J2ee interview question

一、 CORE JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................13

1. ******WHAT ARE THE CORE OOP'S CONCEPTS? ............................................................................................................. 13

2. ******WHAT IS AN OBJECT? ....................................................................................................................................... 13
3. ******WHAT IS MEANT BY ENCAPSULATION? ................................................................................................................. 13
4. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN OBJECT AND OBJECT REFERENCE? ................................................................... 13
5. WHAT WILL TRIM() METHOD OF STRING CLASS DO? ........................................................................................................... 13
6. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRING, STRINGBUFFER AND STRINGBUILDER? ..................................................... 13
7. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATH AND CLASSPATH? ................................................................................................. 13
8. WHAT ARE THE DEFAULT VALUES OF PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES? ................................................................................................. 13
9. CAN CHAR BE MANIPULATED LIKE INTEGERS?..................................................................................................................... 13
10. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO DECLARE AN ARRAY? 笔试题应该................................................................................. 13
11. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC AND NON-STATIC VARIABLES?................................................................ 14
12. WHY IS THE MAIN METHOD DECLARED STATIC? .............................................................................................................. 14
13. CAN A MAIN METHOD BE OVERLOADED? ...................................................................................................................... 14
14. DOES THE ORDER OF PUBLIC AND STATIC DECLARATION MATTER IN MAIN METHOD? .............................................................. 14
15. CAN A SOURCE FILE CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE CLASS DECLARATION? ................................................................................ 14
16. ******EXPLAIN INHERITANCE? ................................................................................................................................ 14
17. CAN A SUBCLASS BE REFERENCED FOR A SUPER CLASS OBJECT? ......................................................................................... 14
18. CAN A PARENT CLASS BE REFERENCED FOR A SUBCLASS OBJECT?........................................................................................ 14
19. CAN AN INTERFACE BE REFERENCED FOR ANY OBJECT? .................................................................................................... 14
20. ******WHAT ARE CONSTRUCTORS?.......................................................................................................................... 14
21. WHAT IS THE SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTOR INVOCATION? ................................................................................................ 14
22. ******EXPLAIN POLYMORPHISM? ............................................................................................................................ 15
23. ******WHAT IS OVERLOADING? .............................................................................................................................. 15
24. ******EXPLAIN OVERRIDING? ................................................................................................................................. 15
25. CAN A CLASS DECLARED AS PRIVATE BE ACCESSED OUTSIDE IT'S PACKAGE? ........................................................................... 15
26. CAN A CLASS BE DECLARED AS PROTECTED? .................................................................................................................. 15
27. ******WHAT IS THE ACCESS SCOPE OF A PROTECTED METHOD?...................................................................................... 15
28. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF MARKING A CONSTRUCTOR AS PRIVATE?...................................................................................... 15
29. WHAT IS MEANT BY DEFAULT ACCESS? ......................................................................................................................... 16
30. CAN A FINAL VARIABLE BE DECLARED INSIDE A METHOD? ................................................................................................. 16
31. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF DECLARING A METHOD AS FINAL? .............................................................................................. 16
32. HOW TO DEFINE A CONSTANT VARIABLE IN JAVA? ........................................................................................................... 16
33. ******WHAT IS STATIC IN JAVA? ............................................................................................................................... 16
34. CAN A CLASS BE DECLARED AS STATIC? ......................................................................................................................... 16
35. WHEN WILL YOU DEFINE A METHOD AS STATIC? ............................................................................................................. 16
36. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC AND FINAL ................................................................................................................ 16
37. CAN WE DECLARE A STATIC VARIABLE INSIDE A METHOD? ................................................................................................. 16
38. ******WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT CLASS AND WHAT IS IT'S PURPOSE?.................................................................................. 16
39. ******WHAT IS AN INTERFACE?............................................................................................................................... 17
40. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERFACE AND ABSTRACT CLASS? .................................................................. 17

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41. CAN A ABSTRACT CLASS BE DEFINED WITHOUT ANY ABSTRACT METHODS? ........................................................................... 17
42. WHAT HAPPENS IF A SUBCLASS HAS INHERITED A ABSTRACT CLASS BUT HAS NOT PROVIDED IMPLEMENTATION FOR ALL THE ABSTRACT
METHODS OF THE SUPER CLASS? ............................................................................................................................................. 17
43. WHAT HAPPENS IF A CLASS HAS IMPLEMENTED AN INTERFACE BUT HAS NOT PROVIDED IMPLEMENTATION FOR A METHOD IN A INTERFACE?
17
44. CAN YOU CREATE AN OBJECT OF AN ABSTRACT CLASS?..................................................................................................... 17
45. CAN I CREATE A REFERENCE FOR A AN ABSTRACT CLASS? .................................................................................................. 17
46. CAN A CLASS BE MARKED AS NATIVE? .......................................................................................................................... 17
47. ******WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF NATIVE METHODS? ........................................................................................... 18
48. CAN A METHOD INSIDE A INTERFACE BE DECLARED AS FINAL? ........................................................................................... 18
49. WHY IS AN INTERFACE BE ABLE TO EXTEND MORE THAN ONE INTERFACE BUT A CLASS CAN'T EXTEND MORE THAN ONE CLASS? ...... 18
50. CAN AN INTERFACE BE FINAL? .................................................................................................................................... 18
51. CAN A CLASS BE DEFINED INSIDE AN INTERFACE? ............................................................................................................ 18
52. CAN AN INTERFACE BE DEFINED INSIDE A CLASS?............................................................................................................ 18
53. ******WHAT IS A MARKER INTERFACE? .................................................................................................................... 18
54. ******WHAT ARE THE MODIFIERS IN JAVA ? ............................................................................................................... 18
55. CAN WE DEFINE PRIVATE AND PROTECTED MODIFIERS FOR VARIABLES IN INTERFACES? ........................................................... 18
56. WHAT MODIFIERS ARE ALLOWED FOR METHODS IN AN INTERFACE? ................................................................................... 19
57. WHEN CAN AN OBJECT REFERENCE BE CAST TO AN INTERFACE REFERENCE? ......................................................................... 19
58. ******WHAT ARE NESTED CLASSES? ........................................................................................................................ 19
59. ******WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF INNER CLASSES? .......................................................................................... 19
60. ******WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHALLOW COPY AND DEEP COPY ? ......................................................................... 19
61. ******WHY TO OVERRIDE EQUALS() AND HASHCODE()? AND HOW I CAN IMPLEMENT BOTH EQUALS() AND HASHCODE() FOR SET ?19
62. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INT AND INTERGER? YOU CAN HAVE QUESTION LIKE WHY WE NEED WRAPPER
CLASS(INTEGER )? ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
63. ******WHAT IS SERIALIZATION? 这题很重要，要跟着下题一起回答 ................................................................. 19
64. WHEN YOU SERIALIZE AN OBJECT, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE OBJECT REFERENCES INCLUDED IN THE OBJECT? ................................. 20
65. ******WHAT HAPPENS TO THE STATIC FIELDS OF A CLASS DURING SERIALIZATION? ............................................................. 20
66. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DECLARING A VARIABLE AND DEFINING A VARIABLE? ....................................................... 20

二、 EXCEPTION HANDLING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS .......................................................................20

1. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXCEPTION AND ERROR IN JAVA? ........................................................................ 20

2. ******DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CHECKED EXCEPTIONS AND UNCHECKED EXCEPTIONS? ......................................................... 21
3. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THROW AND THROWS? ..................................................................................... 21
4. ******WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF FINALLY BLOCK IN EXCEPTION HANDLING? ..................................................................... 21

CAN A FINALLY BLOCK EXIST WITH A TRY BLOCK BUT WITHOUT A CATCH? ..................................................................21

YES. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE COMBINATIONS TRY/CATCH OR TRY/CATCH/FINALLY OR TRY/FINALLY. .......................21

WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE EXCEPTION OBJECT AFTER EXCEPTION HANDLING? ........................................................21

EXCEPTIONS CAN BE CAUGHT OR RETHROWN TO A CALLING METHOD. TRUE/FALSE? ................................................21

5. ******WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FINALIZATION? ............................................................................................................. 21

6. ******HOW DOES FINALLY BLOCK DIFFER FROM FINALIZE() METHOD? ................................................................................. 21
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三、 JAVA THREADS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS .......................................................................................22

1. ******WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF MULTITASKING? ...................................................................................................... 22

2. ******WHAT IS A THREAD? ........................................................................................................................................ 22
3. ******THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THREAD AND PROCESS .................................................................................................. 22
4. ******WHAT ARE THE TWO WAYS TO CREATE A NEW THREAD? ........................................................................................... 22
5. ******WHICH METHODS CALLS THE RUN() METHOD? ...................................................................................................... 23
6. ******WHAT ARE THE STATES OF A THREAD ? ................................................................................................................. 23
7. ******WHAT WILL NOTIFY() METHOD DO? .................................................................................................................... 23
8. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SLEEP() AND YIELD()? ....................................................................................... 23
9. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SLEEP() AND WAITE() ............................................................................................................... 23
10. ******WHAT IS A DAEMON THREAD?....................................................................................................................... 23
11. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL THREAD AND DAEMON THREAD? ........................................................ 23
12. ******WHAT DOES THE START() METHOD OF THREAD DO? ........................................................................................... 23
13. ******WHAT IS SYNCHRONIZATION AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? .................................................................................... 23
14. ******同步(SYNCHRONIZATION)和异步(ASYNCHRONOUS)有何异同，在什么情况下分别使用他们？举例说明。23
15. ******WHAT ARE SYNCHRONIZED METHODS AND SYNCHRONIZED STATEMENTS? ............................................................... 24
16. ******WHAT ARE THE TWO WAYS THAT A CODE CAN BE SYNCHRONISED? CAN YOU DECLARE A STATIC METHOD AS SYNCHRONIZED?24
17. CAN A THREAD EXECUTE ANOTHER OBJECTS RUN() METHOD? ........................................................................................... 24
18. ******WHAT IS A DEADLOCK? ................................................................................................................................. 24
19. WHAT ARE ALL THE METHODS USED FOR INTER THREAD COMMUNICATION AND WHAT IS THE CLASS IN WHICH THESE METHODS ARE
DEFINED? ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24
20. THE WORD SYNCHRONIZED CAN BE USED WITH ONLY A METHOD. TRUE/ FALSE? .................................................................. 24
21. WHAT IS A MONITOR? ............................................................................................................................................. 24
22. WHAT EXCEPTION DOES THE WAIT() METHOD THROW? ................................................................................................... 24
23. ******WHAT DOES NOTIFYALL() METHOD DO? ........................................................................................................... 24

四、 JAVA COLLECTIONS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ................................................................................24

1. ******什么是 GENERIC，或者说是 GENERIC 的优点.............................................................................................. 24

2. ******EXPLAIN ITERATOR INTERFACE. ........................................................................................................................... 25
3. ******EXPLAIN ENUMERATION INTERFACE. .................................................................................................................... 25
4. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENUMERATION AND ITERATOR INTERFACE? ........................................................... 25
5. ******EXPLAIN SET INTERFACE. ................................................................................................................................... 25
6. ******WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF SET IMPLEMENTATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE COLLECTIONS FRAMEWORK? ............................. 25
7. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HASHSET AND TREESET? .................................................................................. 25
8. ******WHAT IS A LIST?.............................................................................................................................................. 25
9. WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF LIST IMPLEMENTATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE COLLECTIONS FRAMEWORK? ........................................ 25
10. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARRAYLIST, LINKEDLIST AND VECTOR? ............................................................. 25
11. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONALITY OF VECTOR CLASS? .......................................................................................................... 26
12. HOW DO YOU STORE A PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE WITHIN A VECTOR OR OTHER COLLECTIONS CLASS?.............................................. 26
13. ******EXPLAIN MAP INTERFACE. ............................................................................................................................. 26
14. WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF MAP IMPLEMENTATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE COLLECTIONS FRAMEWORK? ................................... 26
15. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HASHMAP AND TREEMAP? .......................................................................... 26

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16. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HASHTABLE AND HASHMAP? ........................................................................ 26
17. HOW DO I MAKE AN ARRAY LARGER? ........................................................................................................................... 26
18. WHICH IS FASTER, SYNCHRONIZING A HASHMAP OR USING A HASHTABLE FOR THREAD-SAFE ACCESS? ...................................... 26
19. WHAT IS THE USE OF LOCALE CLASS? ........................................................................................................................... 26
20. ******HEAP 和 STACK 有什么区别。 .................................................................................................................. 27

五、 GARBAGE COLLECTION INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ..........................................................................27

1. ******EXPLAIN GARBAGE COLLECTION IN JAVA? ............................................................................................................. 27

2. ******WHEN DOES THE GARBAGE COLLECTION HAPPEN? ................................................................................................. 27
3. ******WHEN IS AN OBJECT ELIGIBLE FOR GARBAGE COLLECTION? ...................................................................................... 27
4. WHAT ARE TWO STEPS IN GARBAGE COLLECTION? ............................................................................................................. 27
5. WHEN IS THE FINALIZE() CALLED? ................................................................................................................................... 27

六、 SERVLETS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS（跟网络有关的也在其中） .................................................27

1. ******WHAT IS A SERVLET? ........................................................................................................................................ 27

2. EXPLAIN THE ARCHITECHTURE OF A SERVLET?.................................................................................................................... 27
3. ******SERVLET LIFE CYCLE ? SERVLET 的生命周期....................................................................................................... 28
4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INIT() AND INIT(SERVLETCONFIG) ? ................................................................................. 28
5. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN APPLET AND A SERVLET? .............................................................................. 28
6. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENERICSERVLET AND HTTPSERVLET? ................................................................. 28
7. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOGET() AND DOPOST()? ................................................................................. 28
8. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SERVLETCONFIG AND SERVLETCONTEXT? ............................................................. 28
9. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SERVLETCONTEXT AND PAGECONTEXT? ........................................................................... 29
10. WHAT IS MEANT BY A WEB APPLICATION? ................................................................................................................... 29
11. WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE HTTP RESPONSE? ....................................................................................................... 29
12. ******WHAT IS A COOKIE? ..................................................................................................................................... 29
13. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SESSION AND COOKIE?.................................................................................. 29

WHICH PROTOCOL WILL BE USED BY BROWSER AND SERVLET TO COMMUNICATE? ....................................................29

HTTP ............................................................................................................................................................................29

七、 STRUTS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................31

1. ******WHAT IS MVC? .............................................................................................................................................. 31

2. WHICH DESIGN PATTERN THE INTERCEPTORS IN STRUTS2 IS BASED ON ? ................................................................................. 31
3. ******WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF STRUTS ? STRUTS 的优点 .................................................................................... 31

ADVANTAGES OF STRUTS : .......................................................................................................................................31

八、 SPRING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................41

1. ******WHAT IS IOC (OR DEPENDENCY INJECTION)?........................................................................................................ 41

2. ******WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF IOC (DEPENDENCY INJECTION) ? ........................................................................ 41
3. ******WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF IOC (DEPENDENCY INJECTION)? 就是 IOC 的优点 ..................................................... 41
4. ******WHAT IS SPRING ? ........................................................................................................................................... 42
5. ******WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF SPRING FRAMEWORK? SRPING 的优点 .............................................................. 42
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6. ******HOW MANY MODULES ARE THERE IN SPRING? WHAT ARE THEY? .............................................................................. 42

THE CORE CONTAINER: ................................................................................................................................................43

SPRING CONTEXT: ........................................................................................................................................................43

SPRING AOP: ...............................................................................................................................................................43

SPRING DAO: ...............................................................................................................................................................43

SPRING ORM: ..............................................................................................................................................................43

SPRING WEB MODULE: ................................................................................................................................................43

SPRING MVC FRAMEWORK: ........................................................................................................................................44

7. ******WHAT IS BEAN FACTORY ?................................................................................................................................. 44

