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Bioenergetic
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living
systems.
Explanation:
It can be described as the study of energy relationships and energy transformations and transduction in
living organisms. It includes the study of thousands of different cellular processes and the many other
metabolic and enzymatic processes that lead to production and utilisation of energy in forms such as
ATP.
The goal of bioenergetics is to describe how living organisms acquire and transform energy in order to
perform biological work. The study of metabolic pathways is thus essential to bioenergetics.
Glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and citric acid cycle are examples of bioenergetic processes.
1. Cellular respiration is the name given to a series of biochemical
reactions that:
A. makes glucose from carbon dioxide and water
B. uses glucose to make ATP

C. uses glucose to make oxygen
D. uses ATP to make oxygen
2. The steps of respiration occur in different parts of the cell. Where in

the cell does glycolysis occur?
A. chloroplast
B. mitochondria
C. cytoplasm
D. nucleus
3. During glycolysis, 6-carbon glucose is broken into:

A. nothing, but is recycled as a catalyst
B. 1 molecule of 6-carbon fructose
C. 2 molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid or pyruvate
D. NADH
4. Glycolysis produces a net gain of:

A. no ATP
B. 1 ATP
C. 2 ATP
D. 5 ATP
5. When oxygen is not present, fermentation may be used to break the

pyruvate into all of the following except:
A. ethanol
B. oxygen
C. carbon dioxide
D. lactic acid
6. When oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle. Where in

the eukaryotic cell does this occur?
A. mitochondria
B. nucleus
C. cytoplasm
D. lysosome
7. Oxidative decarboxylation links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

Pyruvate is oxidized into all of the following except:
A. carbon dioxide
B. acetyl-CoA
C. fructose
8. Which of the following is not true of the location of the electron

transport system?
A. It may be found in mitochondria in animal cells.
B. It may be found in the cellular membrane of animal cells.

C. It may be found in chloroplasts in plant cells.
D. It may be found in the plasma membrane of bacteria.
9. Which is more efficient in terms of producing ATP from glucose?

A. aerobic metabolism (with oxygen)
B. anaerobic metabolism (without oxygen)
10. How many ATP molecules theoretically may be generated by the

complete oxidation of glucose into carbon dioxide?
A. 2
B. 12-20
C. 32
D. 36-38
We all need energy to function, and we get that energy from the foods we eat. Extracting those
nutrients necessary to keep us going and then converting them into useable energy is the job of our
cells. This complex yet efficient metabolic process, called cellular respiration, converts the energy
derived from sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, a high-
energy molecule that drives processes like muscle contraction and nerve impulses. Cellular respiration
occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, with most reactions taking place in the cytoplasm of
prokaryotes and in the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron
transport/oxidative phosphorylation.
Sugar Rush
Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars," and it is the 10-step process by which sugars are released for
energy. Glycolysis occurs when glucose and oxygen are supplied to the cells by the bloodstream, and it
takes place in the cell's cytoplasm. Glycolysis can also occur without oxygen, a process called anaerobic
respiration, or fermentation. When glycolysis occurs without oxygen, cells make small amounts of ATP.
Fermentation also produces lactic acid, which can build up in muscle tissue, causing soreness and a
burning sensation.
Carbs, Proteins, and Fats
The Citric Acid Cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs Cycle, begins after the two
molecules of the three carbon sugar produced in glycolysis are converted to a slightly different
compound (acetyl CoA). It is the process that allows us to use the energy found in carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats. Although the citric acid cycle does not use oxygen directly, it works only when oxygen
is present. This cycle takes place in the matrix of cell mitochondria. Through a series of intermediate
steps, several compounds capable of storing "high energy" electrons are produced along with two ATP
molecules. These compounds, known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD), are reduced in the process. The reduced forms (NADH and FADH2) carry the "high
energy" electrons to the next stage.
Aboard the Electron Transport Train

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is the third and final step in aerobic cellular
respiration. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules
found within the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Through a series of reactions, the "high
energy" electrons generated in the citric acid cycle are passed to oxygen. In the process, a chemical and
electrical gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane as hydrogen ions are pumped
out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the inner membrane space. ATP is ultimately produced by
oxidative phosphorylation—the process by which enzymes in the cell oxidize nutrients. The protein ATP
synthase uses the energy produced by the electron transport chain for the phosphorylation (adding a
phosphate group to a molecule) of ADP to ATP. Most ATP generation occurs during the electron
transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation stage of cellular respiration.

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Bioenergetic

B. uses glucose to make ATP

2. The steps of respiration occur in different parts of the cell. Where in

3. During glycolysis, 6-carbon glucose is broken into:

4. Glycolysis produces a net gain of:

5. When oxygen is not present, fermentation may be used to break the

6. When oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle. Where in

7. Oxidative decarboxylation links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

8. Which of the following is not true of the location of the electron

B. It may be found in the cellular membrane of animal cells.

9. Which is more efficient in terms of producing ATP from glucose?

10. How many ATP molecules theoretically may be generated by the

Aboard the Electron Transport Train

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