INTRODUCTION

E-commerce is fast gaining ground as an accepted and used business paradigm. More and more
business houses are implementing web sites providing functionality for performing commercial
transactions over the web. It is reasonable to say that the process of shopping on the web is
becoming commonplace. However, for implementation purposes, this paper will deal with an
online flower store. An online store is a virtual store on the Internet where customers can browse
the catalog and select products of interest. The selected items may be collected in a shopping
cart. At checkout time, the items in the shopping cart will be presented as an order. At that time,
more information will be needed to complete the transaction. Usually, the customer will be asked
to fill or select a billing address, a shipping address, a shipping option, and payment information
such as credit/debit card number. An e-mail notification is sent to the customer as soon as the
order is placed.

OBJECTIVES:
 Develop a general purpose e-commerce store where any product (such as books, CDs,
computers, mobile phones, electronic items, and home appliances) can be bought from
the comfort of home through the Internet.
 To know the importance of E-Commerce in today’s environment.
 To make reader’s aware of the role played by E-commerce in big organizations.
 Informal business to business transaction using internet e-commerce.
 Consumer transaction with business or other members of public using internet
ecommerce.

PROJECT CATEGORY(OOPS)
Furthermore, a software production process for e-commerce applications design is described.
This process is driven by an Object-Oriented Web-Solutions Modeling approach (OOWS),
which provides mechanisms to deal with the development of web-based applications. In the
proposed process, a system is completely specified using object-oriented conceptual modeling
techniques to capture properly the specific functionality of an e-commerce application.

TOOLS/PLATFORM
Visual Studio :
Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to
develop computer programs, as well as websites, web apps, web services and mobile apps.
Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows
Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight. It can
produce both native code and managed code.
Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense (the code completion component) as
well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a
machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a code profiler, forms designer for building
GUI applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-
ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level—including adding support for source
control systems (like Subversion and Git) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual
designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software
development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer).

Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and
debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a
language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C, C++, C++/CLI, Visual Basic
.NET, C#, F#, JavaScript, TypeScript, XML, XSLT, HTML, and CSS. Support for other
languages such as Python, Ruby, Node.js, and M among others is available via plug-ins.

Visual Studio includes a host of visual designers to aid in the development of applications. These
tools include:

Windows Forms Designer

The Windows Forms designer is used to build GUI applications using Windows Forms. Layout
can be controlled by housing the controls inside other containers or locking them to the side of
the form. Controls that display data (like textbox, list box and grid view) can be bound to data
sources like databases or queries. Data-bound controls can be created by dragging items from the
Data Sources window onto a design surface.[31] The UI is linked with code using an event-
driven programming model. The designer generates either C# or VB.NET code for the
application.
WPF Designer
The WPF designer, codenamed Cider,[32] was introduced with Visual Studio 2008. Like the
Windows Forms designer it supports the drag and drop metaphor. It is used to author user
interfaces targeting Windows Presentation Foundation. It supports all WPF functionality
including data binding and automatic layout management. It generates XAML code for the UI.
The generated XAML file is compatible with Microsoft Expression Design, the designer-
oriented product. The XAML code is linked with code using a code-behind model.
Web designer/development
Visual Studio also includes a web-site editor and designer that allows web pages to be authored
by dragging and dropping widgets. It is used for developing ASP.NET applications and supports
HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It uses a code-behind model to link with ASP.NET code. From
Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the layout engine used by the web designer is shared with
Microsoft Expression Web. There is also ASP.NET MVC support for MVC technology as a
separate download[33] and ASP.NET Dynamic Data project available from Microsoft.[34]
Class designer
The Class Designer is used to author and edit the classes (including its members and their access)
using UML modeling. The Class Designer can generate C# and VB.NET code outlines for the
classes and methods. It can also generate class diagrams from hand-written classes.
Data designer
The data designer can be used to graphically edit database schemas, including typed tables,
primary and foreign keys and constraints. It can also be used to design queries from the graphical
view.
Mapping designer
From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the mapping designer is used by LINQ to SQL to design the
mapping between database schemas and the classes that encapsulate the data. The new solution
from ORM approach, ADO.NET Entity Framework, replaces and improves the old technology.

Microsoft SQL Server:

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a
database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data
as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on
another computer across a network (including the Internet).

Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different
audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-
facing applications with many concurrent users.