8. ******WHAT IS THE TYPICAL BEAN LIFE CYCLE IN SPRING BEAN FACTORY CONTAINER ?就是 SPRING 的生命周期 ................... 44
9. ******WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BEAN FACTORY AND APPLICATIONCONTEXT ? ....................................................... 44
10. ******WHAT ARE THE COMMON IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE APPLICATIONCONTEXT ? ........................................................ 45
11. ******HOW TO INTEGRATE YOUR STRUTS APPLICATION WITH SPRING? ............................................................................ 45
12. ******WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY BEAN WIRING ? ......................................................................................................... 45
13. ******WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY AUTOWIRING? .......................................................................................................... 45
14. HOW TO INTEGRATE JAVA SERVER FACES (JSF) WITH SPRING? ......................................................................................... 46
15. WHAT ARE ORM’S SPRING SUPPORTS ? ORM 其实就是面向对象数据库 ................................................................ 46
16. ******HOW TO INTEGRATE SPRING AND HIBERNATE USING HIBERNATEDAOSUPPORT? ...................................................... 46
17. WHAT ARE BEAN SCOPES IN SPRING FRAMEWORK ?....................................................................................................... 47
18. ******WHAT IS AOP? .......................................................................................................................................... 47
19. ******HOW THE AOP USED IN SPRING? ................................................................................................................... 47
20. ******WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY JOINTPOINT? ............................................................................................................ 47
21. ******WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ADVICE? .................................................................................................................. 47
22. ******WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ADVICE? .................................................................................................................. 48
23. ******WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THE SPRING FRAMEWORK TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT ? 事物管理的好处 ............... 48
24. EXPLAIN THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EJB CMT AND THE SPRING FRAMEWORK'S DECLARATIVE TRANSACTION
MANAGEMENT ?.................................................................................................................................................................. 48
25. ******EXPLAIN ABOUT THE SPRING DAO SUPPORT ? .................................................................................................. 49
26. WHAT IS SPRING'S JDBCTEMPLATE ? ........................................................................................................................... 49
27. WHAT IS PREPAREDSTATEMENTCREATOR ? ................................................................................................................... 49
28. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EJB AND SPRING ? .............................................................................................. 49

九、 DATABASE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ..............................................................................................50

1. ******WHAT IS JDBC?.............................................................................................................................................. 50

ADVANTAGE : ...............................................................................................................................................................51

DISADVANTAGE : .........................................................................................................................................................51

ADVANTAGE: ...............................................................................................................................................................51

BETTER PERFORMANCE THAN TYPE 1 SINCE NO JDBC TO ODBC TRANSLATION IS NEEDED ..........................................51
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DISADVANTAGE : .........................................................................................................................................................51

ADVANTAGES: ..............................................................................................................................................................51

DISADVANTAGES : ........................................................................................................................................................51

2. ******WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN THE JDBC CONNECTION? ................................................................................................. 52

CONNECTED ROWSET : ................................................................................................................................................52

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ROWSET : ........................................................................................................................52

3. ******WHAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROWSET AND RESULTSET ? .................................................................................... 52

4. ******HANDLING BLOB AND CLOB DATA USING JDBC ? INSERT CLOB AND RETRIVE CLOB , CONVERT INTO STRING ? ............... 53
5. ******WHAT IS PREPAREDSTATEMENT ? ....................................................................................................................... 53
6. ******DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATEMENT , PREPAREDSTATEMENT AND CALLABLESTATEMENT ? 主要是 PREPAREDSTATEMENT 的优点也
可以在这里看出 ............................................................................................................................................................ 53
7. ******WHAT DO MEAN BY CONNECTION POOLING? 还有优点在里面 ........................................................................... 53
8. ******WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STORED PROCEDURE AND TRIGGER IN SQL SERVER? 这个曾经被问到过 .......... 53
9. WHAT IS METADATA AND WHY SHOULD I USE IT? ............................................................................................................... 54
10. ******WHAT IS DIRTY READ?.................................................................................................................................. 54
11. ******THE FIVE NORMAL FORMS ............................................................................................................................ 54

BC 范式 .......................................................................................................................................................................55

(1) 删除异常： ...........................................................................................................................................................55

(2) 插入异常： ...........................................................................................................................................................55

(3) 更新异常： ...........................................................................................................................................................55

12. ******OPTIMIZATION TABLE DESIGN 数据库优化.................................................................................................... 55

13. ******UNION 和 UNION ALL 区别 ...................................................................................................................... 56
14. ******SEVERAL WAYS FOR PAGINATION ..................................................................................................................... 56
15. INNER JOIN VS. LEFT OUTER JOIN VS. RIGHT OUTER JOIN VS. FULL OUTER JOIN .................................................................. 56

十、 HIBERNATE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................57

1. ******WHAT IS ORM ? ............................................................................................................................................. 57

2. WHAT IS HIBERNATE? .................................................................................................................................................. 57
3. ******WHAT ARE THE INSTANCE STATES IN HIBERNATE? 就是 HIBERNATE SESSION 的生命周期 LIFE CYCLE .......................... 57
4. ******WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF HIBERNATE OVER JDBC? (这里可以说是 HIBERNATE 的优点) ..................................... 58
5. ******WHAT IS THE GENERAL FLOW OF HIBERNATE COMMUNICATION WITH RDBMS? 与远程数据库交互的工作流 ......... 59
6. ******DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GETCURRENTSESSION() AND OPENSESSION() IN HIBERNATE ? .................................................... 59
7. WHY DO YOU NEED ORM TOOLS LIKE HIBERNATE? ............................................................................................................ 59
8. WHAT IS THE NEED FOR HIBERNATE XML MAPPING FILE? ..................................................................................................... 59
9. WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON METHODS OF HIBERNATE CONFIGURATION? .......................................................................... 60
10. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT TAGS OF HIBERNATE.CFG.XML? ............................................................................................. 60
11. WHAT ARE THE CORE INTERFACES ARE OF HIBERNATE FRAMEWORK? ................................................................................. 61
12. WHAT ROLE DOES THE SESSION INTERFACE PLAY IN HIBERNATE? ....................................................................................... 61

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13. WHAT ROLE DOES THE SESSIONFACTORY INTERFACE PLAY IN HIBERNATE? ........................................................................... 61
14. WHAT IS HIBERNATE QUERY LANGUAGE (HQL)? .......................................................................................................... 61
15. HOW DO YOU MAP JAVA OBJECTS WITH DATABASE TABLES? ............................................................................................. 61
16. ******WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOAD() AND GET()? 这个问题经常问 ........................................................ 61
17. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MERGE AND UPDATE ? .............................................................................................. 61
18. DEFINE CASCADE AND INVERSE OPTION IN ONE-MANY MAPPING? ..................................................................................... 62
19. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS DOES HIBERNATETEMPLATE PROVIDE? ....................................................................................... 62
20. HOW DO YOU SWITCH BETWEEN RELATIONAL DATABASES WITHOUT CODE CHANGES? ............................................................ 62
21. WHAT ARE DERIVED PROPERTIES? ............................................................................................................................... 62
22. WHAT IS COMPONENT MAPPING IN HIBERNATE? ........................................................................................................... 62
23. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SORTED AND ORDERED COLLECTION IN HIBERNATE?........................................................ 63
24. WHAT ARE THE COLLECTION TYPES IN HIBERNATE ?........................................................................................................ 63
25. WHAT IS HIBERNATE PROXY? ..................................................................................................................................... 63
26. HOW CAN HIBERNATE BE CONFIGURED TO ACCESS AN INSTANCE VARIABLE DIRECTLY AND NOT THROUGH A SETTER METHOD ? ....... 63
27. HOW CAN A WHOLE CLASS BE MAPPED AS IMMUTABLE（不变的）? .............................................................................. 63
28. WHAT IS THE USE OF DYNAMIC-INSERT AND DYNAMIC-UPDATE ATTRIBUTES IN A CLASS MAPPING? ........................................... 64
29. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY FETCHING（抓取） STRATEGY（策略） ? ............................................................................ 64
30. WHAT IS AUTOMATIC DIRTY CHECKING? ....................................................................................................................... 64
31. WHAT IS TRANSACTIONAL WRITE-BEHIND? ................................................................................................................... 64
32. WHAT ARE CALLBACK INTERFACES? ............................................................................................................................. 64
33. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EJB 3.0 & HIBERNATE ......................................................................................... 64
34. ******DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SESSION.SAVE() , SESSION.SAVEORUPDATE() AND SESSION.PERSIST()? .................................. 65
35. ******WHAT IS LAZY FETCHING IN HIBERNATE? 就是延迟加载 ................................................................................. 65
36. HOW TO PREVENT CONCURRENT UPDATE IN HIBERNATE? .............................................................................................. 65
37. WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OR BEST PRACTICES FOR DEFINING YOUR HIBERNATE PERSISTENT CLASSES? ................ 65
38. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SESSION.UPDATE() AND SESSION.LOCK() IN HIBERNATE ? .................................................................. 65
39. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIST() AND ITERATE() IN HIBERNATE? ............................................................................................ 66
40. WHAT DOES SESSION.REFRESH() DO ............................................................................................................................ 66
41. WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENTITY BEANS AND HIBERNATE （可以看做是 HIBERNATE 和 EJB 的区别） .... 66

十一、 EJB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS .....................................................................................................66

1. ******WHAT ARE ENTERPRISE JAVA BEANS? 什么是 EJB .............................................................................................. 66

2. ******HOW MANY TYPES OF ENTERPRISE BEANS ARE THERE AND WHAT ARE THEY?................................................................ 66

1. SESSION BEAN'S .......................................................................................................................................................66

2. MESSAGE DRIVEN BEAN'S(MDB'S) ...........................................................................................................................66

3. HOW MANY TYPES OF ENTITY BEANS ARE THERE AND WHAT ARE THEY? .................................................................................. 66
4. ******HOW MANY TYPES OF SESSION BEANS ARE THERE AND WHAT ARE THEY? 还有 STATELESS SESSIONBEAN 和 STATEFUL SESSIONBEAN
的区别 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 67
5. THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STATEFUL SESSION BEAN ................................................................................................................... 67

THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STATELESS SESSION BEAN ............................................................................................................68

THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MESSAGE-DRIVEN BEAN ..............................................................................................................68

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6. ******HOW IS A ENTERPRISE BEAN DIFFERENT FROM A JAVA BEAN? .................................................................................... 69

HOW MANY JAVA FILES SHOULD A DEVELOPER CODE TO DEVELOP A SESSION BEAN? ................................................69

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF HOME INTERFACE. ....................................................................................................................69

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF REMOTE INTERFACE. ................................................................................................................69

WHAT IS THE NEED FOR A SEPARATE HOME INTERFACE AND REMOTE INTERFACE. CAN'T THEY BE DEFINED IN ONE
INTERFACE? .................................................................................................................................................................69

WHAT ARE CALLBACK METHODS? ................................................................................................................................69

HOW WILL YOU MAKE A SESSION BEAN AS STATEFUL OR STATELESS? .........................................................................69

WHAT IS MEANT BY ACTIVATION?................................................................................................................................69

WHAT IS MEANT BY PASSIVATION? ..............................................................................................................................69

WHAT IS A RE-ENTRANT ENTITY BEAN? .......................................................................................................................70

WHAT IS AN EJBCONTEXT?...........................................................................................................................................70

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF EJB CONTAINER?.......................................................................................................................70

WHAT ARE ENTITY BEAN'S? .........................................................................................................................................70

WHAT IS A PRIMARY KEY? ...........................................................................................................................................70

WHAT IS A DEPLOYMENT DESCRIPTOR? .......................................................................................................................70

WHAT IS A TRANSACTION? ..........................................................................................................................................70

WHAT ARE CONTAINER MANAGED TRANSACTIONS? ...................................................................................................71

WHAT ARE BEAN MANAGED TRANSACTIONS? .............................................................................................................71

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTAINER MANAGED AND BEAN MANAGED TRANSACTION?..........................71

WHY ENTITY BEAN'S TRANSACTION CAN'T BE MANAGED BY THE BEAN? ....................................................................72

HOW MANY TYPES OF TRANSACTION ATTRIBUTES ARE AVAILABLE IN EJB AND WHAT ARE THEY? ..............................72

CAN A CLIENT PROGRAM DIRECTLY ACCESS AN ENTERPRISE BEAN? ............................................................................72

WHEN IS AN APPLICATION SAID TO BE DISTRIBUTED? .................................................................................................72

1. TWO TIER (CLIENT AND A SERVER) ...........................................................................................................................72

3. MULTITIER (CLIENT AND MULTIPLE MIDDLEWARE AND MULTIPLE SERVERS). ..........................................................72

WHAT DO MEAN BY BUSINESS METHOD? ....................................................................................................................72

WHAT IS A FINDER METHOD? ......................................................................................................................................72

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIND AND SELECT METHODS IN EJB? ..................................................................73

EXPLAIN ABOUT SETENTITYCONTEXT METHOD IN ENTITY BEAN? ................................................................................73

WHAT IS THE USE OF UNSETENTITYCONTEXT IN ENTITY BEAN? ...................................................................................73

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EXPLAIN EJBLOAD AND EJBSTORE METHODS OF ENTITY BEAN? ..................................................................................73

十二、 WEB SERVICE INTERVIEW ............................................................................................................................74

1. ******WEB SERVICE 名词解释。JSWDL 开发包的介绍。JAXP、JAXM 的解释。SOAP、UDDI,WSDL 解释。 74

2. ******DEFINE WEB SERVICE? ..................................................................................................................................... 75
3. ******BENEFITS OF WEB SERVICES? WEB SERVICES 的优点............................................................................................. 75
4. ******WHAT IS WSDL? ............................................................................................................................................ 75
5. ******WHAT IS SOAP? ............................................................................................................................................. 75
6. WHAT IS UDDI? ......................................................................................................................................................... 75
7. ******WHAT IS REST? .............................................................................................................................................. 75
8. ******THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAP AND REST ........................................................................................................ 75
9. WHAT KIND OF SECURITY IS NEEDED FOR WEB SERVICES? ..................................................................................................... 76
THE SECURITY LEVEL FOR WEB SERVICES SHOULD BE MORE THAN THAT OF WHAT WE SAY SECURE SOCKET LAYER (SSL). THIS LEVEL OF SECURITY CAN
BE ONLY ACHIEVED FROM ENTRUST SECURE TRANSACTION PLATFORM. WEB SERVICES NEED THIS LEVEL OF SECURITY TO ENSURE RELIABLE
TRANSACTIONS AND SECURE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION . ......................................................................................................... 76
10. ******WHAT TOOLS ARE USED TO TEST A WEB SERVICE? ............................................................................................... 76

十三、 软件工程的问题..........................................................................................................................................76

1. AGILE DEVELOPMENT（敏捷开发） ........................................................................................................................... 76

TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT，测试驱动开发。 (先写测试后写代码)......................................................................77

CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION，持续集成。 （一上来就是在一起的开发） ..............................................................77

REFACTORING，重构。 （每次检查代码也是重构的过程） ....................................................................................77

PAIR-PROGRAMMING，结对编程。（两人一组） ......................................................................................................78

STAND UP，站立会议。 （每天都要进行简短的会议讨论碰到的问题和进度） ....................................................78

FREQUENT RELEASES，小版本发布。 （频繁的发布版本，根据客户需求随时更改） ...........................................78

MINIMAL DOCUMENTATION，较少的文档。 （文档跟着测试走，测试变了文档才变） .......................................78

COLLABORATIVE FOCUS，以合作为中心，表现为代码共享。 （互相熟悉对方的代码） ......................................78

CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT ，现场客户。 （与客户一起工作） ..............................................................................78

AUTOMATED TESTING ，自动化测试。 .....................................................................................................................78

ADAPTIVE PLANNING，可调整计划。 （随时修改） ...............................................................................................79

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AGILE AND WATERFALL AND ITERATOR ............................................................................................... 79

3. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT MODEL ................................................................................................................................. 79

1. 边做边改模型（BUILD-AND-FIX MODEL）； ..........................................................................................................79

2. 瀑布模型（WATERFALL MODEL）； ........................................................................................................................80

3. 快速原型模型（RAPID PROTOTYPE MODEL）； .....................................................................................................80

4. 增量模型（INCREMENTAL MODEL）（演化模型(INCREMENTAL MODEL)）； .........................................................81

