2

Unit

STATIC UML DIAGRAMS

2.1 CLASS DIAGRAMS

The Essentials
A class diagram describes the types of objects in the system and the various kinds of static
relationship that exist among them.

There are 2 kinds of static relationships.

• Associations
• Subtypes
The class diagrams show the attributes and operations of a class and the constraints that
apply to the way objects are connected.

Perspectives
There are three different perspectives; we use in drawing class diagrams. They are
• Conceptual
• Specification
• Implementation
We take the concepts in the domain under study and represent in diagrams, for the
conceptual perspective.

These concepts will relate to the classes that implement them by there us often no direct
aping.

A conceptual model should be drawn with little or no regard to the software that
implements it, so it is considered language independent.
2.2 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
(a) Conceptual

Figure 2.1 Class Diagram

(b) Specification
Here we look at the interface of the software but not its implementation.

The word type is used to talk about an interface of a class.

A type can have many classes that implement it and a classes that implement it an a class
implement many types.

(c) Implementation
Here we have classes and we lat the implementation base.

This is the most often used perspective but un many cases the specification perspective is
better than implementation.

Classes are marked with << implementation class >> to show the implementation
perspective and with <<type>> for the specification and conceptual perspective.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.3
2.2 ELABORATION
Elaboration has the following series of iterations.
1) The core (risky) software architecture is programmed and tested.
2) Majority of the requirements are discovered and stabilized.
3) Major rises are mitigated or retired.

Elaboration normally consists of two or three iterations.

During these iterations the team
• Does serious investigations
• Implements programs and tests for core architecture
• Clarifies requirements tackles high risk issues.

Each iteration is time boxed. i.e. its end date is fixed. It lasts for two to six weeks.
• During elaboration the models are fully developed in preparation for implementation.
• During elaboration, the code and design are in production. It is called “Executable
architecture” or “Architectural baseline”.

Elaboration is
• Building the core architecture
• Resolving the high risk elements
• Define more requirements and
Estimate overall schedule and resources

Domain model
• Visualization of domain concepts.
• It is similar to static information model.

Design model
It is a set of diagrams that describe logical design.
It includes
• Class diagrams
• Object interaction diagrams
• Package diagrams etc.

Software architecture documents

A summary of outstanding design ideas.
Summarizes key architecture issues and their resolution in design.
2.4 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Data model
Includes database schemas, mapping strategies between object and non-object
representations.

Use case storyboards, UI prototypes.

Description of user interface.
Paths of navigation
Usability models etc.

2.2.1 Key Ideas of Elaboration

• Elaboration is not more than few months
• Has short timeboxed iterations
• Has realistic tests early
• Adapt according to the feedback of users
• Most of the use cases and other requirements are written in detail, through a series of
workshops.

2.3 DOMAIN MODELS

A domain model is a visual representation of conceptual classes or real situation objects in
a domain.
In object oriented analysis, domain model is the most important.
It illustrates the concepts in a domain.
It acts as a source of inspiration for designing some software objects.

2.3.1 Example
A partial domain model for a visual dictionary is drawn with UML class diagram. The
conceptual classes of
• Payment and
• Sale
are shown
The payment is related to sale.
Sale has date and time information.
The conceptual perspective can be had by applying UML class diagram notation for
domain model.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.5

Figure 2.2 Partial Domain Model

Domain models are also called as conceptual models.

Domain models are illustrated with a set of class diagrams
• Domain objects or conceptual classes
• Association between conceptual classes
• Attributes of conceptual classes
In the above example if all the information were expressed in plain text it is not easy
to understand and hence we go for visual representations.
So the domain model is a visual dictionary of abstractions, domain vocabulary and
information content of the domain.
• A domain model shows real-situation conceptual classes and not software classes.
[such as Java or C++ classes]
• So a domain model should probably avoid
◦ Software artifacts like window or database
◦ Methods and responsibilities.
2.6 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Avoid

Avoid

Figure 2.3 A domain model does not show software artifacts or classes

2.3.2 Conceptual classes

A conceptual class may not considered in terms of
1) Symbol – words or images
2) Intension – definition of conceptual class
3) Extension – set of examples to conceptual class

Example: Purchase transaction event

Symbol – sale (English)
Intension – Represents events of purchase transaction, having date and time
Extension – set of all sale instances in the universe.