Microsoft makes SQL Server available in multiple editions, with different feature sets
and targeting different users. These editions are:
Mainstream editions
Enterprise
SQL Server Enterprise Edition includes both the core database engine and add-on
services, with a range of tools for creating and managing a SQL Server cluster. It can
manage databases as large as 524 petabytes and address 12 terabytes of memory and
supports 640 logical processors (CPU cores).
Standard
SQL Server Standard edition includes the core database engine, along with the stand-
alone services. It differs from Enterprise edition in that it supports fewer active instances
(number of nodes in a cluster) and does not include some high-availability functions
such as hot-add memory (allowing memory to be added while the server is still running),
and parallel indexes.
Web
SQL Server Web Edition is a low-TCO option for Web hosting.
Business Intelligence
Introduced in SQL Server 2012 and focusing on Self Service and Corporate Business
Intelligence. It includes the Standard Edition capabilities and Business Intelligence tools:
PowerPivot, Power View, the BI Semantic Model, Master Data Services, Data Quality Services
and xVelocity in-memory analytics.
Workgroup
SQL Server Workgroup Edition includes the core database functionality but does not include the
additional services. Note that this edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012.
Express
SQL Server Express Edition is a scaled down, free edition of SQL Server, which includes the
core database engine. While there are no limitations on the number of databases or users
supported, it is limited to using one processor, 1 GB memory and 10 GB database files (4 GB
database files prior to SQL Server Express 2008 R2).[12] It is intended as a replacement for
MSDE. Two additional editions provide a superset of features not in the original Express
Edition. The first is SQL Server Express with Tools, which includes SQL Server Management
Studio Basic. SQL Server Express with Advanced Services adds full-text search capability and
reporting services.
Specialized editions
Azure
Microsoft Azure SQL Database is the cloud-based version of Microsoft SQL Server, presented
as a platform as a service offering on Microsoft Azure.
Compact (SQL CE)
The |compact edition is an embedded database engine. Unlike the other editions of SQL Server,
the SQL CE engine is based on SQL Mobile (initially designed for use with hand-held devices)
and does not share the same binaries. Due to its small size (1 MB DLL footprint), it has a
markedly reduced feature set compared to the other editions. For example, it supports a subset of
the standard data types, does not support stored procedures or Views or multiple-statement
batches (among other limitations). It is limited to 4 GB maximum database size and cannot be
run as a Windows service, Compact Edition must be hosted by the application using it. The 3.5
version includes support for ADO.NET Synchronization Services. SQL CE does not support
ODBC connectivity, unlike SQL Server proper.
Developer
SQL Server Developer Edition includes the same features as SQL Server Enterprise Edition, but
is limited by the license to be only used as a development and test system, and not as production
server. Starting early 2016, Microsoft made this edition free of charge to the public.
Embedded (SSEE)
SQL Server 2005 |Embedded Edition is a specially configured named instance of the SQL Server
Express database engine which can be accessed only by certain Windows Services.
Evaluation
SQL Server Evaluation Edition, also known as the Trial Edition, has all the features of the
Enterprise Edition, but is limited to 180 days, after which the tools will continue to run, but the
server services will stop.
Fast Track
SQL Server Fast Track is specifically for enterprise-scale data warehousing storage and business
intelligence processing, and runs on reference-architecture hardware that is optimized for Fast
Track.
LocalDB
Introduced in SQL Server Express 2012, LocalDB is a minimal, on-demand, version of SQL
Server that is designed for application developers. It can also be used as an embedded database.
Analytics Platform System (APS)
Formerly Parallel Data Warehouse (PDW) A massively parallel processing (MPP) SQL Server
appliance optimized for large-scale data warehousing such as hundreds of terabytes.

Hardware Requirements

Server Side Hardware Requirements

RAM(random access memory) 2 GB

Hard disk 20 GB

Monitor SVGA(video graphic adaptor)

Processor 1.5 GHz or Higher Pentium-compatible CPU

Client Side Hardware Requirements

RAM(random access memory) 1 GB or more

Hard disk 10GB

Monitor SGA(video graphic adapter)

 Processor 800 MHz or Higher Pentium compatible CPU

Software Requirement

Server Side Software Requirements

Server Apache Tomcat 5+ Server

Operating System Windows XP or above , Linux, Mac

RDMS Oracle 10g

Client Side Software Requirements

Operating System Windows XP or above , Linux, Mac

Internet Browser Internet Explorer,Firefox,Chrome,etc

PROBLEM DEFINITION

EXISTING SYSTEM:
The present system was the different product shop where customer shops various kind of
products. The customer had to take the overview of the whole shop to find the product. There
was no way of telling the customer whether the product was available or not or had to get
through the files for the record. Whole work was manually done by the customer or the owner.
Earlier the source of information about the latest products was available in newspaper and
magazines only but now user can access the information easily through various online shopping
sites.
The present system was not automated. In the area of information technology it was the need of
an hour to have an automated system capable of handling the entire database present in the shop
which gives both customer and the user a complete idea of things available in the shop. The
introduction of the automated system was very important which could be justified by the
following limitation of the manual system.