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5.螺旋模型（SPIRAL MODEL）； .................................................................................................................................81

（1） 制定计划：确定软件目标，选定实施方案，弄清项目开发的限制条件； ...................................................81

（3） 软件开发人员应该擅长寻找可能的风险，准确地分析风险，否则将会带来更大的风险 ............................82

7.智能模型(四代技术（4GL）)； ...............................................................................................................................82

8.混合模型（HYBRID MODEL） ..................................................................................................................................83

4. DESIGN PATTERNS ....................................................................................................................................................... 83

5. RAD ......................................................................................................................................................................... 83

RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT。 ........................................................................................................................83

6. DEPENDENCY, ASSOCIATION, AGGREGATION, COMPOSITION, REALIZATION, GENERALIZATION, ...................................................... 84

十四、 JUNIT INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................87

1. JUNIT 是什么 ........................................................................................................................................................... 87

TIME: 0 ........................................................................................................................................................................89

十五、 XML INTERVIEW ..........................................................................................................................................91

1. XML 文档定义有几种形式？它们之间有何本质区别？解析 XML 文档有哪几种方式？ ............................... 91

十六、 JSP INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS .....................................................................................................91

1. WHAT IS A JSP PAGE? .................................................................................................................................................. 91

2. WHAT IS MEANT BY IMPLICIT OBJECTS? AND WHAT ARE THEY? ............................................................................................. 91
3. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORWARD AND SENDREDIRECT? ..................................................................................... 92
4. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORWARD AND INCLUDE? ............................................................................................. 92
5. HOW DOES JSP HANDLE RUN-TIME EXCEPTIONS? .............................................................................................................. 92
6. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICIT OBJECTS?.................................................................................................................................. 92

十七、 APPLETS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS .............................................................................................93

1. WHAT IS AN APPLET? ................................................................................................................................................... 93

2. EXPLAIN THE LIFE CYCLE OF AN APPLET? ........................................................................................................................... 93
3. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN APPLET IS LOADED? .................................................................................................................. 93
4. HOW TO MAKE MY CLASS AS AN APPLET? ......................................................................................................................... 93
5. WHAT IS APPLETCONTEXT? ........................................................................................................................................... 93
6. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN APPLET AND A JAVA APPLICATION?............................................................................. 93
7. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A USER LEAVES AND RETURNS TO AN APPLET'S PAGE? ........................................................................... 93
8. WHAT ARE THE RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED ON AN APPLET?...................................................................................................... 93
9. WHAT ARE UNTRUSTED APPLETS? ................................................................................................................................... 93
10. HOW CAN AN APPLET OPEN A NETWORK CONNECTION TO A COMPUTER ON THE INTERNET? ................................................... 93
11. CAN AN APPLET START ANOTHER PROGRAM ON THE CLIENT? ............................................................................................ 94
12. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPLETS LOADED OVER THE NET AND APPLETS LOADED VIA THE FILE SYSTEM? ...................... 94
13. WHAT IS THE APPLET CLASS LOADER, AND WHAT DOES IT PROVIDE? ................................................................................... 94
14. WHAT IS THE APPLET SECURITY MANAGER, AND WHAT DOES IT PROVIDE? ........................................................................... 94

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15. IF OTHER LANGUAGES ARE COMPILED TO JAVA BYTECODES, HOW DOES THAT AFFECT THE APPLET SECURITY MODEL? .................... 95

十八、 RMI INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ....................................................................................................95

1. WHAT IS RMI? ........................................................................................................................................................... 95

2. WHAT IS THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RMI ARCHITECTURE? ...................................................................................................... 95
3. WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF RMI ARCHITECTURE? ............................................................................................................... 95
4. SWHAT IS THE ROLE OF REMOTE INTERFACE IN RMI? ......................................................................................................... 95
5. WHAT IS MEANT BY BINDING IN RMI? ............................................................................................................................. 95
6. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN USING BIND() AND REBIND() METHODS OF NAMING CLASS? ................................................ 95
7. WHAT ARE THE STEPS INVOLVED TO MAKE WORK A RMI PROGRAM? ..................................................................................... 96
8. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF STUB IN RMI? .............................................................................................................................. 96
9. WHAT IS A SKELETON IN RMI? ....................................................................................................................................... 96
10. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PASS BY VALUE AND PASS BY REFERENCE? ................................................................... 96
11. WHAT ARE MARKER INTERFACES?（这个要记住） ................................................................................................... 96
12. WHAT IS MEANT BY SERIALISATION AND DESERIALISATION?(这题很重要，SERIALISATION 是什么很重要) ....................... 96
13. WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL USED BY RMI?....................................................................................................................... 96

十九、 JSF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS .....................................................................................................96

1. EXPLAIN ABOUT JSF? ................................................................................................................................................... 96

2. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF JSF? JSF 的好处，有点............................................................................................. 97
3. WHAT ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRUTS AND JSF? ......................................................................................................... 97
4. WHAT ARE THE AVAILABLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF JAVASERVER FACES? ................................................................................... 98
5. WHAT DOES A TYPICAL JSF APPLICATION CONSISTS OF? ....................................................................................................... 98
6. WHAT IS A JAVASERVER FACES APPLICATION? ................................................................................................................... 98
7. WHAT IS MANAGED BEAN?........................................................................................................................................... 98
8. WHAT IS BACKING BEAN? ............................................................................................................................................. 98
9. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN GETREQUESTPARAMETERMAP() AND GETREQUESTPARAMETERVALUESMAP()? ........................ 99
10. EXPLAIN JSF ARCHITECTURE? .................................................................................................................................... 99

二十、 AJAX INTERVIEW QUESTION ........................................................................................................................99

1. WHAT IS AJAX? （异步） ........................................................................................................................................ 99

2. IS AJAX A CLIENT SIDE TECHNOLOGY OR A SERVER SIDE TECHNOLOGY? ................................................................................... 99
3. HOW IS AJAX DIFFERENT FROM OTHER BROWSER BASED TECHNOLOGIES? .............................................................................. 99
4. HOW DOES AJAX ACHEIVE PARTIAL PAGE REFRESHALS? ....................................................................................................... 99
5. WHICH PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS ARE USED BY AJAX? ..................................................................................................... 99
6. HOW WILL YOU SEND DATA TO SERVER USING AJAX?.......................................................................................................... 99
7. SHOULD I USE AN HTTP GET OR POST FOR MY AJAX CALLS?........................................................................................... 100
8. HOW TO DECIDE ON A SYNCHRONOUS REQUEST VERSUS AN ASYNCHRONOUS REQUEST? .......................................................... 100
9. EXPLAIN ABOUT ONREADYSTATECHANGE PROPERTY OF XMLHTTPREQUEST? ......................................................................... 100
10. EXPLAIN ABOUT READYSTATE PROPERTY OF XMLHTTPREQUEST?.................................................................................... 100
11. EXPLAIN ABOUT RESPONSETEXT PROPERTY OF XMLHTTPREQUEST?................................................................................ 100
12. EXPLAIN ABOUT RESPONSEXML PROPERTY OF XMLHTTPREQUEST? ............................................................................... 100
13. HOW TO ABORT（终止） A XMLHTTPREQUEST?.................................................................................................... 100
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14. CAN I HAVE MULTIPLE AJAX REQUESTS TO THE SERVER? IF SO, HOW TO HANDLE SIMULTANEOUS REQUESTS? ........................... 100
15. ARE THERE ANY SECURITY ISSUES WITH AJAX? ............................................................................................................ 100
16. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT AJAX BASED FRAMEWORKS? ............................................................................................... 100
17. EXPLAIN ABOUT DWR?.......................................................................................................................................... 100
18. EXPLAIN ABOUT DOJO TOOLKIT? .............................................................................................................................. 101
19. EXPLAIN ABOUT PROTOTYPE? .................................................................................................................................. 101
20. EXPLAIN ABOUT GWT? .......................................................................................................................................... 101

二十一、 JMS INTERVIEW .....................................................................................................................................101

1. WHAT IS MESSAGING? ............................................................................................................................................... 101

2. WHAT IS JMS? ......................................................................................................................................................... 101
3. WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF JMS? .............................................................................................................................. 101
4. WHAT IS POISON MESSAGES? AND HOW TO HANDLE POISON MESSAGES? ............................................................................. 101
5. WHAT ARE THE STEPS TO SEND AND RECEIVE JMS MESSAGE ? ............................................................................................ 102
6. WHAT ARE TWO MESSAGING MODELS OR MESSAGING DOMAINS? ....................................................................................... 102

POINT-TO-POINT MESSAGING DOMAIN. ...................................................................................................................102

PUBLISH/SUBSCRIBE MESSAGING DOMAIN ...............................................................................................................102

EXPLAIN POINT-TO-POINT MESSAGING MODEL .........................................................................................................102

EXPLAIN PUB/SUB MESSAGING MODEL.....................................................................................................................102

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF MESSAGE CONSUMPTION?（消耗） ........................................................................102

WHAT IS A CONNECTION FACTORY? ...........................................................................................................................103

WHAT IS A DESTINATION? ..........................................................................................................................................103

WHAT IS A MESSAGE LISTENER? ................................................................................................................................103

WHAT IS A MESSAGE SELECTOR? ...............................................................................................................................103

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A JMS MESSAGE? ..............................................................................................................103

WHAT IS A MESSAGE HEADER? ..................................................................................................................................103

NAME FEW MESSAGE HEADERS WHICH ARE AUTOMATICALLY ASSIGNED DURING MESSAGE CREATION? .................103

NAME FEW SUBCLASSES OF JMSEXCEPTION. .............................................................................................................103

HOW MANY TYPES OF MESSAGES ARE THERE IN JMS AND WHAT ARE THEY? ...........................................................104

EXPLAIN ABOUT JMS CLIENT, PRODUCER, CONSUMER, PROVIDER. ...........................................................................104

WHAT IS A MESSAGE DRIVEN BEAN? .........................................................................................................................104

WHY DO MDB'S DONT HAVE COMPONENT INTERFACES OR JNDI? .............................................................................104

HOW ARE MDBS DIFFERENT FROM SESSION AND ENTITY BEANS? ............................................................................104

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF DELIVERY MODES? ....................................................................................................105

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******

一、 Core Java Interview Questions

1. ******What are the core OOP's concepts?

Abstraction, Encapsulation,Inheritance and Polymorphism are the core OOP's concepts.
2. ******What is an Object?
Object is an instance of a class. It has state, behaviour and identity. It is also called as an instance of a
class.
3. ******What is meant by Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields
via public methods.
 The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only.
 Data hiding.

4. ******What is the difference between an object and object reference?

An object is an instance of a class. Object reference is a pointer to the object. There can be many
refernces to the same object.
5. What will trim() method of String class do?
trim() eliminate spaces from both the ends of a string.
6. ******What is the difference between String, Stringbuffer and StringBuilder?
String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder can change their values.
The only difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder is that StringBuilder is unsynchronized
whereas StringBuffer is synchronized. So when the application needs to be run only in a single thread
then it is better to use StringBuilder. StringBuilder is more efficient than StringBuffer.
7. What is the difference between Path and Classpath?
Path and Classpath are operating system level environment variales. Path is used define where the
system can find the executables(.exe) files and classpath is used to specify the location .class files.
8. What are the default values of primitive data types?
For boolean data type, it is false. For byte,short,int and long, it is 0. For float and double, it is 0.0. For
char, the default value is 'u000'.
9. Can char be manipulated like integers?
Yes possible. The below is an example.char ch = 'A';System.out.println(ch++); The above statement will
print B. ++ is a numeral operand and since char is internally represented as integer, ++ operand can be
applied on char value.
10. What are different ways to declare an array? 笔试题应该
Object obj[]; // most frequently used form of array declaration.Object []obj; // nothing wrong with this.
Object[] obj; // nothing wrong with this. int i[][]; // most frequently form multi-dimensional array int[]

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i[]; // nothing wrong with this. int[] i[],j; // nothing wrong with this. Important : i is double dimensional
whereas j is single dimensional.
11. ******What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class.
Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance
12. Why is the main method declared static?
main method is the entry point for a Java application and main method is called by the JVM even
before the instantiation of the class hence it is declared as static. static methods can be called even
before the creation of objects.
13. Can a main method be overloaded?
Yes. You can have any number of main methods with different method signature and implementation in
the class.
14. Does the order of public and static declaration matter in main method?
No it doesn't matter but void should always come before main().
15. Can a source file contain more than one Class declaration?
Yes. A single source file can contain any number of Class declarations but only one of the class can be
declared as public.
16. ******Explain Inheritance?
Inheritance is a concept where the properties and behavior of a class is reused in another class. The
class which is being reused or inherited is called the super class or the parent class. The class which is
inheriting is called the subclass or the child class of the inherited class.
17. Can a subclass be referenced for a super class object?
No. If Vehicle is super class and Car is the subclass then the following reference would be wrong – Car
c = new Vehicle();（这个是错的）
18. Can a parent class be referenced for a subclass object?
Yes. The below is an example :Vehicle v = new Car();
19. Can an interface be referenced for any object?
Yes. We can create a object reference for an interface. The object should have provided the
implementation for the object. Runnable r = new Test(); Test class should have implemented the
runnable interface and overridded the run method.
20. ******What are constructors?
Constructors are used to initialize an object. Constructors are invoked when the new operator on the
class are called.
21. What is the sequence of constructor invocation?
When you instantiate a subclass, the object will begin with an invocation of the constructor in the base
class and initialize downwards through constructors in each subclass till it reaches the final subclass

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constructor. Note: This top down imagery for class inheritance, rather than a upward tree-like approach,
is standard in OOP but is sometimes confusing to newcomers.
22. ******Explain Polymorphism?
The dictionary definition of polymorphism refers to a principle in biology in which an organism or
species can have many different forms or stages. This principle can also be applied to object-oriented
programming and languages like the Java language. Subclasses of a class can define their own unique
behaviors and yet share some of the same functionality of the parent class. Polymorphism is the
capability of an action or method to do different things based on the object that it is acting upon.
Overloading and overriding are two types of polymorphism.
23. ******What is Overloading?
In a class, if two methods have the same name and a different argument, it is known as overloading in
Object oriented concepts. 可以在一个类中
24. ******Explain Overriding?
When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and arguments as a method in its
superclass, the method in the class overrides the method in the superclass. When the method is invoked
for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the method that is called, and not the method
definition from superclass.子类和父类间的
Rules to follow :
Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.
Methods may be overridden to be throws the same exception or subclass of the exception thrown by
the method of superclass
25. Can a class declared as private be accessed outside it's package?
X A class can't be declared as private. It will result in compile time error?
Classes and interfaces can be declared private or protected within their enclosing classes.
A class which is local to a block is not a member, and so cannot be public, private , protected , or static.
reflection can be used to bypass the java access rules.

26. *******Can a class be declared as protected?

X A class can’t be declared as protected. only methods can be declared as protected.
Classes and interfaces can be declared private or protected within their enclosing classes.
A class which is local to a block is not a member, and so cannot be public, private , protected , or static.
reflection can be used to bypass the java access rules.
27. ******What is the access scope of a protected method?
A protected method can be accessed by the classes within the same package or by the subclasses of
the class in any package.
28. What is the impact of marking a constructor as private?
Nobody can instantiate the class from outside that class.
Traditional uses is used for singleton pattern.