A conceptual class

Figure 2.4 A domain model is not a data model

 Static UML Diagrams 2.7
2.3.3 Creation of Domain Model
The steps for creating a domain model are
(i) Find the conceptual classes
(ii) Draw them as classes in UML class diagram
(iii) Add associations and attributes

2.4 FINDING CONCEPTUAL CLASSES AND DESCRIPTION CLASSES

2.4.1 Finding Conceptual Classes
The three strategies to find conceptual classes are
1) Reuse or modify existing models
2) Use a category list
3) Identity noun phrases

2.4.1.1 Reuse or Modify Existing Models

• It is the easiest approach
• There are published and well known domain models and data models like
◦ Inventory
◦ Finance
◦ Health
These can be modified into domain model

2.4.1.2 Use a Category List

Some of the common categories found in
1) POS
2) Monopoly and
3) Airline reservation are listed below
are listed below

Conceptual class category Examples

1. Business transactions Sale, payment reservation
Guideline: They are critical
2. Transaction line itemsGuideline: SalesLineItem
Transaction come with related line
items
3. Product or service relate to a Item flight, seat, meal
transaction or transaction line item
2.8 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

4. Where is transaction recorded? Register, ledger

5. Roles of people; actors in usecase Cashier, customer, passenger
6. Place of transaction Store, airport
7. Events with time or place to remember Sale, payment
8. Physical objects Item, Register, Airplane
9. Description of things ProductDescription, FlightDescription
10. Catalogs ProductCatalog, FlightCatalog
11. Containers of things Store, Bin, Board, Airplane
12. Things in container Item, Square
13. Collaborating systems Air Traffic Control
14. Records of finance, work, contracts, Receipt, Ledger
legal matters
15. Financial Instruments Cash, Check, Line of credit,
TicketCredit
16. Schedules, manuals, documents DailyPriceChangeList,
referred regularly RepairSchedule

2.4.1.3 Noun Phrase Identification

Linguistic analysis
Indentify the nouns and noun phrases in textual description of a domain.

Example:
Process Sale

Main success scenario (or Basic Flow)

1) Customer arrives at a POS checkout with goods
2) Cashier starts a new sale
3) Cashier enters item identifier
4) System records SaleLineItem
Presents item description, price and running total
Price calculated from a set price rules.
5) System presents total with taxes and asks for payment
6) Cashier tells customer the total and asks for payment
7) Customer pays and system handles payment
 Static UML Diagrams 2.9
8) System logs completed sale and sends sale and payment to external accounting
9) System presents receipt
10) Customer leaves with receipt and goods

Extensions
7.a. Paying by cash
1) Cashier enters amount
2) System presents balance
3) Cashier deposits cash and returns balance
4) System, records cash payment
Some noun phrases are candidate conceptual classes. Some refer to simple
attributes of conceptual class.
The disadvantage of this approach is – Different noun phrases may represent same
conceptual class or attributes among ambiguities.

2.4.1.4 Examples
POS Domain
A list of candidate classes for the domain is generated.
The list consists of requirements and simplifications of process sale.
Sale Cashier
Cash payment Customer
SalesLineItem Store
Item ProductDescription
Register ProductCatalog
Ledger

Then, construct the UML class diagram for the above classes.

Figure 2.5 Initial POS Domian Model

2.10 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Then we add attributes and associations.

Monopoly Domain
The list of candidate classes for Monopoly domain are
Player
Piece
Die
Board
Square

The representation of these classes are

Figure 2.6 Initial Monopoly Domain Model

2.4.2 Finding Description Classes

A description class is a class that contains information that describes something.

Example:
ProductDescription is a description class that records
◦ Picture
◦ Price and
◦ Text description

2.4.2.1 Need for description classes

Consider a store where
• An item is a physical item
• An item has serial no, cost, description, price, itemID etc.
• After selling the item, all these information are lost as the software instance of item is
deleted.

Example:
If a store has „Reynolds‟ pen and in a demand the pen is sold and its instance is lost.
If a customer asks
„What is the cost of Reynolds Pen‟
 Static UML Diagrams 2.11
No one can answer because the price of the item is lost, once it is sold.
We also cannot have a duplicate instance of all objects because it causes inefficiency
and wastage of memory.
So the solution is to have a „description class‟. For example, here we have got
ProductDescription class.
Here ProductDescription would have the price, description of the item, but not the
serialNo which is irrelevant.
The ProductDescription class is represented by

2.7 Figure Description classes

Description classes are used when

• Need for description of item, or service required
• Deleting instance of item, leads to loss of information
• Reduces redundancy and duplication
Examples
1) Airline company
After a plane crash, all flights were cancelled for six months.
So flight instance software is deleted and all information about the flight services were
lost.
So here the description classes must have details on flight services.
So flight description has flight route even if flight is not scheduled.
2.12 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

2) Mobile phone company

It has packages like “gold”, “silver”, “bronze”. Here description classes contains
information about the package like
◦ Rates per minute
◦ Cost etc…

2.5 ASSOCIATION
An association is a relationship between classes that indicate meaningful and interesting
connection.
It is represented as a solid line connecting two class symbols.
Example

Figure 2.9 Association

Here the association “works for” connects two roles – employee and employer.