LIMITATION :

Less reliability and maintainability of the data.

There was no major source of attraction for the customers. In today’s world marketing your
things is a very important aspect of a shop which lacks the present system.

Cost involvement
Due to infrastructure facilities and human resources. It not just requires a lot of money but also
requires continuous supervision. Any commercial space would cost a lot along with the salaries
of the staff involved.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system was web based “E-Commerce”. In the proposed system we have a central
web server serving to all the requests made by the clients. All the centers are accessing the
central system with their web browsers. The system gave the solution to all the problems
encountered in the present system.
Since it was an online system, the customer can easily buy all kinds of products available in the
shop. It acts as a major drive for the shop because online system made shopping very convenient
for the customers. They can shop various products sitting back at their places. Since it was
completely automated system where complete database was maintained by the owner of the
shop. The database present was very easily maintained using the search option in user interface,
customer can also very conveniently search for their choice.
The system has other modules like user manage their profile, view products according to
different categories, generate order check order which acts as a very good feature for further
promoting the sales.
Further the system proposed acted as very centralized system. Here there was no restriction of
the region, center etc i.e. any customer sitting in any part of the country could access this
website.

Advantages of Proposed System

• Save Time – Do you have the specific list that you want to buy? With just a couple of clicks of
the mouse, you can purchase your shopping orders and instantly move to other important things,
which can save time.
 • Save Fuel – The market of fuel industries battles from increasing and decreasing its cost every
now and again, but no matter how much the cost of fuel are it does not affect your shopping
errands. One of the advantages of shopping online is that there is no need for vehicles, so no
purchase of fuel necessary.
• Save Energy – Admit it, it is tiresome to shop from one location and transfer to another
location. What is worse is that there are no available stocks for the merchandise you want to buy.
In online shopping, you do not need to waste your precious energy when buying.
• Comparison of Prices – The advanced innovation of search engine allows you to easily check
prices and compare with just a few clicks. It is very straightforward to conduct price
comparisons from one online shopping website to another. This gives you the freedom to
determine which online store offers the most affordable item you are going to buy.
• 24/7 Availability – Online shopping stores are open round the clock of 24/7, 7 days a week and
365 days. It is very rare to find any conventional retail stores that are open 24/7. The availability
of online stores give you the freedom to shop at your own pace and convenience.
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
1.) Administrator
2.) Merchant
3.) Customer
Administrator: Admin can perform following tasks:
● Manage Categories: Admin can add the categories and also modification the existing
category. Admin has the authority of delete some category if not required.
● Manage Merchants: Admin can add the merchants and change the profiles.
Merchants: Merchants can perform the following steps:
● Registration: Merchants have to register before selling the product.
● Login: Merchant login to find out the consumers who want to buy their products.
● Manage profile: Merchants can view the details of profile and can also edit it.
● Manage products: Merchants can add, delete or as well as modify the details of product.
● Manage Orders: Merchants can manage the order details .
Customer : Customer can perform the below tasks:
● Registration : Customer will register before buying the product.
● Login : Customer can login to buy the products.
● Manage Profile: Customer can manage the details like editing and add the information of
himself.
● Purchase Product: Customer can buy the product using shopping cart .
● Track Order : Customer can track his order
● Provide Reviews and ratings : Customer can provide the reviews and ratings for product
purchased.
PROJECT PLANNING
 PROJECT SCOPE
It may help collecting perfect management in details.In avery short time he collection will be
obvious,simple and sensible. It will help a person to know the management of passed year very
perfectly and vividly It also help in current all works relative to ecommerce portal.It will be also
reduced the cost of collecting the management and collection procedure will go on smoothly.
Our project aims at business process automation i.e we have tried to computarize various
processes of ecommerce portal.
 In computer system the person has to fill the various form and no of copies of the forms
can be easily generate data time.
  In computer system it is not necessary to create the manifest but we can directly print it
which will save our time.
 To assist the staff in capturing the effort spent on their respective working area
 To utilize resource in efficient manner by increasing their productivity through
automation.
 The system generates the type of information that can be used for various purposes.
 It satisfy the user requirement
 Be easy to Operate.

