolerable level
• Prevent excessive settlement or collapse
• Remove water  Structural integrity & safety

How does the structure protect the subgrade?

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
1.3 Stress Distribution under Wheel Load

Two ways to reduce σz:


• Increase stiffness
• Increase thickness

Pavement
Structure
σz0
Vertical Stress
Distribution
σz1 along the vertical
σz1 axis; highest
Vertical Stress Distribution near the surface
Subgrade
along the horizontal axis;
highest near the center

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


1.4 What do we need to compute?
• Subgrade stresses (σ) & strains (ε)
Since we want to protect the subgrade, is it enough to design the
pavement to minimize subgrade σ & ε?
• Need σ & ε within structural layers; must ensure all layers
can withstand stresses

σz
AC • Max σz at surface
BASE
• σz decreases with depth
Z • As the σ decreases the quality of
SUBBASE the material may be lower

SUBGRADE

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
2. Pavement Types
2.1 Two Concepts
• Thicker section of lower stiffness materials
– Flexible pavements  Asphalt Concrete
– Shape can conform to subgrade irregularities without failure

AC Surface

Granular Base
Granular
Subbase

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


2.1 Two Concepts
• Thinner section of higher stiffness materials
– Rigid pavements  Portland Cement Concrete
– Stiff enough to bridge subgrade irregularities

PCC Slab

Granular
Subbase

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
2.2 Typical Flexible Pavement Structures
• Full depth asphalt pavement

Asphalt-aggregate mixture

Asphalt-aggregate mixture, or
granular material treated with
asphalt

Prepared Subgrade

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


2.2 Typical Flexible Pavement Structures
• Asphalt pavement with untreated base (and subbase)

Asphalt-aggregate mixture

Base, Granular material; sometimes


cement treated

Subbase, Granular material or selected


soil; Normally not treated

Prepared Subgrade

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
2.2 Typical Flexible Pavement Structures
• Asphalt pavement with PCC

Asphalt Concrete Surface

Base – Portland Cement Concrete

Prepared Subgrade

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


2.3 Typical Rigid Pavement Structures
• Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
− Possibly doweled
Purpose of Joints

δ Is δ important?

• Designated crack – relieves


thermal stresses

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Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles
2.3 Typical Rigid Pavement Structures
• Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
− Always doweled
Purpose of Reinforcement
D 1/
3-½D

• Holds cracks together


• Does not add structural capacity

Purpose of Dowels

• Load transfer steel


• 1¼ to 1½ Ø; ≈ 18” long
• Never bonded

Topic 1 – Pavement Design Principles


2.3 Typical Rigid Pavement Structures
• Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)

• Cracks spaced @ 3-8 ft

• Prestressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)

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