A person is an employee of a company and company is an employer of person.

2.5.1 Definition
An association is defined as “Semantic relationship between two or more classifiers that
involve connections among their instances”.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.13

Figure 2.10 Association

Avoid too many associations to a domain model.

Example:
A graph with „n‟ nodes can have (n(n-1))/2 associations to other nodes. i.e. 20 classes will
have 190 association lines.
So avoid the unnecessary associations.
An association is not statement about data flows during domain modeling.

2.5.2 Association Notation

Binary association is solid line connecting two class symbols with capitalized association
name.

The ends of association contains multiplicity expression i.e., numerical instances of the classes.

Example:
Legal formats of compound association name.
• Work-for
• Work for

Each end of associations is called role.

Roles may optionally have
• Multiplicity expression
• Name
• Navigability

2.5.3 Multiplicity
Multiplicity defines how many instances of a class A can be associated with the instance
of class B

Figure 2.11 Multiplicity on an association

2.14 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

2.5.4 Multiplicity values

Figure 2.12 Multiplicity values

The multiplicity value depends on the modeler or software developer.

2.5.5 Navigation
UML uses association navigation or navigability to specify a role affiliated with each
other at the end of association line.

Figure 2.13 Navigation

An optional reading direction arrow indicates direction to read association name.

Here it means association from person to BankAccount (person has BankAccount) and not the
reverse.

The convention is to read association from left to right and top to bottom.

2.5.6 Multiple associations between two classes

Two classes may have multiple (more than one) associations between them.

Example:
Airline system

Figure 2.14 Multiple Associations

2.5.7 Common associations list

1) POS 2) Monopoly 3) Airline reservation domains
 Static UML Diagrams 2.15

Category Examples
A is a transaction related to another CashPayment – sale cancellation –
transaction B reservation
A is a line item of a transaction B SalesLineItem – Sale
A is a product or service for a transaction (or Item – SalesLineItem Flight –
line item) B reservation
A is a role related to a transaction B Customer – PaymentPassenger –
Ticket
A is physical or logical part of B Drawer – RegisterSquare – BoardSeat
– Airplane
A is physically or logically contained in/on B Register – storeItem – shelfPassenger
– Airplane
A is a description of B ProductDescription –
ItemFlightDescription – Flight
A is known/logged/recorded/reported/ Sale – RegisterPiece – Square
captured/ in B
A is a member of B Cashier – storePlayer – monopoly
gamePilot – Airline
A is an organizational subunit of B Department – StoreMaintenance –
Airline
A uses or manages or owns Cashier – RegisterPlayer – PiecePilot
– Airplane
A is next to B SalesLineItem – SalesLineItemSquare
– SquareCity – City

2.5.8 Examples – Associations in Domain Models:

CaseStudy:
(i) NextGenPOS:
In POS the association are given as
1) Transaction related to another transaction:
Sale paid – by CashPayment
2) Line items of transaction – Sale contains SalesLineItem
3) Product for transaction – SalesLineItem records – sale-of-item
2.16 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Figure 2.15 NextGen POS partial Domain Model

(ii) Monopoly
The associations are
1) A is contained in or on B – Board contains square
2) A owns B – Players own piece
3) A is known in/on B – Piece Is-on square
4) A is member of B – Player member-of monopoly game

Figure 2.16 Monopoly partial Domain Model

 Static UML Diagrams 2.17
2.5.9 Association
• Associations represents relationship between instances of classes. [A person works for
a company; a company has a number of offices]
• The associations represent conceptual relationship between classes.
• Each association has two association ends, each end is attached to one of the classes in
the association. An end can be explicitly named with a label. This label is called a role
name. Association ends are often called roles.
• An association end also has multiplicity which is an indication of how many elements
participate in the given relationship.
• Multiplicity indicates lower and upper bounds for the participating objects.
• The * represents the range 0…. Infinity.
• The 1 stands for 1…..1
• The most common multiplicaties are 1, * and 0…1.
• For general multiplicity we can have a single number (11 for players in crickets team)
a range (such as 2….4 for players of canasta game)
or discrete combinations of numbers and ranges (such as 2,4 for doors in a car before
the onset of minivans)
Within the specification perspective, associations represent responsibilities.