ANALYSIS

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Each process within the system is first shown as a Context Level DFD and later as a Detailed
DFD. The Context Level DFD provides a conceptual view of the process and its surrounding
input, output and data stores. The Detailed DFD provides a more detailed and comprehensive
view of the interaction among the sub-processes within the system.

Customer - ShoppingCart Context DFD

“
RAILWAY
RESERVATI
ON”
A
Project Report
submissionfor
partial
fulfillmentof
practical session
of
Software
Engineering
LabBachelor of
TechnologyIV
SemesterS u
b m i t t
e d T o
: S u b
m i t t e
d B y :
Mr. Manmohan
Sharma Rhythu
m Tamra (CS-
35)Mr. Gaurav
Ameta

Riddhi Kothari (
CS-
36)Rindu John (
CS-37)
Rishi Raj Arora
(CS-
38)Shilpa Sarup
ria (CS-39)
Department of
Computer
Science &
Engineering
Techno India
NJR Institute of
Technology,
Udaipur 2011-
2012
ACKNOWL
EDGEMENT
A study or a
project of this
volume can never
be the outcome of
a single person or
just a
meregroup of
dedicated student
s, so we express
our profound
sense of
gratitude to those
whoextended their
whole hearted help
and support to us
in completing our
project because
successfulcompleti
on of any work
requires guidance
and help from a
number of
people.Firstly, it
gives us immense
pleasure to
acknowledge our
institute
Techno India NJR
Institute
of Technology
for providing
us an opportunity
in developing a pr
oject on
Railway Reservati
onSystem.
In addition, we
wish to express
our deep sense of
gratitude to
Mr. Manmohan
Sharma,
AssistantProfessor
CSE,
for permitting us to
carry out this
project work and
for his guidance
and support.We
give sincere
thanks to
Mr. Gaurav Amet
a, Senior Lecture
r,
for his special
concern
and providing
sufficient
information
related to the
topic, which
helped us
in completing the
project work in
time and his timely
guidance had been
a source of
inspiration in the
conduct of our
project work.Last
but not the least,
we extend our
whole-hearted
gratitude for the
invaluable
contribution of
our parents for the
ir blessings and ea
rnest affection and
all those persons ‘
behind the veil’ fo
r their necessary
support, which
enabled us to
complete this
project.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS

T O
P I
C S
P
A G
E
N O
.
1)
OBJECTIVE 1.
2)
I N T R O D U
C T I O N A
B O U T T H
E S O F T W
A R E 2 .
3)
TECHNOL
GY (TOO
LS AND T
ECHNIQU
ES)4.
4)
SOFTWAR
E REQUIR
EMENT SP
ECIFICAT
ION5.
5)
DIAGRAMS
(a)
E -
R D
I A
G R
A M
1 6 . (
b)DATA FLOW D
IAGRAMS
(i)
0
L E
V E
L 1
7 .
(ii)
1
L E
V E
L 1
8 . (
c)UML
DIAGRAMS
(i)
C L A
S S
D I A
G R A
M 1 9
.
(ii)
U S E -
C A S E
 D I A
G R A M
2 0 .
(iii)
S E Q U
E N C E
D I A
G R A M
2 1 .
(d)
D A T
A D I
C T I O
N A R
Y 2 2 .
6)
L I
M I
T A
T I O
N S
2 3 .
7)
F U T
U R
E S
C O P
E 2 4
.
8)
R E F E R E
N C E S A
N D B I B
L I O G R A
P H Y 2 5 .
OBJECTIVE
Our project
introduces railway
reservation system
with an objective
to make the
reservation
systemmore
efficient, easier
and fast. This
project explores
how computer
technology can be
used to solvethe
problem of
user.The main
objectives provided
by this software are
as follows:

We can enquire ab
out availability of t
rains

We can reserve and

cancel their seats
We can modify the
information related
toa ) T r a i n s 1)Ti
metable2)Train
Name3)Train
Number b) Ticket
FareThis project is
dedicated to model
existing railway
reservation
systems that aim at
development
of Railway
Reservation
System that
facilitates the
railway customer
to manage their
reservations and
therailway
administrator to
modify the
backend database
in a user-friendly
manner.
INTRODUC
TION
In this emerging
world of
computers, almost
all-manual system
has switched to
automated
andcomputerized
system. Therefore,
we are developing
the software for
“Railway
Reservation
System”to model
the present system
and to remove the
drawbacks of the
present system.
This project
exploreshow
computer
technology can be
used to solve the
problem of
user.This being a
big step in terms
of improvement in
the railway system
it is widely
accepted across
thecountry. Rather
than designing
manually, we have
made use of
computer. Use of
computer has
solvedmany probl
ems, which are
faced during
manual
calculation. Once
data
are fed, it can perf
ormaccurate
functions.
Therefore, to
reduce
the complexity
and efficiency
a versatile and an
outsourcingrailway
reservation system
has been
developed.This
project introduces
railway
reservation
system. It
explains how
reservation is
being done
inIndian
Railways. The
systematic proced
ure
is explained. This
project
is developed in C+
+ language.All
most all the
header files have
been used in this
project. Proper
comments have
been given
atdesired locations
to make the project
user friendly.
Various functions
and structures are
used to makea
complete use of
this language.The
customers are
required to register
on the server for
getting access to
the database and
query
resultretrieval.
Upon registration,
each user has an
account that is
essentially the
‘view level’ for
thecustomer. The
account contains
comprehensive
information of the
user entered
during
registrationand
permits the
customer to get
access to his/her
past reservations,
enquire about
travel fare
andavailability of
seats, make fresh
reservations, and
update his account
details. Each
passenger
isallotted a unique
PNR no. through
which one can
access his/her
account.The railw
ay administrator i
s another member
involved in the tra
nsactions. The ad
ministrator isrequi
red to login using a
master password,
once authenticated
as an administrator,
one has access
andright of modifi
cation to all the i
nformation stored
in the database.
This includes the
accountinformatio
n of the customers,
attributes and
statistics of
stations,
description of the
train
stoppagesand phy
sical description
of coaches, all th
e reservations tha
t have been made.
The railwayadmi
nistrator has the
right to modify any
information stored
at the server
database.
This project is
dedicated to model
the existing railway
reservation system
that aims at
development
of Railway
Reservation
System that
facilitates the
railway customer
to manage their
reservations and
therailway
administrator to
modify the
backend database
in a user-friendly
manner. The
customer andthe
railway
administrator are
two parties that
interact with the
database, who
have different
‘viewlevel
schemas’ to the
database
information. The
software provides a
comprehensive set
of features
toenhance the
operational
limits. Now one
can easily plan the
journey
comfortably as the
process is efficient
and fast with being
easyto access. The
efficiency of the
railway will
increase result of
computerization.
TECHNOLO
GY (TOOLS
AND
CONTENTS)
Platform Used:
Hardware
Platform
:
•
System Model : Co
mpaq Presario C70
0
•

Processor : Intel Pe
ntium Dual Core T
2370, 1.73 GHz
•

RAM : 512 MB
•
Hard disk : 1
60 GB

Software
Platform:
•

Operating System :
Windows XP with
Service Pack 3(C
HT)
•

Compiler : Turbo
C++
SOFTWARE
REQUIREM
ENT
SPECIFICA
TION
A Software
Requirement
Specification
(SRS) is a
requirements
specification for a
software
systemthat is a
complete
description of the
behavior of a
system to be
developed. It
includes a set of
usecases that
describe all the
interactions the
users will have
with the software.
Use cases are also
knownas functiona
l requirements. In
addition to use cas
es, the SRS also c
ontains non-
functional
(or supplementary
) requirements. No
n-functional
requirements are r
equirements
that impose
constraintson the
design or
implementation
(such as
performance
engineering
requirements,
quality standards,
or design
constraints).The
initial
specifications of
user requirements
may be based on
interviews with the
database users
andon
the designers
own analysis
of the enterprise.
The basic issues
that the
SRS writer(s) shall
addressare the
following:
•

Functionality:What
is the software
supposed to do?
•

External
interfaces.How
does the software
interact with
people, the
system’s hardware,
other hardware,
and other software?
•

Performance.What
is the speed,
availability,
response time,
recovery time of
various software
functions,etc.?
•

Attributes.What is
the portability,
correctness,
maintainability,
security, etc.
considerations?
An SRS should be:
a) Correctb)
Unambiguousc)
Completed)
Consistente)
Ranked for
importance and/or
stabilityf)
Verifiableg)
Modifiableh)
Traceable
1.INTRODUC
TION:1.1.PUR
POSE:
The purpose of
this software is to
describe the
Railway
Reservation
System which
providesthe rail
timing details,
reservation,
enquiry, billing
and cancellation
on various types
of reservation
namely:-
•

Confirm
reservation for
confirm seat
•
Reservation against
cancellation
•

PNR generation
1.2.SCOPE:
The scope of this
project is limited
to an engineering
college. This
project aims to
maintain passenge
r and train
information.Other
scopes of this
project are as
follows:
•
Freight Revenue
enhancement
•