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29. What is meant by default access?
Default(Friendly) access means the class, method, construtor or the variable can be accessed only
within the package.
30. Can a final variable be declared inside a method?
X No. Local variables cannot be declared as final.
Yes, final variable can be declared inside a method.
31. What is the impact of declaring a method as final?
A method declared as final can't be overridden. A sub-class doesn't have the independence to provide
different implementation to the method. A method can be overloaded.
32. How to define a constant variable in Java?
The variable should be declared as static and final. So only one copy of the variable exists for all
instances of the class and the value can't be changed also. static final int PI = 3.14; is an example for
constant.
33. ******What is static in java?
Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist.
This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.
Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and
static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be
shadowed(override) by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not
declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a non-static method. In other words,
you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.
Static varibales are not serialized.
34. Can a class be declared as static?
No a class cannot be defined as static in fact every class is “static”. Only a method, a variable or a block
of code can be declared as static. But inner class can be static!
35. When will you define a method as static?
When a method needs to be accessed even before the creation of the object of the class then we should
declare the method as static.
36. The difference between static and final
Static variable is a variable shared by all the instances of objects and it has only single copy. Final
variable is a constant variable and it can't be changed.
37. Can we declare a static variable inside a method?
Static varaibles are class level variables and they can't be declared inside a method. If declared, the
class will not compile.
38. ******What is an Abstract Class and what is it's purpose?
A Class which doesn't provide complete implementation is defined as an abstract class. It serves as a
template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie, you may not call its constructor), abstract
class may contain static data. Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and
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must be declared as abstract. A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This
prevents it from being instantiated
39. ******What is an Interface?
Interfaces say what a class must do but does not say how a class must do it. Interfaces are 100% abstract.
Declare method without the implementation.
40. ******What is the difference between interface and abstract class?
 interface contains methods that must be abstract; abstract class may contain concrete methods.
 interface contains variables that must be static and final; abstract class may contain non-final and final variables.
 members in an interface are public by default, abstract class may contain non-public members.
 interface is used to "implements"; whereas abstract class is used to "extends".
 interface can be used to achieve multiple inheritance; abstract class can be used as a single inheritance.
 interface can "extends" another interface, abstract class can "extends" another class and "implements" multiple
interfaces.
 interface is absolutely abstract; abstract class can be invoked if a main() exists.
 interface is more flexible than abstract class because one class can only "extends" one super class, but
"implements" multiple interfaces.
 If given a choice, use interface instead of abstract class.

41. Can a abstract class be defined without any abstract methods?

Yes it's possible. This is basically to avoid instance creation of the class.
42. What happens if a subclass has inherited a abstract class but has not provided implementation for all the abstract
methods of the super class?
Then the subclass also becomes abstract. This will be enforced by the compiler.
43. What happens if a class has implemented an interface but has not provided implementation for a method in a
interface?
Its the same as the earlier answer. The class has to be marked as abstract. This will be enforced by the
compiler.
44. Can you create an object of an abstract class?
Not possible. Abstract classes are not concrete and hence can't be instantiated. If you try instantiating,
you will get compilation error.
45. Can I create a reference for an abstract class?
Yes. You can create a reference for an abstract class only when the object being provided the
implementation for the abstract class - it means that the object should be of a concrete subclass of the
abstract class. This applies to interfaces also. Below is an example for interface referencing an
object:java.sql.Connection con = java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection("");
46. Can a class be marked as native?
No. Only methods can be marked as native.
The native keyword is applied to a method to indicate that the method is implemented in native code using JNI(Java
Native Interface).

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47. ******What is the disadvantage of native methods?

Since Java runs faster, native method is less common.
By using native methods, the java program loses platform independence - the accessed platform
might be tightly coupled with an operating system hence java program also loses OS independence.
Potential security risk，Loss of portability.

48. Can a method inside an Interface be declared as final?

Not possible. Doing so will result in compilation error. Final method can not be override. public and
abstract are the only applicable modifiers for method declaration in an interface.
49. Why is an Interface able to extend more than one Interface but a Class can't extend more than one Class?
Basically Java doesn't allow multiple inheritance, so a Class is restricted to extend only one Class.
But an Interface is a pure abstraction model and doesn't have inheritance hierarchy like classes (do
remember that the base class of all classes is Object). So an Interface is allowed to extend more than one
Interface.
50. Can an Interface be final?
Not possible. Doing so will result in compilation error. Final method can not be override.
51. Can a class be defined inside an Interface?
Yes it's possible.
52. Can an Interface be defined inside a class?
Yes it's possible.
53. ******What is a Marker Interface?
? An Interface which doesn't have any declaration inside but still enforces a mechanism.

In earlier versions of Java, Marker Interfaces were the only way to declare metadata about a class.
In modern Java, marker interfaces have no place. They can be completely replaced byAnnotations,
which allow for a very flexible metadata capability.

54. ******What are the modifiers in Java ?

 public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too)
 private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the
variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.
 protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that
owns the protected feature. This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the
class that owns the protected feature.
 default :What you get by default without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).It means that it is
visible to all within a particular package

55. Can we define private and protected modifiers for variables in interfaces?
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No. Always all variables declared inside an interface are of public access.
56. What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface?
Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces.
In this case, an interface is intended to serve as a public protocol for communicating with an object,
57. When can an object reference be cast(上溯) to an interface reference?
An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced
interface.
58. ******What are Nested Classes?
？！Static Inner classes are called sometimes referred as nested classes because these classes can exist
without any relationship with the containing class.

Outer.Nested instance = new Outer.Nested(); In Java a static nested class is essentially a normal class
that has just been nested inside another class. Being static, a static nested class can only access instance
variables of the enclosing class via a reference to an instance of the enclosing class

59. ******What are the disadvantages of Inner classes?

 Inner classes are not reusable hence defeats one of the Encapsulation feature of Java.
 Highly confusing and difficult syntax which leads poor code maintainability.

60. ******What is difference between shallow copy and deep copy ?

Only instances of classes that implement the Cloneable interface can be cloned. Trying to clone an
object that does not implement the Cloneable interface throws a CloneNotSupportedException. Both
shallow copy and deep copy object need to implement Cloneable Interface.
Shallow copy : 浅拷贝就是被复制的是对象的 reference
Deep Copy: 被复制的对象复制了原对象的值，并放入了一个新的地址中 ，相当于完全新建了
一个跟之前一样的对象
61. ******Why to override equals() and hashCode()? and How can I implement both equals() and hashCode() for Set ?
 If you are implementing HashSet to store unique object then you need to implement equals() and hashcode()
method.
 if two objects are equal according to the equals() method, they must have the same hashCode() value (although
the reverse is not generally true).相同的两个对象有相同的 hashcode，可以用来比较两个对象是否相同
 因为是用 hashcode 来比较两个是否相等的，所以要 override hashCode();

62. ******What is the difference between int and Interger? You can have question like why we need Wrapper
Class(Integer )?
int is primitive type and Integer is Wrapper Class; if you are using Collection objects like Hashtable etc.
you can't use int as a key. you have to use object so you can use Integer class
63. ******What is serialization? 这题很重要，要跟着下题一起回答

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Serialization involves saving the current state of an object to a stream, and restoring an equivalent
object from that stream. （For RMI use between two different end point, 只能对对象 serialize 不能对
base class）
(Better Answer) Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes in
order to store the object or transmit it to memory, a database, or a file. Its main purpose is to save
the state of an object in order to be able to recreate it when needed. The reverse process is
called deserialization.

For an object to be serialized, it must be an instance of a class that implements either the Serializable or
Externalizable interface. Both interfaces only permit the saving of data associated with an object's
variables.
They depend on the class definition being available to the Java Virtual Machine at reconstruction time in
order to construct the object.
简单说就是为了保存在内存中的各种对象的状态（也就是实例变量，不是方法），并且可以把保
存的对象状态再读出来。虽然你可以用你自己的各种各样的方法来保存 object states，但是 Java
给你提供一种应该比你自己好的保存对象状态的机制，那就是序列化。
 什么情况下需要序列化
a）当你想把的内存中的对象状态保存到一个文件中或者数据库中时候；
b）当你想用套接字在网络上传送对象的时候；
c）当你想通过 RMI 传输对象的时候；

64. When you serialize an object, what happens to the object references included in the object?
The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. Thus it determines whether the
included object references are serializable or not. This is a recursive process. Thus when an object
is serialized, all the included objects are also serialized along with the original obect.
65. ******What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization?
There are three exceptions in which serialization does not necessarily read and write to the stream.
These are
这是三个不需要读写 stream 的
1. Serialization ignores static fields, because they are not part of any particular state.
2. Base class fields are only handled if the base class itself is serializable.
3. Transient fields.
66. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?
In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But
defining means declaration + initialization.

二、 Exception Handling Interview Questions & Answers

1. ******What is the difference between Exception and Error in java?

Exception and Error are the subclasses of the Throwable class. Exception class is used for exceptional
conditions that user program should catch. Error defines exceptions that are not excepted to be caught
by the user program. Example is Stack Overflow.
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2. ******Differentiate between Checked Exceptions and Unchecked Exceptions?
 A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its
subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the
exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read() method·一定要进行处理的
 Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are
unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to
catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the
exception could be thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method· Checked
exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be 不一
定要进行处理
 Checked & Unchecked Exception functions not so much difference. It is only programmers habit or community
displine to decide wheter to use Unchecked exception or Checked exception.

3. ******What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw is used to explicitly raise a exception within the program, the statement would be throw new
Exception(); throws clause is used to indicate the exceptions that are not handled by the method. It must
specify this behavior so the callers of the method can guard against the exceptions. throws is specified
in the method signature. If multiple exceptions are not handled, then they are separated by a comma. the
statement would be as follows: public void doSomething() throws IOException,MyException{} 就是
throw 抛一个，throws 抛一堆
4. ******What is the importance of finally block in exception handling?
Finally block will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. If an exception is thrown, the
finally block will execute even if no catch statement match the exception. Any time a method is about to
return to the caller from inside try/catch block, via an uncaught exception or an explicit return statement,
the finally block will be executed. Finally is used to free up resources like database connections, IO
handles, etc. （System.exit() or JVM crashes “finally” will not execute.）
5. Can a finally block exist with a try block but without a catch?
Yes. The following are the combinations try/catch or try/catch/finally or try/finally.
6. What will happen to the Exception object after exception handling?
Exception object will be garbage collected.
7. Exceptions can be caught or rethrown to a calling method. True/False?
True.
8. ******What is the purpose of finalization?
Finalization invokes finalized() method.
The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform some actions
before the object is garbage collected.
9. ******How does finally block differ from finalize() method?
Finally block will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. So it is used to free resources.
finalize() is a protected method in the Object class which is called by the JVM just before an object is
garbage collected.
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What are the different ways to handle exceptions?
There are two ways to handle exceptions,
By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions.
List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method handle
those exceptions.

Although “throws” is convient, but use try catch block we can locate the position where exception
happens.

10 Name “Throwable” ?

By catching Throwable it includes things with subclass Error. You should generally not do that,
except perhaps at the very highest "catch all" level of a thread where you want to log or otherwise
handle absolutely everything that can go wrong. It would be more typical in a framework type
application (for example an application server or a testing framework) where it can be running unknown
code and should not be affected by anything that goes wrong with that code, as much as possible.

三、 Java Threads Interview Questions & Answers

1. ******What are the two types of multitasking?

a. Process-based. b. Thread-based.
2. ******What is a Thread?
A thread is a single sequential flow of control within a program.
3. ******The difference between thread and process

Both processes and threads are independent sequences of execution

Typical difference is that threads (of the same process) run in a shared memory space, while processes run in separate
memory spaces.
 A process can contain more than one thread.
 A process is considered as “heavyweight” while a thread is deemed as “lightweight”.
 Processes are heavily dependent on system resources available while threads require minimal amounts of
resource.
 Modifying a main thread may affect subsequent threads while changes on a parent process will not necessarily
affect child processes.
 Threads within a process communicate directly while processes do not communicate so easily.
 Threads are easy to create while processes are not that straightforward.

4. ******What are the two ways to create a new thread?

a) Extend the Thread class and override the run() method.
b) Implement the Runnable interface and implement the run() method.
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5. ******Which methods calls the run() method?
start() method.
6. ******What are the states of a Thread ?
Four state: Ready, Running, Waiting and Dead.
7. ******What will notify() method do?

notify() method moves randomlly a thread out of the waiting pool to ready state, but there is no
guaranty which thread will be moved out of the pool.
8. ******What is the difference between sleep() and yield()?
When a Thread calls the sleep() method, it will return to its waiting state. When a Thread calls the
yield() method, it returns to the ready state.
9. The difference between sleep() and wait()
sleep():
a) It is a static method on Thread class. It makes the current thread into the "Not Runnable" state for
specified amount of time. B) During this time, the thread keeps the lock (monitors) it has acquired.

wait():
a)It is a method on Object class. It makes the current thread into the "Not Runnable" state. B) wait
method must be called from synchronized context. C)wait() method releases the lock of object on which
it has called
10. ******What is a Daemon Thread?
Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the
garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a
daemon thread We should call setDaemon(true) method on the thread object to make a thread as daemon
thread.
11. ******What is the difference between normal thread and daemon thread?
Normal threads do mainstream activity, whereas daemon threads are used low priority work. Hence
daemon threads are also stopped when there are no normal threads.
12. ******What does the start() method of Thread do?
The thread's start() method puts the thread in ready state and makes the thread eligible to run. start()
method automatically calls the run () method.
13. ******What is synchronization and why is it important?
With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple
threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared
object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often leads to
significant errors.
14. ******同步(synchronization)和异步(asynchronous)有何异同，在什么情况下分别使用他们？举例说明。

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如果数据将在线程间共享。例如正在写的数据以后可能被另一个线程读到，或者正在读的数据可
能已经被另一个线程写过了，那么这些数据就是共享数据，必须进行 synchronization 存取。当应
用程序在对象上调用了一个需要花费很长时间来执行的方法，并且不希望让程序等待方法的返回
时，就应该使用 asynchronous 编程，在很多情况下采用 asynchronous 途径往往更有效率。
15. ******What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes
a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized
statements （Synchronized block?!）are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement
can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the
synchronized statement
16. ******What are the two ways that a code can be synchronised? Can you declare a static method as synchronized?
 Method can be declared as synchronised.
 A block of code be sychronised.
Yes, we can declare static method as synchronized. But the calling thread should acquire lock on the
class that owns the method.
17. Can a thread execute another objects run() method?
Yes, A thread can execute it's own run() method or another objects run() method.
18. ******What is a deadlock?
A condition that occurs when two processes are waiting for each other to complete before proceeding.
The result is that both processes wait endlessly.
19. What are all the methods used for Inter Thread communication and what is the class in which these methods are
defined?
a. wait(),notify() & notifyall() b. Object class
20. The word synchronized can be used with only a method. True/ False?
False. A block of code can also be synchronised.
21. What is a Monitor?
A monitor is an object which contains some synchronized code in it.
22. What exception does the wait() method throw?
The java.lang.Object class wait() method throws "InterruptedException".
23. ******What does notifyAll() method do?
notifyAll() method moves all waiting threads from the waiting pool to ready state.

四、 Java Collections Interview Questions & Answers

1. ******什么是 Generic，或者说是 Generic 的优点

Generic allow "a type or method to operate on objects of various types while providing compile-time type
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safety.
2. ******Explain Iterator Interface.
An Iterator is similar to the Enumeration interface. With the Iterator interface methods, you can traverse
a collection from start to end and safely remove elements from the underlying Collection. The iterator()
method generally used in query operations. Basic methods:
iterator.remove();iterator.hasNext();iterator.next();
3. ******Explain Enumeration Interface.
The Enumeration interface allows you to iterate through all the elements of a collection. Iterating through an
Enumeration is similar to iterating through an Iterator. However, there is no removal support with
Enumeration.Basic methods: boolean hasMoreElements(); Object nextElement();
4. ******What is the difference between Enumeration and Iterator interface?
The Enumeration interface allows you to iterate through all the elements of a collection. Iterating through
an Enumeration is similar to iterating through an Iterator. However, there is no removal support (这个是唯
一的区别)with Enumeration.
5. ******Explain Set Interface.
In mathematical concept, a set is just a group of unique items, in the sense that the group contains no
duplicates. The Set interface extends the Collection interface. Set does not allow duplicates in the collection.
In Set implementations null is valid entry, but allowed only once.
6. ******What are the two types of Set implementations available in the Collections Framework?
HashSet and TreeSet are the two Set implementations available in the Collections Framework.
7. ******What is the difference between HashSet and TreeSet?
 HashSet Class implements java.util.Set interface to eliminate the duplicate entries and uses hashing for storage.
Hashing is nothing but mapping between a key value and a data item, this provides efficient searching.
 The TreeSet Class implements java.util.Set interface provides an ordered set, eliminates duplicate entries and uses tree
for storage.