• In the specification perspective, associations represent responsibilities.

• Single valued relationship are implemented with a method that returns the related
objects.
• Multivalued relationship are implemented with an iterate into a collection of related
objects.
• An association implies some responsibility for updating the relationship.
• In implementation model there is pointer in both directions between related classes.
• Example: Association between order and customer. Arrows are indicated on the
association lines. They indicate navigability.
• Here order has a responsibility to tell which customer it is for, but a customer has no
corresponding ability to tell which orders it has. Here instead of symmetric
responsibilities, we now have responsibilities on only one end of the line.
• But in implementation diagram, order contains a pointer to the customer but customer
would not have a pointer to order.
• Navigability is an important part of implementation and specification diagrams.
• Navigability‟s are added as part of the shift to the specification and implementation
perspective.
• If navigability exists in only one direction, we call the associations as unidirectional
association.
2.18 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
• A bidirectional association contains navigability‟s in both direction.
• In UML, if the associations are without arrows it means the navigability is unknown or
the association is bidirectional.
• Bidirectional associations include an extra constraint, that the two navigations are
inverses of each other.

2.5.10 Naming Associations

There are many ways of naming associations. Traditional data modules like to name an
association using a verb phrase, so that the relationship can be used in a sentence. In object
modelers nouns are used to name the role of one or the other of the ends. An association
represents a permanent link between two objects. The link exists during the whole lives of the
objects, although the instances that are connected may change over time. So a parameters
reference creation of an object, doesn‟t imply an association. They are modeled with
dependencies.

2.6 ATTRIBUTES
• Attributes are very similar to associations.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.19
• At conceptual level, an attribute customer‟s name indicates that customer have names.
• At specification level, the attributes name indicates the customer name and has a way
of selecting a name.
At the implementation level, a customer has a field ( an instance variable or a data
member) for its name.

The notation for an attribute shows the attributes name, type and default value.

The UML syntax is

Visibility name : type = defaultValue

where visibility is the same as for operations.

2.6.1 Difference between Attribute and Association:

• From conceptual perspective, there is no difference between attribute and association.
• An attribute carries another kind of notation.
• Attributes are usually single valued.
• From the diagram we cannot infer whether the attribute is optional or mandatory.
• Multiplicity is put after the attribute name in square brackets
Example: dateReceived [0….1]: Date
The difference occurs at the specification and implementation levels.
Attributes are small, simple classes such as strings, dates, money objects and non
object values such as int and real.

2.6.2 Operations
The processes carried out but a class are called operations.

At specification level, operation correspond to public methods on a type. We have to

indicate whether the object is read only or frozen.

At implementation model, we have to show private and protected operations.

2.6.3 UML syntax for operations

Visibility name (parameter_list) : return _type_ expression {property_string}
Where,
Visibility is + (public), # (protected) or – (private)
name is a string
Parameter list contains comma separated parameters.

Whose syntax is
2.20 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Direction name: type = default value
Direction shows whether parameter used for input (in), output (out) or both (inout).
By default the direction value is in.
Return type expression is a comma- separated list of return types. Most people use single
return type but multiple return types are also allowed.
UML defines a query as an operation that gets a value from a class without changing the
system state. Such operations are marked with constraint {query}
Operations that do change state are called modifier.
Queries can be executed in any order but sequence of modifiers is more important Other
terms are
• getting method
• setting method
• A getting method returns a value from a field.
• A setting method puts a value into a field.
• A client from outside should not tell whether
A query is getting method or a modifier is a setting method knowledge of getting and
setting method is entirely internal to the class.
Other distribution is between operation and method.
An operation is something that is invoked on an object [procedure call] A method is the
body of the procedure.
In C++, operation are called „member function‟
Smalltalk calls operation as „methods‟
UML uses the term „feature‟ for an attribute or an operation.

2.6.4 Attributes
An attributes is a logical data value of an object.
Attributes of conceptual classes are identified to satisfy information requirements of
current scenarios under development.

Example:
A receipt in processSale includes dateTime.
So,
• Sale requires „dateTime‟ attribute
• Store requires „name‟ and „address‟
 Static UML Diagrams 2.21
• Cashier requires an „ID‟

2.6.5 Notation
In the class representation, Attributes are shown in the second compartment.

Example:

Figure 2.18 Attributes

The types of attribute is optional.