Passenger Revenue
enhancement
•

Improved and
optimised service
1.3.REFEREN
CES:
•

www.scribd.com
•

www.irctc.com
•

www.indiarail.com
•

www.wikipedia.org
•

E. Balaguruswami
•

Sumita Arora
•
Shalini Puri
•

Pressman
1.4.DEFINITI
ONS,
ACRONYMS
AND
ABBREVIATI
ONS
•

NTES : National
Train
Enquiry System
•

IVRS : Interactive
Voice Response Sy
stem
•

PRS : Passenger R
eservation System
•

SMS :
Short Message Ser
vice
1.5.
OVERVIEW:
This project aims
at development of
a Railway
Reservation
System that
facilitates the
Railwaycustomers
to manage their
reservations and
the Railway
administrators to
modify the
backenddatabases
in a User-Friendly
manner.This
project includes the
following
functions:1) Create
new database

2) Add new
Record3) Modify4)
Display record5)
Ticket
reservation6)
Ticket
Modification7)
Ticket
Cancellation8)
Ticket printing
2.THE OVER
ALL
DESCRIPTIO
N:2.1.PRODU
CT PERSPEC
TIVE:
It enables us to m
aintain the railwa
y train details lik
e their timings, n
umber of seatavail
able, reservation
billing and
cancelling the
tickets
.
2.1.1.SYSTEM
INTERFACE:
•

Keyboard
•
Mouse
2.1.2.HARDW
ARE INTERF
ACE:
•

System Model : Co
mpaq Presario C70
0
•
Processor : Intel Pe
ntium Dual Core T
2370,1.73 GHz
•

RAM : 512 MB
•

Hard disk :
160 GB
2.1.3.SOFTW
ARE
INTERFACE:
•

Operating System :
Windows XP with
Service Pack 3(C
HT)
•

Compiler : C++
2.1.4.COMMU
NICATION
INTERFACE:

Indian Railway’s
website
www.indianrail.gov.
in
PRS enquires
regarding
Berthavailability,
Passenger Status,
Fare, Train
Schedule etc.
•
 National Train En
quiry System (NT
ES) website
www.trainenquiry.c
om
givesdynamic
information about
the running status
of any train and its
expectedarrival/de
parture at given
station.
•

Mobile telephone
based SMS
enquiry service. A
new phone based
facility for rail
users’ viz.,Country
wide extension of
Universal Rail
Enquiry number
“139”
throughsetting up
of Interactive
Voice Response
System (IVRS)
2.1.5.MEMOR
Y
CONSTRAIN
TS:2.1.6.OPE
RATIONS:
•

Any Reservation
counter from 8 am
to 8 pm.
•

One form for five

persons.
•

To save time and

queue Agents are
other guides.
2.2.PRODUCT
FUNCTIONS:
It tells the short
note about the
product.2.2.1.TR
AIN
DETAILS:Custo
mers may view th
e train number, tr
ain name, train ti
ming (arrival and
departure), arrival
and departure
station of the train
and number of
seats required.
2.2.2.RESERVA
TION:After
checking the
number of seats
available, the
customers reserve
the
tickets.2.2.3.BIL
LING:After
reserving the
required number of
tickets, the
customer paid the
fare.2.2.4
CANCELLATION
:If the customer
wants to cancel the
ticket, he can
cancel it using
PNR number.
2.3.USER CHA
RACTERISTI
CS:
•

Knowledgeable
User
•

Novice User
•

Expert User
2.4.CONSTRA
INTS:
There is no
maintainability of
back up so
availability will
get affected. Real-
life creditcard
validation and
Banking system is
not implemented.
No multilingual
support.
Given below is an
overall picture of
the system, as
depicted in
the aboveAdminist
rator:Database
Management:
•

Control the
database customers
and keep track of
all records of
customers.
•
Control the
database of trains
and keep track of
all records of train.
•

Control fare
management.
•

View the details of

all orders and
control the whole
applicationCustom
ers:Login:
•

Customers must
have a valid login
id (PNR number)
to enter into the
site.Registration:
•

New users can

sign up by creating
new ID.Cancel
Details
•

Can cancel his

reservation details.
3.SPECIFIC
REQUIREME
NTS:3.1.EXTE
RNAL
INTERFACES
:
•

Booking Terminals
•
Enquiry Terminals
3.2.PERFORM
ANCE
REQUIREME
NTS:
It’s available
during all 24
hours.Variety of
compartments
based on comfort:
•