8. ******What is a List?
List is a ordered and allow duplicated collection of objects. The List interface extends the Collection
interface. 可以重复的带排序的(可以用 Collections.sort()方法来进行排序)
9. What are the two types of List implementations available in the Collections Framework?
ArrayList and LinkedList are the two List implementations available in the Collections Framework.
10. ******What is the difference between ArrayList, LinkedList and Vector?
 The ArrayList Class uses array for storage. An array storage are generally faster but we cannot insert and delete entries
in middle of the list. To achieve this kind of addition and deletion requires a new array constructed. You can access any
element at randomly.
 The LinkedList Class uses linked list for storage. A linked list allows elements to be added, removed from the collection
at any location in the container by ordering the elements. With this implementation you can only access the elements
in sequentially.
 Vector and ArrayList are very similar. Both of them represent a growable array. The main difference is that Vector is
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synchronized(thread safe) while ArrayList is not. A Vector defaults to doubling the size of its array, while the ArrayList
increases its array size by 50 percent

11. Explain the functionality of Vector Class?

Once array size is set you cannot change size of the array. To deal with this kind of situations in Java uses
Vector, it grows and shrink it's size automatically. Vector allows to store only objects not primitives. To
store primitives, convert primitives in to objects using wrapper classes before adding them into Vector. The
Vector reallocates and resizes itself automatically. (记住,vector 要用 wrapper class 的)
12. How do you store a primitive data type within a Vector or other collections class?
You need to wrap the primitive data type into one of the wrapper classes found in the java.lang package, like
Integer, Float, or Double, as in:Integer in = new Integer(5);
13. ******Explain Map Interface.
A map is a special kind of set with no duplicates. The key values are used to lookup, or index the stored
data. The Map interface is not an extension of Collection interface, it has its own hierarchy. Map does not
allow duplicates in the collection. In Map implementations null is valid entry, but allowed only once.
14. What are the two types of Map implementations available in the Collections Framework?
HashMap and TreeMap are two types of Map implementations available in the Collections Framework.
15. ******What is the difference between HashMap and TreeMap?
 The HashMap Class uses hashing for storage. Indirectly Map uses Set functionality so, it does not permit duplicates.
 The TreeMap Class uses tree for storage. It provides the ordered map.

16. ******What is the difference between Hashtable and HashMap?

Both provide key-value access to data. The key differences are :
Hashtable is older: dictionary(inside null key exception) Hashmap: improved hashtable

 Hashtable is synchronised but HashMap is not synchronised.

 HashMap permits once key multi-null values but Hashtable doesn’t allow null values.
 iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe(it won’t fail) while the iterator for the Hashtable is not fail safe.

17. How do I make an array larger?

You cannot directly make an array larger. You must make a new (larger) array and copy the original
elements into it, usually with System.arraycopy(). If you find yourself frequently doing this, the Vector class
does this automatically for you, as long as your arrays are not of primitive data types.
18. Which is faster, synchronizing a HashMap or using a Hashtable for thread-safe access?
Because a synchronized HashMap requires an extra method call, a Hashtable is faster for synchronized
access.
19. What is the use of Locale class?
The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or
cultural region.
Locale 对象表示了特定的地理、政治和文化地区。需要 Locale
来执行其任务的操作称为语言环境敏感的 操作，它使用 Locale
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为用户量身定制信息。例如，显示一个数值就是语言环境敏感的操作，应该根据用户的国家、地区
或文化的风俗/传统来格式化该数值。

20. ******heap 和 stack 有什么区别。

栈是一种线形集合，其添加和删除元素的操作应在同一段完成。栈按照后进先出的方式进行处理。
Later in earlier out。
堆是栈的一个组成元素
相同点：都是 RAM 中存放数据的地方
不同点：
 栈 stack ： 存 取 速 度 快 ， 但 大 小 生 命 周 期 固 定 ， 主 要 应 用 于 基 本 数 据 类 型 (primitives data type)
（byte,int,long,float,double,char,Boolean）就是所有变量都存在 stack 里面
 堆 heap：存取速度慢，但能动态分配内存，主要应用于对象（new 方式建立） 就是所有的对象都存在 heap 中

五、 Garbage Collection Interview Questions & Answers

1. ******Explain Garbage collection in Java?

In Java, Garbage Collection(GC) is automatic. Garbage Collector Thread runs as a low priority
daemon thread freeing memory.
2. ******When does the Garbage Collection happen?
When there is not enough memory. Or when the daemon GC thread(low priority) gets a chance to
run.
3. ******When is an Object eligible for Garbage collection?
An Object is eligible for GC, when there are no references to the object.
4. What are two steps in Garbage Collection?
 Detection of garbage collectible objects and marking them for garbage collection.
 Freeing the memory of objects marked for GC.

5. When is the finalize() called?

finalize() method is called by the GC just before releasing the object's memory. It is normally advised
to release resources held by the object in finalize() method.

六、 Servlets Interview Questions & Answers（跟网络有关的也在其中）

1. ******What is a Servlet?
A Servlet is a server side java program which processes client requests and generates dynamic web
content.
2. Explain the architechture of a Servlet?

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javax.servlet.Servlet interface is the core abstraction which has to be implemented by all servlets either
directly or indirectly. Servlet run on a server side JVM ie the servlet container. Most servlets
implement the interface by extending either javax.servlet.GenericServlet or
javax.servlet.http.HTTPServlet. A single servlet object serves multiple requests using
multithreading.
3. ******Servlet Life Cycle ? servlet 的生命周期
The life cycle of a servlet is controlled by the container in which the servlet has been deployed. When
a request is mapped to a servlet, the container performs the following steps. If an instance of the servlet
does not exist, the Web container
1) Loads the servlet class. (装载)
2) Creates an instance of the servlet class. Initializes the servlet instance by calling the init method.
Initialization is covered in Initializing a Servlet. （实例化）
3) Invokes the service method（dopost(), doget()）, passing a request and response object. Service
methods are discussed in the section Writing Service Methods.（就绪，调用）
4)If the container needs to remove the servlet, it finalizes the servlet by calling the servlet's destroy
method.（销毁）
4. What is the difference between init() and init(ServletConfig) ?
 It is BETTER to use init(). If you use init() you have no such worries as calling super.init().
 If you use init(servletconfig) and forgot to call super.init(config) then servletconfig object will not set and you
will not get the servletconfig object

5. ******What is the difference between an Applet and a Servlet?

An Applet is a client side java program that runs within a Web browser on the client machine whereas
a servlet is a server side component which runs on the web server. An applet can use the user interface
classes like AWT or Swing while the servlet does not have a user interface. Servlet waits for client's
HTTP requests from a browser and generates a response that is displayed in the browser.
6. ******What is the difference between GenericServlet and HttpServlet?
 GenericServlet is a generalised and protocol independent servlet which defined in javax.servlet package.
Servlets extending GenericServlet should override service() method.
 javax.servlet.http.HTTPServlet extends GenericServlet. HTTPServlet is http protocol specific. A subclass of
HttpServlet must override at least one method of doGet(), doPost(),doPut(), doDelete(), init(), destroy() or
getServletInfo().

7. ******What is the difference between doGet() and doPost()?

 doGET Method : Using get method we can able to pass 2K data（limited size）from HTML. All data we are passing
to Server will be displayed in URL (request string).
 doPOST Method : In this method we does not have any size limitation. All data passed to server will be hidden,
User cannot able to see this info on the browser.

8. ******What is the difference between ServletConfig and ServletContext?

 ServletConfig is a servlet configuration object used by a servlet container to pass information to a servlet during
initialization. All of its initialization parameters can only be set in deployment descriptor. The ServletConfig

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parameters are specified for a particular servlet.
 ServletContext is an interface which defines a set of methods which the servlet uses to interact with its servlet
container. ServletContext is common to all servlets within the same web application. Hence, servlets use
ServletContext to share context information.

9. What is the difference between ServletContext and PageContext?

ServletContext: Gives the information about the container
PageContext: Gives the information about the Request
10. What is meant by a Web Application?
A Web Application is a collection of servlets and content installed under a specific subset of the
server's URL namespace such as /catalog and possibly installed via a .war file.
11. What is the structure of the HTTP response?
The response can have 3 parts:
1) Status Code - describes the status of the response. For example, it could indicate that the request
was successful, or that the request failed because the resource was not available. If your servlet does not
return a status code, the success status code, HttpServletResponse.SC_OK, is returned by default.
2) HTTP Headers - contains more information about the response. For example, the header could
specify the method used to compress the response body.
3) Body - contents of the response. The body could contain HTML code, an image, etc.
12. ******What is a cookie?
A cookie is a bit of information that the Web server sends to the browser which then saves the cookie
to a file. The browser sends the cookie back to the same server in every request that it makes. Cookies
are often used to keep track of sessions. Cookie can be disable and not safe
13. ******What is the difference between session and cookie?
The difference between session and a cookie is two-fold.
 session should work regardless of the settings on the client browser. even if users decide to forbid the cookie
(through browser settings) session still works. There is no way to disable sessions from the client browser.
 Javax.servlet.http.Cookie class has a setValue() method that accepts Strings.
 Javax.servlet.http.HttpSession has a setAttribute() method which takes a String to denote the name and
java.lang.Object which means that HttpSession is capable of storing any java object. Cookie can only store String
objects.

14. Which protocol will be used by browser and servlet to communicate?

HTTP
15. ******What is HTTP Tunneling（隧道）?
HTTP tunneling is used to encapsulate other protocols within the HTTP or HTTPS protocols.
Normally the intra-network of an organization is blocked by a firewall and the network is exposed to the
outer world only through a specific web server port, that listens for only HTTP requests. To use any
other protocol, that bypasses the firewall, the protocol is embedded in HTTP and sent as HttpRequest.
The masking of other protocol requests as http requests is HTTP Tunneling.

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16. ******What's the difference between sendRedirect( ) and forward( ) methods?
?! A sendRedirect method creates a new request (it's also reflected in browser's URL ) where as
forward method forwards the same request to the new target(hence the change is NOT reflected in
browser's URL). The previous request scope objects are no longer available after a redirect because it
results in a new request, but it's available in forward. sendRedirect is slower compared to forward. 就
是说 sendredirect 用新建 request 而 forward 用老的

Control can be forward to resources available within the server from where the call is made. This
transfer of control is done by the container internally and browser / client is not involved. This is the
major difference between forward and sendRedirect. When the forward is done, the original request and
response objects are transfered along with additional parameters if needed

Control can be redirect to resources to different servers or domains. This transfer of control task is
delegated to the browser by the container. That is, the redirect sends a header back to the browser /
client. This header contains the resource url to be redirected by the browser. Then the browser initiates a
new request to the given url. Since it is a new request, the old request and response object is lost.

17. ******Is it true that servlet containers service each request by creating a new thread? If that is true, how
does a container handle a sudden dramatic surge in incoming requests without significant performance
degradation?
The implementation depends on the Servlet engine. For each request generally, a new Thread is
created. But to give performance boost, most containers, create and maintain a thread pool at the
server startup time. To service a request, they simply borrow a thread from the pool and when they are
done, return it to the pool. For this thread pool, upper bound and lower bound is maintained. Upper
bound prevents the resource exhaustion problem associated with unlimited thread allocation. The lower
bound can instruct the pool not to keep too many idle threads, freeing them if needed.
18. ******What is URL Encoding and URL Decoding?
URL encoding is the method of replacing all the spaces and other extra characters into their
corresponding Hex Characters and Decoding is the reverse process converting all Hex Characters back
their normal form.
19. ******Do objects stored in a HTTP Session need to be serializable? Or can it store any object?
（serializable 可以在 rmi 里面找到，看看到时候是不是要移到这里来）之前也有 serialization 的问题
Yes, the objects need to be serializable, but only if your servlet container supports persistent sessions.
Most lightweight servlet engines (like Tomcat) do not support this. However, many EJB-enabled
servlet engines do. Even if your engine does support persistent sessions, it is usually possible to disable
this feature.
20. ******Details about load on startup (load-on-startup tag) in Servlet ?
Used to decide whether servlet will be " lazily " or " eagerly " loaded Specified in web.xml file. If the
value is not specified or is a Number < 0 then it means " lazy loading "
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What " lazy loading " means is that servlet is NOT loaded by container on startup. Servlet in this case
is loaded on the first client request - so the first client can experience poor performance
" Eager " loading means that the servlet is initialised on container startup. If there are two servelts A &
B with values 0 & 1 than it means that Servlet A ( having value = 0 ) will be loaded first
So if there are more than one servlet this element specifies the order of loading - lower integer values
( including zero ) are loaded first. If you specify this element but do not provide the value - even then
the servlet will be the first servlet that gets loaded. To ensure that servlet follows " lazy loading " - do
not provide this entry at all in web.xml file OR provide a negative number

