III.

Analysis
As for definition, circuit is defined as a closed loop where electrons can travel.
In relation with electronics, an electronic circuit is composed of
individual electronic components, such
as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by
conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow. To be referred to
as electronic, rather than electrical, generally at least one active component must be
present. The combination of components and wires allows various simple and
complex operations to be performed: signals can be amplified, computations can be
performed, and data can be moved from one place to another. Circuits make
computers, digital cameras, and video games possible. Circuits are driving an
unprecedented rate of change in how we live.
The circuit components of simple circuits are associated in series or parallel
arrangements. Every part might be spoken to as a resistance from the stream of
current in the circuit. In registering the voltage and current prerequisites of the
circuit, it is important to know the proportionate opposition of the arrangement and
parallel courses of action. In this investigation, the aggregate current coursing
through an arrangement and parallel circuit and the voltages transverse every resistor
has been resolved. Also, the connection between the voltages over each resistor and
aggregate voltage and the connection between current spilling out of side to side of
every resistor and the aggregate current has been researched. The circuit utilized
with just a single relentless way through its segments is known as a series circuit,
while a circuit that has two voltage hubs associated with it is a parallel circuit.
Likewise, the voltage and current has been estimated for deciding its connections
between the two previously mentioned circuits. Before diving further into the
hypothesis exhibited by the trial, let us catch up on the essential thoughts and ideas
in hardware Current, Resistance, Voltage, Ohm's Law, and Electrical Networks and
Circuits.
Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-
deficient atoms as shown in the Figure 1. The common symbol for current is the
uppercase letter I. The standard unit is the ampere, symbolized by A. One ampere of
current represents one coulomb of electrical charge (6.24 x 10 18 charge carriers)
moving past a specific point in one second. Physicists consider current to flow from
relatively positive points to relatively negative points; this is called conventional
current or Franklin current. Electrons, the most common charge carriers, are
negatively charged. They flow from relatively negative points to relatively positive
points.

Figure 1. Current Definition

Electric current can be either direct or alternating. Direct current (DC) flows
in the same direction at all points in time, although the instantaneous magnitude of
the current might vary. In an alternating current (AC), the flow of charge carriers
reverses direction periodically. The number of complete AC cycles per second is
the frequency, which is measured in hertz. An example of pure DC is the current
produced by an electrochemical cell. The output of a power-supply rectifier, prior to
filtering, is an example of pulsating DC. The output of common utility outlets is AC.
 Current per unit cross-sectional area is known as current density. It is
expressed in amperes per square meter, amperes per square centimeter, or amperes
per square millimeter. Current density can also be expressed in amperes per circular
mil. In general, the greater the current in a conductor, the higher the current density.
However, in some situations, current density varies in different parts of an electrical
conductor. A classic example is the so-called skin effect, in which current density is
high near the outer surface of a conductor, and low near the center. This effect occurs
with alternating currents at high frequencies. Another example is the current inside
an active electronic component such as a field-effect transistor (FET).
An electric current always produces a magnetic field. The stronger the current,
the more intense the magnetic field. A pulsating DC, or an AC, characteristically
produces an electromagnetic field. This is the principle by which wireless signal
propagation occurs.
Another term was resistance, resistance is a measure of the opposition to
current flow in an electrical circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by
the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854),
a German physicist who studied the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance. He is credited for formulating Ohm's Law.
All materials resist current flow to some degree. They fall into one of two
broad categories:
 Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons can
move easily. Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
 Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of
electrons. Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.
Resistance measurements are normally taken to indicate the condition of a
component or a circuit.
  The higher the resistance, the lower the current flow. If abnormally high, one
possible cause (among many) could be damaged conductors’ due to burning
or corrosion. All conductors give off some degree of heat, so overheating is
an issue often associated with resistance.
 The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow. Possible causes:
insulators damaged by moisture or overheating.
Many components, such as heating elements and resistors, have a fixed-
resistance value. These values are often printed on the components' nameplates or in
manuals for reference.
When a tolerance is indicated, the measured resistance value should be within
the specified resistance range. Any significant change in a fixed-resistance value
usually indicates a problem. "Resistance" may sound negative, but in electricity it
can be used beneficially.
Also, the concept of voltage was present in this experiment. Voltage is the
pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons
(current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating
a light.

In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). The term

recognizes Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), inventor of the voltaic
pile—the forerunner of today's household battery.

In electricity's early days, voltage was known as electromotive force (emf).

This is why in equations such as Ohm's Law, voltage is represented by the symbol E.
 Figure 2. Voltage in a Simple Direct Current

As for the figure 2, the switch is closed (turned ON). Voltage in the power
source—the "potential difference" between the battery's two poles—is activated,
creating pressure that forces electrons to flow as current out the battery's negative
terminal. After that, current reaches the light, causing it to glow. And lastly, current
returns to the power source.

Voltage is either alternating current (ac) voltage or direct current (dc) voltage.