AC
•

Non-AC
•

GeneralTypes of
concerns and
complexities:
•
10 types of trains
•

3 types of classes
3.3.SOFTWAR
E SYSTEM
ATTRIBUTES
:
•

Reliable
•
Available
•

Secure
•

Portable
3.4.FUNCTIO
NAL
REQUIREME
NTS:
In software
engineering,
a functional
requirement
defines a function
of a software-
system
or component. A
function is
described as a set
of inputs, the
behavior and
outputs.
Functionalrequire
ments may be
calculations,
technical details,
data manipulation
and processing
andother specific
functionality that
show how a use
case to be fulfilled.
Typically, a
requirementsanalys
t generates
functional
requirements after
building use cases.
However, this may
haveexceptions si
nce software deve
lopment is an iter
ative process and
sometime certainr
equirements are
conceived prior to
the definition of
the use case. Both
artifacts (use
casesdocuments
and requirements
documents)
complement each
other in a
bidirectional
process. Atypical
functional
requirement will
contain a unique
name and number,
a brief summary,
anda rationale.
This information is
used to help the
reader understand
why the
requirement
isneeded, and
to track the
requirement
through the
development of
the system. The
core of
therequirement is
the description of
the required
behavior, which
must be a clear
and
readabledescriptio
n of the required b
ehavior. This beha
vior may come
from organization
al or business
rule, or it may be d
iscovered through
elicitation sessions
with users, stakeh
oldersand other ex
perts within the or
ganization. Softw
are requirements
must be clear, cor
rectunambiguous,
specific and
verifiable.
3.4.1.RESERV
ATION OF
TICKET:
•

REQUEST TIME
TABLE:Passenger
requests database
to display railway
timetable.
•

DISPLAY
TIMETABLE:Data
base displays
timetable to the
customer.
•

REQUEST TO
RESERVE
TICKET:Passenger
requests the clerk
to reserve his/her
ticket.
•

INPUT
DETAILS:Clerk
asks customer to
enter details for the
reservation of
ticket.
•

CALCULATE
FARE:
Clerk calculates
the total fare of
the journey
according to the
number
of passengers
and tells the
customer.
•
RESERVE
TICKET:Ticket is
reserved and
customer pays the
fare.
•

REQUEST TO
PRINT:Customer
requests to print the
ticket.
•

PRINT
TICKET:Ticket is
been printed and
handled to the
customer.
3.4.2.CANCEL
LATION OF
TICKET:
•

REQUEST TO
CANCEL
TICKET:Customer
requests to cancel
his/her ticket for
which he/she has
to give thePNR
number.
•

CANCEL
TICKET:Once the
PNR number is
received, the ticket
is cancelled.
3.5.NON-
FUNCTIONA
L
REQUIREME
NTS:
In systems engine
ering and require
ments engineering
, non-
functional require
ments arerequirem
ents that specify
criteria that can be
used to judge the
operation of
system, rather
thanspecific
behaviors. Non-
functional
requirements are
often called
qualities of a
system.
Other t e r m s f o r
non-
functional re
quirements ar
e “constraint
s ” , ”quality
attributes”, “quality
goals” and “quality
of service
requirements”
.Qualities, i.e. non-
functional
requirements can
be divided into 2
main
categories:1.Execu
tion qualities
such as security
and usability are
observable at run
time.2.Evolution
qualifies, such
as extensibility
and scalability
embody in the
static structureof
the software
system.The Non-
Functional
requirements of our
project are:
•

Time:This project
should be
completed within
the stimulated time
period.
•

Cost:The cost
involved in
marketing the
project should be
less.
•

Usability:This
requirement is
present, as this
system will interact
with the user.
•

Reliability:This
system must be
highly robust.
•

Performance:It
should be fast
enough to produce
output.