七、 Struts Interview Questions

1. ******What is MVC?
Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change. MVC decouples
interface from business logic and data.
Model : The model contains the core of the application's functionality. The model encapsulates the state
of the application. Sometimes the only functionality it contains is state. It knows nothing about the view
or controller.
View: The view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of the application. The view can
access the model getters, but it has no knowledge of the setters. In addition, it knows nothing about the
controller. The view should be notified when changes to the model occur.
Controller: The controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.
2. Which design pattern the Interceptors in Struts2 is based on ?
Interceptors in Struts2 are based on Intercepting Filters.
3. ******What are the Advantages of Struts ? struts 的优点
Advantages of Struts :
Centralized Configuration : Rather than hard coding information into java programs, many Struts
values are represented in XML or property files. This is organized. Your Action class , Form bean and
JSP page information is in Struts_config.xml so don't need to search . All info in one place.
Form Beans : Don't need to set the form your value object . In the struts you don't need to do explicitly
request.getParameter(). Struts request processor will do for you. All the input data will be set to form
bean.
Bean Tags : Struts provides a set of custom JSP tags (bean:write,in particular) that let you easily output
the properties of JavaBeans components.
HTML tags : Struts provides a set of custom JSP tags to create HTML forms that are associated with
JavaBeans components.
Form Field Validation(这点很关键) : Apache Struts has built-in capabilities for checking that form
values are in the required format. If values are missing or in an improper format, the form can be
automatically redisplayed with error messages and with the previously entered values maintained. This
validation can be performed on the server (in Java),or both on the server and on the client (in
JavaScript).
4. ******Life Cycle of Struts 2 就是 Struts2 的生命周期
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1). Client Machine/Web Browser request for resource to server
2). Request reach at web.xml file, where we have entry of “Filter Dispatcher”
3). “Filter Dispatcher” calls to struts configuration file named “Struts.xml” and decides the suitable
action.
4). Then the Interceptors use the required functions
5). After that the Action method executes all the functions like storing and retrieving data from a
database.
6). Then Result will be sent according to the configuration file(Struts.xml)
7). it can be seen on the output of the browser in HTML, PDF, images or any other.
1、客户端浏览器发出 HTTP 请求。2、根据 web.xml 配置，该请求被 FilterDispatcher 接收。3、根
据 struts.xml 配置，找到需要调用的 Action 类和方法， 并通过 IoC 方式，将值注入给 Aciton。4、
Action 调用业务逻辑组件处理业务逻辑，这一步包含表单验证。5、Action 执行完毕，根据
struts.xml 中的配置找到对应的返回结果 result，并跳转到相应页面。6、返回 HTTP 响应到客户端
浏览器。
5. What are the important sections in Struts Configuration File ? struts-config.xml?
The five important sections are:
1) Form bean definition section
2) Global forward definition section
3) Action mapping definition section
4) Controller configuration section
5) Application Resources definition section
******Are Interceptors and Filters different ? , If yes then how ?
Apart from the fact that both Interceptors and filters are based on intercepting filter, there are few
differences when it comes to Struts2.
Filters: (1)Based on Servlet Specification (2)Executes on the pattern matches on the request.(3) Not
configurable method calls
Interceptors: (1)Based on Struts2. (2)Executes for all the request qualifies for a front controller( A
Servlet filter ).And can be configured to execute additional interceptor for a particular action
execution.(3)Methods in the Interceptors can be configured whether to execute or not by means of
excludemethods or includeMethods. ( see tutorial on this Controlling Interceptor Behavior)
6. In Struts1, the front-controller was a Servlet but in Struts2, it is a filter. What is the possible
reason to change it to a filter?
There are 2 possibilities why filter is designated as front controller in Strtus2
(1) Servlet made as front controller needs developer to provide a right value in which lets the
framework to initialize many important aspects( viz. struts configuration file)as the container starts. In
absence of which the framework gets initialized only as the first request hits.Struts2 makes our life easy
by providing front-controller as a filter and by nature the filters in web.xml gets initialized automatically
as the container starts. There is no need of such load-on-startup tag.
(2).The second but important one is, the introduction of Interceptors in Struts2 framework. It not just
reduce our coding effort, but helps us write any code which we would have used filters for coding and
necessary change in the web.xml as opposed to Struts1.So now any code that fits better in Filter can now
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moved to interceptors (which is more controllable than filters), all configuration can be controlled in
struts.xml file, no need to touch the web.xml file.
7. What is the role of Action/ Model ?
Actions in Struts are POJO , is also considered as a Model. The role of Action is to execute business
logic or delegate call to business logic by the means of action methods which is mapped to request and
contains business data to be used by the view layer by means of setters and getters inside the Action
class and finally helps the framework decide which result to render
An Action Class performs a role of an adapter between the contents of an incoming HTTP request
and the corresponding business logic that should be executed to process this request.
8. What is Action Class?
An Action class in the struts application extends Struts 'org.apache.struts.action.Action" Class. Action
class acts as wrapper around the business logic and provides an inteface to the application's Model
layer. An Action works as an adapter between the contents of an incoming HTTP request and the
business logic that corresponds to it. Then the struts controller (ActionServlet) selects an appropriate
Action and Request Processor creates an instance if necessary, and finally calls execute method of
Action class. To use the Action, we need to Subclass and overwrite the execute() method. and your
business login in execute() method.
The return type of the execute method is ActionForward which is used by the Struts Framework to
forward the request to the JSP as per the value of the returned ActionForward object. ActionForward
JSP from struts_config.xml file.
9. ******What are Validators? and What are Basic Validators provided by the framework ?
Validator is a Java class that, when called by the Validator framework, executes a validation rule. The
framework knows how to invoke a Validator class based on its method signature, as defined in a
configuration file.
1) byte,short,integer,long,float,double
2) creditCard - Checks if the field is a valid credit card number.
3) date - Checks if the field is a valid date.
4) email - Checks if the field is a valid email address.
4) mask - Succeeds if the field matches the corresponding regular expression mask.
5) maxLength - Checks if the value's length is less than or equal to the given maximum length.
6) minLength - Checks if the value's length is greater than or equal to the given minimum length.
7) range - Checks if the value is within a minimum and maximum range.
8) required - Checks if the field isn't null and length of the field is greater than zero, not including
whitespace.
10. ******What is the Benefits of Using the Validator framework in struts ?
A few of the benefits include:
1) A single definition of validation rules for an application.
2) Validation rules are loosely coupled to the application.
3) Server-side and client-side validation rules can be defined in one location.
4) Configuration of new rules and/or changes to existing rules are made simpler.
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5) Supports Internationalization.
6) Supports regular expressions.
7) Can be used for both Web-based and standard Java applications.
8) Promotes a declarative approach rather than a programmatic one.
11. What is the relation between ValueStack and OGNL ?
A ValueStack is a place where all the data related to action and the action itself is stored. OGNL is a
mean through which the data in the ValueStack is manipulated.
What is the difference between empty default namespace and root name space ?
If the namespace attribute is not defined in the package tag or assigned "" value then it is called empty
default namespace. While if "/" is assigned as value to the namespace attribute then it is called as root
namespace.
The root namespace is treated as all other explicit namespaces and must be matched. It’s important to
distinguish between the empty default namespace, which can catch all request patterns as long as the
action name matches, and the root namespace, which is an actual namespace that must be matched.
12. ******What is the difference between Action and ActionSupport ?
Action is interface defines some string like SUCCESS,ERROR etc and an execute() method. For
convenience Developer implement this interface to have access to String field in action methods.
ActionSupport on other hand implements Action and some other interfaces and provides some feature
like data validation and localized error messaging when extended in the action classes by developers.
13. What is execute and wait interceptor ?
The Execute And Wait Interceptor is great interceptor provided out of box in Struts2 for running
long-lived actions in the background while showing the user a nice progress meter or a progress bar. For
example while uploading a large file to the server we can use this interceptor to display a nice running
progress bar instead of leaving the user in confusion that the application is not responding. This also
prevents the HTTP request from timing out when the action takes more than 5 or 10 minutes.
14. How many different ways can you retrieve the request parameters from within interceptor ?
Two ways
In the first way retrieve the HttpServletRequest from the ActionContext object and retrieve the
parameters the usual way. Code
ActionContext context=(ActionContext)invocation.getInvocationContext();
HttpServletRequest request=(HttpServletRequest)context.get(StrutsStatics.HTTP_REQUEST);
String username=(String)request.getParameter("user");
The second way is pretty much the Struts2, by invoking the getParameters method on context object.
Code
ActionContext context=(ActionContext)invocation.getInvocationContext();
Map requestParameters=context.getParameters();
String usernames=((String[])m.get("user"))[0];

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As you can see the map doesn't return the parameter as String unlike the Servlet specification, but an
array of String (can be convenient for multivalued UI controls check box,single value UI controls data
can be retrived as in above code ).
15. What is abstract package in Struts2, and what is its use ?
An abstract package usually defines inheritable components such as interceptor, different interceptor
stacks, result types etc.But doesn't contain any actions. The way we declare a package as abstract is
through the package elements attribute as abstract and setting the value to "true". By default ( if abstract
attribute is not mentioned it is false). Struts-default.xml is an example of abstract package.
Comparing Struts 1 and 2
Feature Struts 1 Struts 2
An Struts 2 Action may implement an
Action interface, along with other
interfaces to enable optional and custom
Struts 1 requires Action classes to
services. Struts 2 provides a base
extend an abstract base class. A common
Action classes ActionSupport class to implement
problem in Struts 1 is programming to
commonly used interfaces. Albeit, the
abstract classes instead of interfaces.
Action interface is not required. Any
POJO object with a execute signature
can be used as an Struts 2 Action object.
Struts 1 Actions are singletons and must
Struts 2 Action objects are instantiated
be thread-safe since there will only be
for each request, so there are no
one instance of a class to handle all
thread-safety issues. (In practice, servlet
requests for that Action. The singleton
Threading containers generate many throw-away
strategy places restrictions on what can
Model****** objects per request, and one more object
be done with Struts 1 Actions and
does not impose a performance penalty
requires extra care to develop. Action
or impact garbage collection.)就是说他
resources must be thread-safe or
是 thread-safe 的
synchronized.
Struts 2 Actions are not coupled to a
container. Most often the servlet
Struts 1 Actions have dependencies on contexts are represented as simple
the servlet API since the Maps, allowing Actions to be tested in
Servlet HttpServletRequest and isolation. Struts 2 Actions can still
Dependency HttpServletResponse is passed to the access the original request and response,
execute method when an Action is if required. However, other architectural
invoked. elements reduce or eliminate the need to
access the HttpServletRequest or
HttpServletResponse directly.
A major hurdle to testing Struts 1 Struts 2 Actions can be tested by
Testability******
Actions is that the executemethod instantiating the Action, setting
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exposes the Servlet API. A third-party properties, and invoking methods.

extension, Struts TestCase, offers a set Dependency Injection support also
of mock object for Struts 1. makes testing simpler.
Struts 2 uses Action properties as
input properties, eliminating the need
Struts 1 uses an ActionForm object to for a second input object. Input
capture input. Like Actions, all properties may be rich object types
ActionForms must extend a base class. which may have their own properties.
Since other JavaBeans cannot be used as The Action properties can be accessed
ActionForms, developers often create from the web page via the taglibs. Struts
Harvesting Input redundant classes to capture input. 2 also supports the ActionForm
DynaBeans can used as an alternative to pattern, as well as POJO form objects
creating conventional ActionForm and POJO Actions. Rich object types,
classes, but, here too, developers may be including business or domain objects,
redescribing existing JavaBeans. can be used as input/output objects. The
ModelDriven feature simplifies taglb
references to POJO input objects.

Struts 2 can use JSTL, but the

Struts 1 integrates with JSTL, so it uses
framework also supports a more
Expression the JSTL EL. The EL has basic object
powerful and flexible expression
Language****** graph traversal, but relatively weak
language called "Object Graph
collection and indexed property support.
Notation Language" (OGNL).
Struts 2 uses a "ValueStack" technology
so that the taglibs can access values
without coupling your view to the object
Struts 1 uses the standard JSP type it is rendering. The ValueStack
Binding values
mechanism for binding objects into the strategy（战略） allows reuse of views
into views
page context for access. across a range of types which may have
the same property name but different
property types.

Struts 1 ActionForm properties are

Struts 2 uses OGNL for type
usually all Strings. Struts 1 uses
Type Conversion conversion. The framework includes
Commons-Beanutils for type
（转换） converters for basic and common object
conversion. Converters are per-class,
types and primitives.
and not configurable per instance.
Struts 1 supports manual validation via a Struts 2 supports manual validation via
Validation****** validate method on the ActionForm, or the validate method and the XWork
through an extension to the Commons Validation framework. The Xwork

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Validator. Classes can have different Validation Framework supports

validation contexts for the same class, chaining validation into sub-properties
but cannot chain to validations on using the validations defined for the
sub-objects. properties class type and the validation
context.
Struts 2 supports creating different
Struts 1 supports separate Request
lifecycles on a per Action basis via
Control Of Action Processors (lifecycles) for each module,
Interceptor Stacks. Custom stacks can be
Execution but all the Actions in the module must
created and used with different Actions,
share the same lifecycle.
as needed.

16. ******How to create an action with Struts2?

Ans: Creating an action in Struts2 is very different from Struts1 in the sense that there is no mandatory
requirement to extend a class from the struts library. A Java bean/POJO which has the private member
variables and public getters and setters is sufficient to become a struts action class. As far as execute()
method of Struts1 is concerned, a method with return type of String is sufficient. The method name is to
be specified in the struts.xml. This change is done so that the testing of struts based application can be
done easily.
17. ******What is the advantage of having a POJO class as an action?
Ans: As mentioned in the first question, the POJO class is light weight and easy to test with
frameworks like Junit. Moreover, there is no need to create separate ActionForms to hold the values
from the source web page.
18. ******What is the advantage of extending the action class from ActionSupport class?
Ans: The use of ActionSupport class provides the features like validation, locale support and
serialization to an action,
19. ******How can one integrate Spring IoC with
Struts 2?
Ans: Struts 2 comes with support for Spring and
Spring can be used to inject beans to various
classes. It can also be used to inject properties to
the action class of struts 2. For configuring Spring,
contextLoaderListener can be configured.就是
spsring 用 ioc 注入 struts
20. Describe the flow of a request in a Struts 2 web
application?
In the diagram, an initial request goes to the
Servlet container (such as Jetty or Resin) which
is passed through a standard filter chain. The
chain includes the (optional)
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ActionContextCleanUp filter, which is useful when integrating technologies such as SiteMesh Plugin.
Next, the required FilterDispatcher is called, which in turn consults the ActionMapper to determine if
the request should invoke an action.
If the ActionMapper determines that an Action should be invoked, the FilterDispatcher delegates（代
表） control to the ActionProxy. The ActionProxy consults the framework Configuration Files
manager (initialized from the struts.xml file). Next, the ActionProxy creates an ActionInvocation,
which is responsible for the command pattern implementation. This includes invoking any Interceptors
(the before clause) in advance of invoking the Action itself.
Once the Action returns, the ActionInvocation is responsible for looking up the proper result
associated with the Action result code mapped in struts.xml. The result is then executed, which often
(but not always, as is the case for Action Chaining) involves a template written in JSP or FreeMarker to
be rendered. While rendering, the templates can use the Struts Tags provided by the framework. Some
of those components will work with the ActionMapper to render proper URLs for additional requests.
The filter chain includes:
1) Action ContextCleanUp filter: The ActionContextCleanUp filter is optional and it is useful when
integration has to be done with other technologies like SiteMash Plugin.
2） FilterDispatcher: Next the FilterDispatch is called, which in turn uses the ActionMapper to
determine weather to invoke an Action. If the action is required to be invoked, the FilterDispatcher
delegates the control to the ActionProxy.
3）ActionProxy: The ActionProxy takes the help from Configuration Files manager, which is initialized
from the struts.xml. Then the ActionProxy creates an ActionInvocation, which implements the
command pattern. The ActionInvocation process invokes the Interceptors (if configured) and then
invokes the action. The ActionInvocation looks for proper result. Then the result is executed, which
involves the rendering of JSP or templates.
21. What is ActionMapping?
Action mapping contains all the deployment information for a particular Action bean. This class is to
determine where the results of the Action will be sent once its processing is complete.
Action mapping contains all the deployment information for a particular Action bean. This class is to
determine where the results of the Action will be sent once its processing is complete. We can specify
the action mapping in the configuration file called struts-config.xml. Struts framework creates
ActionMapping object from <ActionMapping> configuration element of struts-config.xml file
22. What tool/IDE/frameworks do you use to write code in a Struts 2 web application?
Ans: Mostly it is MyEclipse 9 which has excellent support for struts 2. Netbeans 7 has support for Struts
1 but not Struts 2. Other that the IDE one can also mention tools like DreamWeaver, Spring, Hibernate,
XMLSpy etc.
******What are the steps to migrate a web application written with Struts 1 to Struts 2?
Ans: This involves moving ActionForms of Struts1 to POJO properties of Struts 2. Converting Struts1
struts-config.xml to struts.xml of Struts2. Rewriting the Struts action classes for Struts 2.
23. ******The interceptors has the following life cycle.
1. Interceptor Object creation
2. initialization
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3. intercept
4. destroy
24. What is ActionServlet?
ActionServlet is a simple servlet which is the backbone of all Struts applications. It is the main
Controller component that handles client requests and determines which Action will process each
received request. It serves as an Action factory – creating specific Action classes based on user’s
request.
25. What is role of ActionServlet?
ActionServlet performs the role of Controller:
Process user requests
Determine what the user is trying to achieve according to the request
Pull data from the model (if necessary) to be given to the appropriate view,
Select the proper view to respond to the user
Delegates most of this grunt work to Action classes
Is responsible for initialization and clean-up of resources
26. Describe validate() and reset() methods ?
validate() : Used to validate properties after they have been populated; Called before FormBean is
handed to Action. Returns a collection of ActionError as ActionErrors. Following is the method
signature for the validate() method. publicActionErrors
validate(ActionMappingmapping,HttpServletRequestrequest)
reset(): reset() method is called by Struts Framework with each request that uses the defined
ActionForm. The purpose of this method is to reset all of the ActionForm's data members prior to the
new request values being set. public void reset() {}
27. What are the different kinds of actions in Struts?
The different kinds of actions in Struts are:
ForwardAction
IncludeAction
DispatchAction
LookupDispatchAction
SwitchAction
28. What is DispatchAction?
The DispatchAction class is used to group related actions into one class. Using this class, you can have
a method for each logical action compared than a single execute method. The DispatchAction
dispatches to one of the logical actions represented by the methods. It picks a method to invoke based on
an incoming request parameter. The value of the incoming parameter is the name of the method that the
DispatchAction will invoke.
29. How to use DispatchAction?
To use the DispatchAction, follow these steps :
Create a class that extends DispatchAction (instead of Action)
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In a new class, add a method for every function you need to perform on the service – The method has
the same signature as the execute() method of an Action class.
Do not override execute() method – Because DispatchAction class itself provides execute() method.
Add an entry to struts-config.xml
30. What is ForwardAction ?
Struts provides a built-in Action class called ForwardAction to avoid directly accessing the JSP. With
ForwardAction, the Struts Controller is still in the loop while navigating from PageA to PageB.
31. What is the use of ForwardAction?
The ForwardAction class is useful when you’re trying to integrate Struts into an existing application
that uses Servlets to perform business logic functions. You can use this class to take advantage of the
Struts controller and its functionality, without having to rewrite the existing Servlets. Use
ForwardAction to forward a request to another resource in your application, such as a Servlet that
already does business logic processing or even another JSP page. By using this predefined action, you
don’t have to write your own Action class. You just have to set up the struts-config file properly to use
ForwardAction.
32. What is IncludeAction?
The IncludeAction class is useful when you want to integrate Struts into an application that uses
Servlets. Use the IncludeAction class to include another resource in the response to the request being
processed.
What is the difference between ForwardAction and IncludeAction?
The difference is that you need to use the IncludeAction only if the action is going to be included by
another action or jsp. Use ForwardAction to forward a request to another resource in your application,
such as a Servlet that already does business logic processing or even another JSP page.
33. What is LookupDispatchAction?
The LookupDispatchAction is a subclass of DispatchAction. It does a reverse lookup on the resource
bundle to get the key and then gets the method whose name is associated with the key into the Resource
Bundle.
34. What is the use of LookupDispatchAction?
LookupDispatchAction is useful if the method name in the Action is not driven by its name in the
front end, but by the Locale independent key into the resource bundle. Since the key is always the
same, the LookupDispatchAction shields your application from the side effects of I18N.
35. What is difference between LookupDispatchAction and DispatchAction?
The difference between LookupDispatchAction and DispatchAction is that the actual method that gets
called in LookupDispatchAction is based on a lookup of a key value instead of specifying the method
name directly.
36. What is SwitchAction?
The SwitchAction class provides a means to switch from a resource in one module to another resource
in a different module. SwitchAction is useful only if you have multiple modules in your Struts
application. The SwitchAction class can be used as is, without extending.
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37. What is DynaActionForm?
A specialized subclass of ActionForm that allows the creation of form beans with dynamic sets of
properties (configured in configuration file), without requiring the developer to create a Java class for
each type of form bean.
38. What is difference between ActionForm and DynaActionForm?
An ActionForm represents an HTML form that the user interacts with over one or more pages. You will
provide properties to hold the state of the form with getters and setters to access them. Whereas, using
DynaActionForm there is no need of providing properties to hold the state. Instead these properties and
their type are declared in the struts-config.xml
The DynaActionForm bloats up the Struts config file with the xml based definition. This gets annoying
as the Struts Config file grow larger.
The DynaActionForm is not strongly typed as the ActionForm. This means there is no compile time
checking for the form fields. Detecting them at runtime is painful and makes you go through
redeployment.
ActionForm can be cleanly organized in packages as against the flat organization in the Struts Config
file.
ActionForm were designed to act as a Firewall between HTTP and the Action classes, i.e. isolate and
encapsulate the HTTP request parameters from direct use in Actions. With DynaActionForm, the
property access is no different than using request.getParameter( .. ).
DynaActionForm construction at runtime requires a lot of Java Reflection (Introspection) machinery
that can be avoided.