Alternating current voltage (represented on a digital multimeter by ): (i) flows in

evenly undulating since waves, as shown in figure 3; (ii) Reverses direction at
regular intervals; (iii) commonly produced by utilities via generators, where
mechanical energy—rotating motion powered by flowing water, steam, wind or
heat—is converted to electrical energy; (iv) more common than dc voltage. Utilities
deliver ac voltage to homes and businesses where the majority of devices use ac
voltage; (v) primary voltage supplies vary by nation. In the United States, for
example, it's 120 volts; (vi) some household devices, such as TVs and computers,
utilize dc voltage power. They use rectifiers (such as that chunky block in a laptop
computer's cord) to convert ac voltage and current to dc.
 Figure 3. Flows Evenly Undulating

Direct current voltage (represented on a digital multimeter by and ): (i)

Travels in a straight line, and in one direction only; (ii) commonly produced by
sources of stored energy such as batteries; (iii) sources of dc voltage have positive
and negative terminals. Terminals establish polarity in a circuit, and polarity can be
used to determine if a circuit is dc or ac; (iv) commonly used in battery-powered
portable equipment (autos, flashlights, cameras).

Power is defined as the rate energy transformed or transferred over time, it is

the rate at which energy is lost or gained at any given location within the circuit.
Power is measured in unit of joules per second or also known as watts. It is known
that an electric circuit is capable of transferring power, current is the rate of flow of
charge and voltage measure the energy transferred per unit of charge.
Ohm’s Law is a brief mathematical the governs simple circuits. Ohm’s Law
stated that a voltage across a load equals the current though the load times the
resistance. It also states that the current I that flow through a substance is directly
proportional to the voltage V across two points. Ohm was the first one to demonstrate
experimentally that the current in a metal wire is directly proportional to the voltage
applied.
𝐼∝𝑉
 Ohm’s Law is known to be the relationship of current and voltage. It can also
be viewed as a cause-and-effect relationship, with voltage as the cause and the
current as the effect. Introducing the constants of proportionality, the resistance R or
the electric property that impedes current. Collision of moving charges with atoms
and molecules in as substance transfer energy to the substance and limit current.
Resistance is defined as inversely proportional to current and combining the
relationship of current to voltage and current to resistance. Ohm’s Law can be
expressed mathematically as:
𝑉
𝐼= (eqn. 1)
𝑅

The measure of how much opposition a material offers to the flow of electric.
Voltage is called electrical resistance, as mentioned, is defined as the amount of work
done or the energy required in moving a unit of positive charge from a region of
lower electric potential to a region of higher electric potential also known as potential
difference.
Ohmic materials is a good electrical conductor like copper and aluminum.
These ohmic materials have a resistance R that is independent of voltage V and
current I. Resistor is known as the object that has simple resistance, even if it
resistance is small. The unit for resistance is an ohm (Ω) or 1 volt per ampere.
Mentioning the simple circuit earlier, it has a single voltage source and a single
resistor. A simple electric circuit in which a closed path for current to flow is
supplied by conductors connecting a load to the terminals of a battery.
 Figure 4. Simple Electric Circuit
The electrical circuit is also divided into two types; the series circuit and
parallel circuit. Series circuit has only one path for electricity to flow from one point
to another, meaning the circuit are arranged in chain thus, having the amount of the
electricity in the circuit is consistent throughout any component in the circuit, having
the same amount of current in each resistor.

𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑛 (eqn. 2)
As the current flows around the circuit, there is a voltage drop as the current
flows through each resistor. The sum of the voltage drops across all resistors is equal
to the voltage across the battery.
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛 (eqn. 3)
When electricity flows through a series circuit, its rate of flow will never
fluctuate (refer to figure 5). The total resistance of a series circuit is found by simply
adding up the equivalent resistance of resistors in series:
𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 +𝑅3 + … + 𝑅𝑛 (eqn. 4)
However, the more resistors that a series circuit has, the more difficult it is for
electrons to flow.

Figure 5. Series Circuit

A parallel circuit has multiple paths for electricity to flow form one point to
another, it resistors are arranged with their heads connected together, and their tails
connected together. Meaning, all the components are connected between the same
set of electrically common points. The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with
some flowing along each parallel branch and recombining the current when the
branches meet again. When the resistors are connected in parallel, the current
flowing through the battery is equal to the sum of the current flowing through the
individual resistors.
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 (eqn. 5)

The voltage across each resistor in parallel circuit is the same. It means that
the voltage across each individual resistor is equal to the voltage across the battery.
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = ⋯ = 𝑉𝑛 (eqn. 6)
The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by adding up the
reciprocals of the resistance values, and then taking the reciprocal of the total. Thus,
the equivalent of resistors in parallel can be expressed as:
1 1 1 1 −1
𝑅=[ + + + ⋯+ ] (eqn. 7)
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑛

In a parallel circuit, electricity can flow in multiple directions horizontally and

vertically. The components of a parallel circuit will have the same voltage across
their end and have identical polarities.
A few applications of series and parallel circuit can be on power frameworks,
electric apparatus, hardware, PC frameworks, instrumentation frameworks and
electromagnetics and optics. This signifies the circuity is basic to various parts of
life and organizations. This keeps the innovation working and be effective for us. It
additionally gives us an open to living that enables us to get to more things in day
by day living.
In this study, the fundamental target was to gauge the present coursing through
resistors associated in series, the voltage crosswise over resistors associated in
parallel and to apply Ohm's Law in series and parallel associations of resistors. So
as to do this, the gathering needs to appropriately set the series and parallel circuit.
Following the system given in the lab manual we could lead the test. In the initial
segment of the experiment (Resistors in Series), we have associated resistor boxes
R1 = 10 Ω and R2= 15 Ω in series circuit utilizing the three batteries. In the wake of
setting up the given material, we should gauge the complete current coursing through
the circuit by disengaging wire An and supplanted it with the ammeter. Then again,
to quantify the present moving through R1, wire B were disengaged and afterward
supplanted it by ammeter additionally, at that point the equivalent was likewise done
to gauge the present moving through R2. Besides that, the terminal voltage over the
battery were additionally decided and recorded as VT. In conclusion, the individual
voltage for every resistor along the current were additionally estimated and recorded
as V1 and V2. With the information accumulated, we have seen that the estimations
of current moving through R1 and R2 is the equivalent, in which we can say that we
have played out the initial segment of the examination appropriately since it was an
arrangement circuit. In any case, watching the information accumulated through
voltage crosswise over R1 and R2, the all-out voltage does not appear to be equivalent
with the complete voltage from the battery in which it prompted rate diverse not
more noteworthy than 0.0498%. Figuring the absolute present and different
qualities, the gathering got a 0.2890% contrast for resistors in series circuit.
In the second piece of the test, we should decide the diverse estimations of
voltage and current in parallel circuit. In this part, R1 = 10 Ω and R2= 15 Ω are
associated parallel with one another and in arrangement with the three batteries.
Furthermore, to gauge the terminal voltage over the battery, we have associated the
positive of the voltmeter to point An and the negative to point F. In addition, we
have additionally measure the V1 crosswise over R1 by interfacing the positive of the
voltmeter to guide B and the negative toward point E. To gauge the V2 crosswise
over R2, we have associated the positive and the negative of the voltmeter to point
D. We have likewise disengaged the wire 1 and supplanted it with the ammeter to
quantify the complete current moving through the resistor. At that point detaching
wire 2 and wire 3, additionally supplanting it with the ammeter to quantify the
present coursing through R1 and R2, at that point recording the information
assembled through the trial. Watching the information, the qualities concerning
voltages moving through the resistors, we have seen that the qualities is excessively
close with one another since the voltage over the part of the parallel circuit ought to
be the equivalent. While the aggregate of the present moving through every resistor
ought to be equivalent to the absolute current. For the measured voltage, we just had
a 0.0104% of blunder; while, the normal level of mistake for the deliberate current
is 0.0646%. Additionally, it was seen that the voltage over every resistor and the
complete voltage over the entire circuit is equivalent and steady, while, the current
is conversely relative to the estimation of opposition.
As for the results, the data gathered from the first part of the experiment was
recorded in Table 1 while the data from the second part was recorded in Table 2.
Table 1. Resistors in Series
R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 15 Ω RT = 25 Ω
Experimental Computed % Difference
Voltage Across 3.4600V 3.4590V 0.0289%
Battery
Voltage Across R1 1.385V 1.384V 0.0723%
Voltage Across R2 2.075V 2.076V 0.0482%
Current Flowing 0.1380A
Through R1
Current Flowing 0.1380A
Through R2
Total Current 0.1380A 0.1384A 0.2890%

Table 2. Resistors in Parallel

 R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 15 Ω RT = 6 Ω
Experimental Computed % Difference
Voltage Across 2.8905V 2.8902V 0.0104%
Battery
Voltage Across R1 2.8905V
Voltage Across R2 2.8905V
Current Flowing 0.2888V 0.2890V 0.0692%
Through R1
Current Flowing 0.1929V 0.1927V 0.1038%
Through R2
Total Current 0.4818V 0.4817V 0.0208%
IV. Conclusion

In this study, ideas about the electrical circuit which incorporates the voltage,
obstruction and flow were handled. The series and parallel circuit is one of the
essential association in electrical circuit that we can utilize distinctive kinds of
innovation like in our devices and other electronic materials. In the initial segment
of the trial, which includes setting up the given materials in arrangement circuit
association. We have gotten the estimations of the current with same qualities
coursing through every resistor. In this manner, inferring that the test was done
accurately since it is set up in arrangement circuit association.
The objectives of the experiment were attained as the current flowing through
resistors connected in series and the voltage across resistors connected in parallel
was measured. Also, the Ohm’s law was applied in series and parallel connections
of resistors.
In series circuit, we verify that when the resistance increases, the voltage also
increases. While in parallel circuit, large value of resistance leads to less current flow
in the circuit. When the resistances are added up, the total resistance will lessen due
to the extra pathway available. Thus, series circuit shows a direct proportional
relationship between resistance and voltage as the current was said to be constant.
In parallel circuit, it was inversely proportional between resistance and current as
the voltage was said to be constant.