Figure 2.19 Derived Attribute

2.6.6 Syntax
The syntax of attribute in UML is
visibility name : type multiplicity = default {property-string}

Examples
1)

2)

3)

Conventionally, all attributes have private visibility.

{read only} – Property of string for attributes
[0..1] - Optional multiplicity values 0 or 1
2.22 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

2.6.7 Derived Attributes

If an attribute is derived from some other information it is called derived attribute.

Example:
Total attribute in Sale is calculated or derived from „SalesLineItem‟.
Quantity calculated from actual multiplicity value of the association.

Figure 2.21 Derived attributes

2.6.8 Datatype Attribute in Domain Model

Most of the attributes types are primitive datatype like
• Numbers
• Booleans
• Characters
• Date(or DateTime)
• Time
• String(Text)

Other common types are

• Address
• Color
• Geometrics
• Phone number
• ZIP or postal code
• Enumerated datatypes and so on.
• In place of complex concepts, associations is used instead of attributes.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.23

is replaced by

Figure 2.22 Relate with associations not attributes

2.6.9 Guidelines for Modeling Datatypes

In a domain model an attribute which may be initially considered as a number or string
may be assigned a new datatype in conditions like the following

1) Data is composed of separate sections

Phone no – Mobile, Landline, Office
Name of person – First Name, Middle Name, Last Name

2) There are operations associated with it like validation

SSN – Social Security Number
3) It has other attributes
Price of promotion can have start-date and end-date
4) It is a quantity with a unit
Payment amount has unit of currency
5) Abstraction of one or more types with some quantities.
ItemIdentifier is a generalization of
Universal Product Code (UPC)
European Article Number (EAN)

Applying the guidelines to POS domain attributes

1) „Item‟ is having common coding schemes like
UPC – A
UPC – E
2.24 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
EAN etc
These schemes have manufacturer, Product, Check-sum digit etc So datatype ItemID
class may be present.
2) „Price‟ and „amount‟ attributes will be of type „money‟ because they refer to currency.
3) The address attribute should be of type „Address‟ because it has got three separate
sections.

Figure 2.23 Two ways to indicate a datatype property of an object

Foreign keys (like relational databases) can be expressed with associations, instead of
attributes.

Example:
If the „cashier‟ class has a „current Register No‟ attribute it relates cashier to Register
object.

Here association can be used to relate cashier to Register object

 Static UML Diagrams 2.25

Figure 2.24 Don’t use attributes as foreign keys

There are quantities with associated units.

Example:
Money is a quantity with „currencies‟ as units.
Weight is a quantity with „kilograms‟ or „pounds‟ as units

Figure 2.25

2.6.10 Example: Attributes in Domain Model

Case Study 1:
1) NextGenPOS:
Class Attributes Description
CashPayment Amount Tendered Determines if sufficient payment is done
ProductDescription Description Shows description display or receipt looks up
itemID Looks up
ProductDescription
Calculates salestotal. Shows
price lineitemprice
Sale dateTime Shows date and time of sale
Useful for sales analysis
SalesLineItem Quantity Records quantity entered
Store Address, name Name and address of store
2.26 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Figure 2.26 NextGen POS Partial Domain Model showing Attributes

2) Case Study 2:
Monopoly game
Class Attributes Description
Die faceValue After rolling die, calculate distance of move
Square Name Print output desired
Player Name Name of player
Piece Name Name of piece

Figure 2.27 Monopoly Partial Domain Model

 Static UML Diagrams 2.27
2.7 DOMAIN MODEL REFINEMENT
In the domain model refinement the fundamental concepts are

(i) Generalization
(ii) Specialization and
(iii) Conceptual class hierarchies

2.8 FINDING CONCEPTUAL CLASS HIERARCHIES

Generalization has to be understand to identify conceptual super and subclasses.
Generalization and conceptual class definition:

Definition:
A conceptual superclass is more general or encompassing than subclass

Example:
Superclass – Payment
Subclasses – CashPayment
Credit Payment
CheckPayment

Representation

Figure 2.28 Class Hierarchies

Here cash payment is transferring money from one party to another.

Credit payment is transfer of money via credit institution which to be authorized.

2.8.1 Generalization and class sets

All members of a conceptual subclass set are members of their superclass set.

Example:
In terms of set membership, all instances of set „CreditPayment‟ are also members of set
„Payment‟.
2.28 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Figure 2.29 Venn Diagram of set relationships

2.8.2 Conceptual subclass Definition conformance

During creation of class hierarchy, statements about superclass that apply to subclass are
made.