八、 Spring Interview Questions

1. ******What is IOC (or Dependency Injection)?

The basic concept of the Inversion of Control pattern (also known as dependency injection) is that
you do not create your objects but describe how they should be created. You don't directly connect
your components and services together in code but describe which services are needed by which
components in a configuration file. A container (in the case of the Spring framework, the IOC container)
is then responsible for hooking it all up.（i.e., Applying IoC, objects are given their dependencies at
creation time by some external entity that coordinates each object in the system. That is, dependencies
are injected into objects.） So, IoC means an inversion of responsibility with regard to how an object
obtains references to collaborating objects.
2. ******What are the different types of IOC (dependency injection) ?
There are 2 types of dependency injection spring support:
Constructor Injection (e.g. Pico container, Spring etc): Dependencies are provided as constructor
parameters.
Setter Injection (e.g. Spring): Dependencies are assigned through JavaBeans properties (ex: setter
methods).
Note: Spring supports only Constructor and Setter Injection
3. ******What are the benefits of IOC (Dependency Injection)? 就是 IOC 的优点
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Benefits of IOC (Dependency Injection) are as follows:
 Minimizes the amount of code: in your application. With IOC containers you do not care about how services are
created and how you get references to the ones you need. You can also easily add additional services by adding a
new constructor or a setter method with little or no extra configuration.
 Make your application more testable: by not requiring any singletons or JNDI lookup mechanisms in your unit
test cases. IOC containers make unit testing and switching implementations very easy by manually allowing you
to inject your own objects into the object under test.
 IOC containers support eager instantiation and lazy loading of services：Containers also provide support for
instantiation of managed objects, cyclical dependencies, life cycles management, and dependency resolution
between managed objects etc.
 Loose coupling: Components can add declaratively so we can add and remove the components without code
change.
 Not Required any singletons: Don't need to code for singleton class. Every class is by default singleton. you can
make not singleton by making singleton="false"
 No App Server Dependent ? like EJB JNDI Calls

4. ******What is Spring ?
Spring is an open source framework created to address the complexity of enterprise application
development. One of the chief advantages of the Spring framework is its layered architecture, which
allows you to be selective about which of its components you use while also providing a cohesive
framework for J2EE application development.
5. ******What are the advantages of Spring framework? Srping 的优点
The advantages of Spring are as follows:
 Spring has layered architecture. Use what you need and leave you don't need now.
 Spring Enables POJO Programming. There is no behind the scene magic here. POJO programming enables
continuous integration and testability.
 Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control Simplifies JDBC
 Open source and no vendor lock-in.
 Lightweight container
 No App Server Dependent. like EJB JNDI Calls
 Objects are created Lazily , Singleton - configuration
 Components can added Declaratively Initialization of properties is easy ? no need to read from properties file
 Declarative transaction, security and logging service – AOP application code is much easier to unit test
 With a Dependency Injection approach, dependencies are explicit, and evident in constructor or JavaBean
properties
 Spring's configuration management services can be used in any architectural layer, in whatever runtime
environment.
 Spring can effectively organize your middle tier objects
 not requires special deployment steps

6. ******How many modules are there in Spring? What are they?

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Spring comprises of
seven modules. They
are..
The core container:
The core container
provides the essential
functionality of the
Spring framework. A
primary component of
the core container is the
BeanFactory, an
implementation of the
Factory pattern. The
BeanFactory applies the
Inversion of Control
(IOC) pattern to separate
an application's
configuration and
dependency specification
from the actual
application code.
Spring context:
The Spring context is a configuration file that provides context information to the Spring framework.
The Spring context includes enterprise services such as JNDI, EJB, e-mail, internalization, validation,
and scheduling functionality.
Spring AOP:
The Spring AOP module integrates aspect-oriented programming functionality directly into the Spring
framework, through its configuration management feature. As a result you can easily AOP-enable any
object managed by the Spring framework. The Spring AOP module provides transaction management
services for objects in any Spring-based application. With Spring AOP you can incorporate declarative
transaction management into your applications without relying on EJB components.
Spring DAO:
The Spring JDBC DAO abstraction layer offers a meaningful exception hierarchy for managing the
exception handling and error messages thrown by different database vendors. The exception hierarchy
simplifies error handling and greatly reduces the amount of exception code you need to write, such as
opening and closing connections. Spring DAO's JDBC-oriented exceptions comply to its generic DAO
exception hierarchy.
Spring ORM:
The Spring framework plugs into several ORM(Object relational mapping) frameworks to provide its
Object Relational tool, including JDO, Hibernate, and iBatis SQL Maps. All of these comply to Spring's
generic transaction and DAO exception hierarchies.
Spring Web module:
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The Web context module builds on top of the application context module, providing contexts for
Web-based applications. As a result, the Spring framework supports integration with Jakarta Struts. The
Web module also eases the tasks of handling multi-part requests and binding request parameters to
domain objects.
Spring MVC framework:
The Model-View-Controller (MVC) framework is a full-featured MVC implementation for building
Web applications. The MVC framework is highly configurable via strategy interfaces and
accommodates numerous view technologies including JSP, Velocity, Tiles, iText, and POI.
7. ******What is Bean Factory ?
A BeanFactory is like a factory class that contains a collection of beans. The BeanFactory holds Bean
Definitions of multiple beans within itself and then instantiates the bean whenever asked for by clients.
BeanFactory is able to create associations between collaborating objects as they are instantiated. This
removes the burden（负担） of configuration from bean itself and the beans client.
BeanFactory also takes part in the life cycle of a bean, making calls to custom initialization and
destruction methods.
8. ******What is the typical Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container ?就是 spring 的生命周期
Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container is as follows:
The spring container finds the bean’s definition from the XML file and instantiates the bean.
Using the dependency injection, spring populates all of the properties as specified in the bean
definition
If the bean implements the BeanNameAware interface, the factory calls setBeanName() parsing the
bean’s ID.
If the bean implements the BeanFactoryAware interface, the factory calls setBeanFactory(), passing
an instance of itself.
If there are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean, their post- ProcessBeforeInitialization()
methods will be called.
If an init-method is specified for the bean, it will be called.
Finally, if there are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean, their
postProcessAfterInitialization() methods will be called.
What is ApplicationContext?
an applicationcontext is same as a bean factory. Both load bean definitions, wire beans together, and
dispense（免除） beans upon request. But it also provides:
A means for resolving text messages, including support for internationalization.
A generic way to load file resources.
Events to beans that are registered as listeners.
9. ******What is the difference between Bean Factory and ApplicationContext ?
On the surface, an application context is same as a bean factory. But application context offers much
more..
Application contexts provide a means for resolving(分解) text messages, including support for
internationalization of those messages.
Application contexts provide a generic way to load file resources, such as images.
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Application contexts can publish events to beans that are registered as listeners.
Certain operations on the container or beans in the container, which have to be handled in a
programmatic fashion with a bean factory, can be handled declaratively in an application context.
ResourceLoader support: Spring’s Resource interface is a flexible generic abstraction for handling
low-level resources. An application context itself is a ResourceLoader, Hence provides an application
with access to deployment-specific Resource instances.
MessageSource support: The application context implements MessageSource, an interface used to
obtain localized messages, with the actual implementation being pluggable
10. ******What are the common implementations of the ApplicationContext ?
The three commonly used implementation of 'ApplicationContext' are
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext : It Loads context definition from an XML file located in the
classpath, treating context definitions as classpath resources. The application context is loaded from the
application's classpath by using the code .ApplicationContext context = new
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean.xml");
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext : It loads context definition from an XML file in the filesystem.
The application context is loaded from the file system by using the code .ApplicationContext context =
new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("bean.xml");
XmlWebApplicationContext :It loads context definition from an XML file contained within a web
application.
How is a typical spring implementation look like ? spring 的一些成员
For a typical Spring Application we need the following files:
An interface that defines the functions.
An Implementation that contains properties, its setter and getter methods, functions etc.,
Spring AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming)
A XML file called Spring configuration file.
Client program that uses the function.
11. ******How to integrate your Struts application with Spring?
To integrate your Struts application with Spring, we have two options:
Configure Spring to manage your Actions as beans, using the ContextLoaderPlugin, and set their
dependencies in a Spring context file.
Subclass Spring's ActionSupport classes and grab your Spring-managed beans explicitly using a
getWebApplicationContext() method.
12. ******What do you mean by Bean wiring ?
The act of creating associations(关联) between application components (beans) within the Spring
container is referred to(被叫做) as Bean wiring.
13. ******What do you mean by AutoWiring?
The Spring container is able to autowire relationships between collaborating beans. This means that it
is possible to automatically let Spring resolve collaborators (other beans) for your bean by inspecting the
contents of the BeanFactory. The autowiring functionality has five modes. no , byname, byType,
constructor, autodirect
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What is DelegatingVariableResolver?
Spring provides a custom JavaServer Faces VariableResolver implementation that extends the standard
Java Server Faces managed beans mechanism which lets you use JSF and Spring together. This
variable resolver is called as DelegatingVariableResolver
14. How to integrate Java Server Faces (JSF) with Spring?
JSF and Spring do share some of the same features, most noticeably in the area of IOC services. By
declaring JSF managed-beans in the faces-config.xml configuration file, you allow the FacesServlet to
instantiate that bean at startup. Your JSF pages have access to these beans and all of their properties.We
can integrate JSF and Spring in two ways:
DelegatingVariableResolver: Spring comes with a JSF variable resolver that lets you use JSF and

Spring together.
The DelegatingVariableResolver will first delegate value lookups to the default resolver of the
underlying JSF implementation, and then to Spring's 'business context' WebApplicationContext. This
allows one to easily inject dependencies into one's JSF-managed beans.
FacesContextUtils:customVariableResolver works well when mapping one's properties to beans in
faces-config.xml, but at times one may need to grab a bean explicitly. The FacesContextUtils class
makes this easy. It is similar to WebApplicationContextUtils, except that it takes a FacesContext
parameter rather than a ServletContext parameter.
ApplicationContextctx =
FacesContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(FacesContext.getCurrentInstance());
15. What are ORM’s Spring supports ? orm 其实就是面向对象数据库
Spring supports the following ORM’s :
Hibernate ，iBatis, JPA (Java Persistence API) , TopLink, JDO (Java Data Objects) ,OJB
******What are the ways to access Hibernate using Spring ?
There are two approaches to Spring’s Hibernate integration:
Inversion of Control with a HibernateTemplate and Callback (ioc)
Extending HibernateDaoSupport and Applying an AOP Interceptor(dao)
16. ******How to integrate Spring and Hibernate using HibernateDaoSupport?
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Spring and Hibernate can integrate using Spring’s SessionFactory called LocalSessionFactory. The
integration process is of 3 steps.
Configure the Hibernate SessionFactory
Extend your DAO Implementation from HibernateDaoSupport
Wire in Transaction Support with AOP
17. What are Bean scopes in Spring Framework ?
If you are using ApplicationContext then five scopes (singleton, prototype, request, session,
globalsession) and if you are using BeanFactory then two(singleton, prototype)
Scope Description
singleton Scopes a single bean definition to a single object instance per Spring IoC container.
prototype Scopes a single bean definition to any number of object instances.
Scopes a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a single HTTP request; that is each
and every HTTP request will have its own instance of a bean created off the back of a
request
single bean definition. Only valid in the context of a web-aware Spring
ApplicationContext.
Scopes a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a HTTP Session. Only valid in the
session
context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext.
Scopes a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a global HTTP Session. Typically
global
only valid when used in a portlet context. Only valid in the context of a web-aware
session
Spring ApplicationContext.

18. ******What is AOP?

Aspect-oriented programming, or AOP, is a programming technique that allows programmers to
modularize crosscutting concerns, or behavior that cuts across the typical divisions of responsibility,
such as logging and transaction management. The core construct of AOP is the aspect, which
encapsulates behaviors affecting multiple classes into reusable modules. (crosscutting the functions and
set the cut point.)
19. ******How the AOP used in Spring?
AOP is used in the Spring Framework: To provide declarative enterprise services, especially as a
replacement for EJB declarative services. The most important such service is declarative transaction
management, which builds on the Spring Framework's transaction abstraction. To allow users to
implement custom aspects, complementing their use of OOP with AOP.
20. ******What do you mean by JointPoint?
A point during the execution of a program, such as the execution of a method or the handling of an
exception. In Spring AOP, a join point always represents a method execution.
21. ******What do you mean by Advice?