4.DOCUMEN
T
APPROVAL:
The bill passed on
any proposals
related to railway
management needs
approval of
Ministry
of Railway
Department.
E-R
DIAGRAM
CUSTOMER R
ESERVATION
OFFICER
NAME
AGEGENDER
AGE NAMED
EPT.ENQUIR
YENQUIRYO
FFICER AGE
N
AME
D
EPT.RESERV
E
PNR No.
DATA
FLOW
DIAGRAM0-
LEVEL DFD
PaymentRequest
for FormSubmit
FormConfirmation
RejectionCheck for
StatusRequest for
ReservationReques
t for enquiryIssue
FormAnswer to
enquiryEnquiryPay
ment
ReceivedApplicati
on
FormConformation
RejectionTicket
Printing
ENQUIRYOFFI
CER COUSTM
ER
RESERVATIO
NOFFICER 1.R
AILWAYRESE
RVATIONSYS
TEM
DATA
FLOW
DIAGRAM1-
LEVEL DFD
Train Timing
and
availability Res
ervation
Record
Ticket to
Costumer Check
for Status
RejectionConform
ationPayment
ReceiveIssue
TicketCheck
StatusUpdateRecor
dAnswer to
EnquiryRequest for
enquiryPayment
1.1
ENQUIRYPRO
CESS1.4PRINT
INGPROCESS1
.2PAYMENTP
ROCESSCOST
UMER RESER
VATIONOFFI
CER ENQUIR
YOFFICER
Confirm
EnquiryTicket
Received
1.3RESERVAT
IONPROCESS
Submit FormIssue
FormRequest for
Form
ConformationReje
ctionApplication
Form
CLASS
DIAGRAM
Customer
-
age : integer array-
tr_no : integer -
tr_nm : string-
name : string array
- sex : char array-
noseat : integer -
fare : integer -
mode : integer -
place_s : string-
place_d : integer -
timea : integer -
timed : integer +
input( )+ disp ( )+
cancel()Class to
input details of
customers
Train
- t_no : integer -
t_name : string-
place_a : string-
place_d : string-
timea : integer -
timed : integer -
noac : integer -
nonac : integer -
nog : integer -
fareac : integer -
farenac : integer -
fareg : integer + in
put( )+ modify( )+
disp( )+ disptt( )+
rett_no( )+
ret_sorce( )+
ret_dest( )Class to
input and modify
traindetails
Admin
+ newdatabase( )+
update( )+
updatedata( )+
modify( )Class to
add and update
databaseof train
Ticket
+ enquiry( )+
reserve( )+ cancel(
)+ print( )+
modify(
)Class to print, r
eserve andmodif
y tickets
USE CASE
DIAGRAM
UPDATE TRAIN
INFOLOGINMOD
IFY TRAIN
INFOVIEW
RESERVATIONS
TATUSRESERVE
SEATVIEW
TRAINSCHEDUL
ECANCELLATIO
NADMINISTRAT
OR
RESERVATIONC
LERK PASSENG
ER
SEQUENCE
DIAGRAM
PASSENGER
RAILWAYDA
TABASECLE
RK TICKET
2. Display
timetable1.
Request
timetable3.
Request to reserve
()4. Input details5.
Calculate fare6.
Reserve ticket8.
Print Ticket10.
Cancel Ticket7.
Request to print
ticket9. Request to
cancel ticket
DATA
DICTIONAR
Y
N A M E A
L I A S U S
E C O N T
E N T A D
D I T I O N
A L INFORM
ATION
P N R N u
m b e r N o n
e E n q u i r
y ReservationCanc
ellationP N R =
r a n d ( ) N o
n e

LIMITATIO
NS
Our project meets
the following
limitations:
1)
The software is not
able to reserve
tickets for more
than 10 people per
train.
2)
The fare allotted
for every
reservation is
independent of
Kilometres
travelled instead it
is setfor every
mode (AC, Non-
AC or General) of
each train.3)The
software is made
such to carry out
reservation in
max 15 trains.
4)
The software does
not support multi-
day reservation
system, i.e., the
reservations cannot
bedone in advance
rather it is carried
out for single day.
5)
The software does
not provide
concession in fare
rates for children,
aged people,
armamentetc. i.e.,
the fare identical
for all
people.6)The
software does not
take into
consideration the
stations falling in
between the source
anddestination
station.
FUTURE
SCOPE
If anyone wants to
extend this project
then he/she can
make an additional
database of Train
Fare. Anddatabase
for updated
availability of
seats which is
available after the
cancellation of
ticket on
thatspecific train
etc. He/she can
also add some
more command
buttons in the
existing software
andextend working
of the existing
software.Impleme
ntations of this
project idea are in
industrial use.
Hence, this can be
used for
suggestingimprov
ements in
design, performan
ce
and greater usabilit
y. Apart from the
industrial
applications,
itis a research-
oriented project as
 well, the task of p
erformance
evaluation of diffe
rent databasedesig
ns, for efficiency,
is in this spirit.
REFERENC
ES AND
BIBLIOGRA
PHY
BOOKS
USED:
•

Object Oriented
Programming C++
(E.
Balaguruswami)
•

Introducing C++
(Sumita Arora)
•

Software
Engineering
(Shalini Puri)
•
Software
Engineering
(Pressman)

SITES USED :
•

www.scribd.com
•

www.irctc.com
•
www.indianrail.co
m
•

www.wikipedia.or
g
•

www.yatra.com
•

www.trainenquiry.
com