Example:
All „payments‟ have an attribute „amount‟ which are associated with „Sale‟.

2.9 AGGREGATION AND COMPOSITION

Aggregation is a form of association.
A hollow diamond is attached to the end of the path to indicate aggregation.

Figure 2.30 Aggregation

Composition (or a part of) is a form of aggregation.

It shows string ownership to represent the component of complex object.
Composition is also called as part whole relationship.
Composition is denoted as solid diamond at the end of the path.

A composition relationship implies that

1) An instance of the part (like square) belongs to only one composite instance (such
as board) at a time.
2) The part must always belongs to composite.
3) The composition is responsible for creation and deletion of its parts.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.29

Figure 2.31 Nested composition

2.9.1 Guidelines for composition

• The life time of a part is bound within the lifetime of its composite.
• There is obvious whole-part physical or logical assembly.
• Composition sometimes refers to
• Operations like destruction, movement, recording parts such as location.

Benefits of composition
Composition is very useful in design than analysis.
1) Composition classifies domain constraint for the existence of the part independent of the
whole.
2) It assists in identification of creator using GRASP.
3) Operations like copy, delete apply to parts.

Composition in NextGen Domain Model

In POS domain

(i) SalesLineItem is a part of composite sale

2.30 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
(ii) ProductCatalog is a composite of ProductDescription

Figure 2.32

2.10 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SSD AND USE CASES

SSD shows systems events for one scenario of a use case.
The SSD is generated from inspection of a use case.
SSDs are derived from use cases.

Figure 2.33
While naming the system events, use the abstract level of representation rather than
physical input device.

Example:
“enterItem” is better than “Scan”.
Because the entry could be through scanner, keyboard, voice input or anything.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.31
:Cashier :System

Better name enterItem(itemID, quantity)

Worse name scan(itemID, quantity)

Figure 2.34
Always start the system event with a verb like
• add…
• enter…
• end…
• make…
to improve clarity
SSDs are also used to collaborate between systems.
Example:
NextGenPOS and external credit payment authorizer.
The elements of SSD are
• operation name
• parameters
• return data
Glossary is used to maintain the information of what is coming in and what is going out
during design.
Example 1:
In the previous diagram, the return line has the description “change due, receipt”.
Here glossary has a receipt entry and shows receipt (digital picture) and layouts and
contents.
Example 2:
:Observer :System

initialize(num of players)

Play Game

Loop [no winner]

dicetotal, player, squrae

Figure 2.35 the SSD for Monopoly game

2.32 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Here the events are
1) Observing person initializes number of players
2) He then request simulation of play
3) The output is watched until there is a winner.

SSDs are highly useful

• To understand the interface
• Collaborations of existing systems
• To document the architecture.
Normally it is not advisable to create SSDs for all scenarios.
SSDs can be drawn for scenarios of next iteration.
SSDs are part of the Use Case Model.
SSDs are used to represent analysis and design artifacts.
SSDs are not normally motivated during inception. They are created during
elaboration.

Their purpose is to
1) Identify details of system events
2) Clarify major operations the system is designed to handle
3) Write system operation contracts
4) Support estimation
(Example: Macro estimation with unadjusted function points and cocomo II)

2.11 WHEN TO USE CLASS DIAGRAMS

2.11.1 Class Diagrams
The Essentials
A class diagram describes the types of objects in the system and the various kinds of static
relationship that exist among them.

There are 2 kinds of static relationships.

• Associations
• Subtypes
The class diagrams show the attributes and operations of a class and the constraints that
apply to the way objects are connected.
 Static UML Diagrams 2.33
Perspectives
There are three different perspectives; we use in drawing class diagrams. They are
• Conceptual
• Specification
• Implementation

Figure 2.36 Class Diagram

We take the concepts in the domain under study and represent in diagrams, for the
conceptual perspective.

These concepts will relate to the classes that implement them by there us often no direct
aping.
2.34 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
A conceptual model should be drawn with little or no regard to the software that
implements it, so it is considered language independent.

Specification
Here we look at the interface of the software but not its implementation.
The word type is used to talk about an interface of a class.

A type can have many classes that implement it and a classes that implement it an a class
implement many types.

Implementation
Here we have classes and we lat the implementation base.

This is the most often used perspective but un many cases the specification perspective is
better than implementation.

Classes are marked with << implementation class >> to show the implementation
perspective and with <<type>> for the specification and conceptual perspective