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Action taken by an aspect at a particular join point. Different types of advice include "around,"
"before" and "after" advice. Many AOP frameworks, including Spring, model an advice as an
interceptor, maintaining a chain of interceptors "around" the join point.
22. ******What are the types of Advice?
Types of advice:
Before advice: Advice that executes before a join point, but which does not have the ability to prevent
execution flow proceeding to the join point (unless it throws an exception).
After returning advice: Advice to be executed after a join point completes normally: for example, if a
method returns without throwing an exception.
After throwing advice: Advice to be executed if a method exits by throwing an exception.
After (finally) advice: Advice to be executed regardless of the means by which a join point exits
(normal or exceptional return).
Around advice: Advice that surrounds a join point such as a method invocation. This is the most
powerful kind of advice. Around advice can perform custom behavior before and after the method
invocation. It is also responsible for choosing whether to proceed to the join point or to shortcut the
advised method execution by returning its own return value or throwing an exception
What are the types of the transaction management Spring supports ?
Spring Framework supports:
Programmatic transaction management.
Declarative transaction management.
23. ******What are the benefits of the Spring Framework transaction management ? 事物管理的好处
The Spring Framework provides a consistent abstraction for transaction management that delivers the
following benefits:
Provides a consistent programming model across different transaction APIs such as JTA, JDBC,
Hibernate, JPA, and JDO.
Supports declarative transaction management.
Provides a simpler API for programmatic transaction management than a number of complex
transaction APIs such as JTA.
Integrates very well with Spring's various data access abstractions.
Why most users of the Spring Framework choose declarative transaction management ?
Most users of the Spring Framework choose declarative transaction management because it is the
option with the least impact on application code, and hence is most consistent with the ideals of a
non-invasive(非侵略) lightweight container.
24. Explain the similarities and differences between EJB CMT and the Spring Framework's declarative
transaction management ?
The basic approach is similar: it is possible to specify transaction behavior (or lack of it) down to
individual method level. It is possible to make a setRollbackOnly() call within a transaction context if
necessary.
The differences are:

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Unlike EJB CMT, which is tied to JTA, the Spring Framework's declarative transaction management
works in any environment. It can work with JDBC, JDO, Hibernate or other transactions under the
covers, with configuration changes only.
The Spring Framework enables declarative transaction management to be applied to any class, not
merely special classes such as EJBs.
The Spring Framework offers declarative rollback rules: this is a feature with no EJB equivalent. Both
programmatic and declarative support for rollback rules is provided.
The Spring Framework gives you an opportunity to customize transactional behavior, using AOP.
With EJB CMT, you have no way to influence the container's transaction management other than
setRollbackOnly().
The Spring Framework does not support propagation of transaction contexts across remote calls, as
do high-end application servers.
When to use programmatic and declarative transaction management ?
Programmatic transaction management is usually a good idea only if you have a small number of
transactional operations. On the other hand, if your application has numerous transactional operations,
declarative transaction management is usually worthwhile. It keeps transaction management out of
business logic, and is not difficult to configure.
25. ******Explain about the Spring DAO support ?
The Data Access Object (DAO). This allows one to switch between the persistence technologies fairly
easily and it also allows one to code without worrying about catching exceptions that are specific to
each technology.
26. What is Spring's JdbcTemplate ?
Spring's JdbcTemplate is central class to interact with a database through JDBC. JdbcTemplate
provides many convenience methods for doing things such as converting database data into primitives or
objects, executing prepared and callable statements, and providing custom database error handling.
JdbcTemplate template = new JdbcTemplate(myDataSource);
27. What is PreparedStatementCreator ?
PreparedStatementCreator:
Is one of the most common used interfaces for writing data to database; Has one method –
createPreparedStatement(Connection)
Responsible for creating a PreparedStatement ; Does not need to handle SQLExceptions.
28. What are the differences between EJB and Spring ?
Spring and EJB feature comparison.
Feature EJB Spring
Transaction Must use a JTA transaction Supports multiple transaction environments
management manager. through its PlatformTransactionManager
Supports transactions that span interface, including JTA, Hibernate, JDO, and
remote method calls. JDBC.
Does not natively support distributed

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transactions—it must be used with a JTA

transaction manager.
Declarative Can define transactions Can define transactions declaratively through
transaction declaratively through the the Spring configuration file or through class
support deployment descriptor. metadata.
Can define transaction behavior per Can define which methods to apply transaction
method or per class by using the behavior explicitly or by using regular
wildcard character *. expressions.
Cannot declaratively define Can declaratively define rollback behavior per
rollback behavior—this must be method and per exception type.
done programmatically.
Persistence Supports programmatic Provides a framework for integrating with
bean-managed persistence and several persistence technologies, including
declarative container managed JDBC, Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS.
persistence.
Declarative Supports declarative security No security implementation out-of-the box.
security through users and roles. The Acegi, an open source security framework built
management and implementation of on top of Spring, provides declarative security
users and roles is container through the Spring configuration file or class
specific. metadata.
Declarative security is configured
in the deployment descriptor.
Distributed Provides container-managed Provides proxying for remote calls via RMI,
computing remote method calls. JAX-RPC, and web services.

九、 Database Interview Questions & Answers

1. ******What is JDBC?
JDBC is a layer of abstraction that allows users to choose between databases. JDBC allows you to write
database applications in Java without having to concern yourself with the underlying details of a
particular database. JDBC API has two major packages java.sql and javax.sql.
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers available----
2. Type 1 Driver- the JDBC-ODBC bridge :
is a database driver implementation that the ODBC driver to connect to the database. The driver
converts JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls. The bridge is usually used when there is no
pure-Java driver available for a particular database. The driver is implemented in the
sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver class .The driver is platform-dependent as it makes use of ODBC
which in turn depends on native libraries of the operating system.
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Advantage :
Almost any database for which ODBC driver is installed, can be accessed.
Disadvantage :
a) Performance overhead since the calls have to go through the JDBC overhead bridge to the ODBC
driver.
b) The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine
c) considering the client-side software needed, this might not be suitable for applets.
3. Type 2 Driver - the Native-API Driver :
is a database driver implementation that uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver
converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API. The type 2 driver is not written
entirely in Java as it interfaces with non-Java code that makes the final database calls. A native-API
partly Java technology-enabled driver converts JDBC calls into calls on the client API for ORACLE,
DB2 or other . Note that, like the bridge driver, this style of driver requires that some binary code be
loaded on each client machine. However the type 2 driver provides more functionality and performance
than the type 1 driver as it does not have the overhead of the additional ODBC function calls.
Advantage:
Better performance than Type 1 since no jdbc to odbc translation is needed
Disadvantage :
a) The vendor client library needs to be installed on the client machine.
b) Cannot be used in internet due the client side software needed
c) Not all databases give the client side library
4. Type 3 driver - the Network-Protocol Driver:
is a database driver implementation which makes use of a middle-tier between the calling program and
the database. The middle-tier (application server) converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the
vendor-specific database protocol.
Advantages:
a) Since the communication between client and the middleware server is database independent, there is
no need for the vendor db library on the client machine.
b) The Middleware Server (Can be a full fledged J2EE Application server) can provide typical
middleware services like caching (connections, query results, and so on), load balancing etc.
Disadvantages :
a) Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
b) An extra layer added may result in a time-bottleneck
5. Type 4 - the Native-Protocol Driver :
is a database driver implementation that converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database
protocol. The type 4 driver is written completely in Java and is hence platform independent. It is
installed inside the Java Virtual Machine of the client. It provides better performance over the type 1 and
2 drivers as it does not have the overhead of conversion of calls into ODBC or database API calls.
Unlike the type 1 and 2 drivers, it does not need associated software to work..
Advantages :

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a) These drivers don't translate the requests into db request to ODBC or pass it to client api for the db,
nor do they need a middleware layer for request indirection. Thus the performance is considerably
improved.
b) Web application mainly used this driver.
Disadvantage:
At client side, a separate driver is needed for each database. ex- classes12.zip (for ORACLE)
6. ******What are the steps in the JDBC connection?
While making a JDBC connection we go through the following steps :
Step 1 : Register the database driver by using : Class.forName("driver classs for that specific
database\");
Step 2 : Now create a database connection using :
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
Step 3: Now Create a query using : Statement stmt = Connection.Statement(\"select * from EMP\");
Step 4 : Exceute the query : ResultSet rs = stmt.exceuteQuery();
7. What is Rowset ? CachedRowSet,JDBCRowSet and WebRowSet ?
A RowSet object is a java bean component and extends the ResultSet interface. The RowSet is
majorly classified into two types :
Connected Rowset :
The connected rowset as the name suggests in connected to the database connection object like the
resultset. The JDBCRowSet is the example of the connected RowSet.
2) Disconnected RowSet:
The disconnected RowSet only connects to the database whenever required and after finishing the
interaction they close the database connection
There are three types of RowSet :
A CachedRowSet class: a disconnected rowset that caches its data in memory; not suitable for very
large data sets, but an ideal way to provide thin Java clients.
A JDBCRowSet class: a connected rowset that serves mainly as a thin wrapper around a ResultSet
object to make a JDBC driver look like a JavaBeans component.
A WebRowSet class: a connected rowset that uses the HTTP protocol internally to talk to a Java servlet
that provides data access; used to make it possible for thin web clients to retrieve and possibly update a
set of rows.
8. ******what the difference between rowset and resultset ?
Both rowset and resultset is contains result data from executed query. But after connection close
resultset data will be lost. But in case of rowset you can get the data after connection close also.
What is Batch Updates Using Statements in JDBC ?
Batch Updates calls to database as a chunk. If you want to run more than one sql statement in a single
database call then you have to go for Batch Update. All Insert in single data base call and single
transaction ( if one fail the all fail)就是将多个语句放在一起执行
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(1,'Ram1')");
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(2,'Ram2')");
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stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(3,'Ram3')");
9. ******Handling Blob and CLOB data using JDBC ? Insert CLOB and Retrive CLOB , Convert into String ?
BLOB (Binary Large Objects ) and CLOB(Character large objects) are special datatypes and can hold
the large chunks of data in form of objects or text. Blob and Clob objects persist the data of the objects
into the database as a stream
10. ******What is PreparedStatement ?
PreparedStatement is precompiled statement. Fist time it compile the SQL query and next call it only
pass the parameter value and execute, in the same connection. PreparedStatement is not compiling
query every time. PreparedStatement is better for CLOB and BLOB object.
11. ******Difference between Statement , PreparedStatement and CallableStatement ? 主要是
preparedstatement 的优点也可以在这里看出
Statement : Statement every time compile the SQL and Execute.
PreparedStatement : If we are using PreparedStatement the execution time will be less. First time
RDBMS compile the SQL and PreparedStatement is executed then other calls doesn't compile the
SQL only execute the SQL within the connection live. you must use a PreparedStatement object if
you want to use large objects like BLOBs or CLOBs. PreparedStatement is its support for batching.
Objects can be reused with passing different values to the queries.
CallableStatement : CallableStatement is for call to a stored procedure.
12. ******What do mean by Connection pooling? 还有优点在里面
Opening and closing of database connections is a costly(resource intensive).So a pool of database
connections is obtained at start up by the application server and maintained in a pool. When there is a
request for a connection from the application, the application server gives the connection from the
pool and when closed by the application is returned back to the pool. Min and max size of the
connection pool is configurable. 优点是: This technique provides better handling of database
connectivity.
J2EE 服务器启动时会建立一定数量的池连接，并一直维持不少于此数目的池连接。客户端程序
需要连接时，池驱动程序会返回一个未使用的池连接并将其表记为忙。如果当前没有空闲连接，
池驱动程序就新建一定数量的连接，新建连接的数量有配置参数决定。当使用的池连接调用完成
后，池驱动程序将此连接表记为空闲，其他调用就可以使用这个连接。
13. ******What are the difference between Stored Procedure and Trigger in SQL Server? 这个曾经被问到过
1). trigger is run automatically if the event is occurred but s.p don't run automatically but you have to
run it manually
2). SP can pass the parameters which is not a case with Triggers.
3）.A Trigger can call the specific SP in it but the reverse is not true

存储过程 是执行一组 sql 语句，将一个复杂的操作过程放到一个 sp 里面，由数据库服务器

处理，提高运行的效率和保证数据的完整性。
触发器 是一个表数据的变更后通过触发器来修改与之相关联的其他表的数据，保证数据的
一致性。

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14. What is Metadata and why should I use it?
Metadata is information about one of two things: Database information (java.sql.DatabaseMetaData),
or Information about a specific ResultSet (java.sql.ResultSetMetaData). Use DatabaseMetaData to find
information about your database, such as its capabilities and structure. Use ResultSetMetaData to find
information about the results of an SQL query, such as size and types of columns
What will Class.forName do while loading drivers?
It is used to create an instance of a driver and register it with the DriverManager. When you have
loaded a driver, it is available for making a connection with a DBMS
15. ******What is Dirty read?
A has changed a row, but has not committed the changes. B reads the uncommitted data but his view of
the data may be wrong if A rolls back his changes and updates his own changes to the database. 就是
一个改了数据没有确定，然后回滚了，但是在回滚前数据已经被别人读了，就会出现 dirty read。
What is Single-Phase Commit ?
If only a single resource (database) is enlisted in the transaction, you can use single-phase commit.
就是直接发送 commit 完事
What is two-phase commit?
Two-phase commit is a transaction protocol designed for the complications that arise with distributed
resource managers. With a two-phase commit protocol, the distributed transaction manager employs
a coordinator to manage the individual resource managers.是先发送 prepare，然后客户回复 ok，然后
再发送 commit；如果客户不回复，就发送 rollback。
什么情况下使用：When a transaction involves multiple distributed resources, for example, a
database server on each of two different network hosts, the commit process is somewhat complex
because the transaction includes operations that span two distinct software systems, each with its own
resource manager, log records, and so on. (In this case, the distributed resources are the database
servers.)
16. ******The five Normal Forms
First Normal Form: ‘A relation R is in first normal form (1NF) if and only if all underlying domains
contain atomic values only.’ 每个项不可再分
Second Normal Form: ‘A relation R is in second normal form (2NF) if and only if it is in 1NF and
every nonkey attribute is fully dependent on the primary key.’ 拥有主键
Third Normal Form : ‘A relation R is in third normal form (3NF) if and only if it is in 2NF and every
nonkey attribute is nontransitively dependent on the primary key.’ 两个表中的非主键项不能再另外一
个表里也出现
Boyce/Codd Normal Form : ‘A relation R is in Boyce/Codd normal form (BCNF) if and only if every
determinant is a candidate key.’ 基于第三范式，
第一范式（1NF）：字段具有原子性,不可再分。所有关系型数据库系统都满足第一范式）
数据库表中的字段都是单一属性的，不可再分。例如，姓名字段，其中的姓和名必须作为一
个整体，无法区分哪部分是姓，哪部分是名，如果要区分出姓和名，必须设计成两个独立的字
段。
第二范式（2NF）：

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第二范式（2NF）是在第一范式（1NF）的基础上建立起来的，即满足第二范式（2NF）必须先满
足第一范式（1NF）。要求数据库表中的每个实例或行必须可以被惟一地区分。通常需要为表加
上一个列，以存储各个实例的惟一标识。这个惟一属性列被称为主关键字或主键。第二范式
（2NF）要求实体的属性完全依赖于主关键字。所谓完全依赖是指不能存在仅依赖主关键字一部
分的属性，如果存在，那么这个属性和主关键字的这一部分应该分离出来形成一个新的实体，新
实体与原实体之间是一对多的关系。为实现区分通常需要为表加上一个列，以存储各个实例的惟
一标识。简而言之，第二范式就是非主属性非部分依赖于主关键字。
第三范式的要求如下：
满足第三范式（3NF）必须先满足第二范式（2NF）。简而言之，第三范式（3NF）要求一个数据
库表中不包含已在其它表中已包含的非主关键字信息。
所以第三范式具有如下特征：
1，每一列只有一个值
2，每一行都能区分。
3，每一个表都不包含其他表已经包含的非主关键字信息。
例如，帖子表中只能出现发帖人的 id，而不能出现发帖人的 id，还同时出现发帖人姓名，否则，
只要出现同一发帖人 id 的所有记录，它们中的姓名部分都必须严格保持一致，这就是数据冗
余。
BC 范式
在第三范式的基础上，数据库表中如果不存在任何字段对任一候选关键字段的传递函数依赖则符
合第三范式。
假设仓库管理关系表为 StorehouseManage(仓库 ID, 存储物品 ID, 管理员 ID, 数量)，且有一个管
理员只在一个仓库工作；一个仓库可以存储多种物品。这个数据库表中存在如下决定关系：
(仓库 ID, 存储物品 ID) →(管理员 ID, 数量)
(管理员 ID, 存储物品 ID) → (仓库 ID, 数量)
所以，(仓库 ID, 存储物品 ID)和(管理员 ID, 存储物品 ID)都是 StorehouseManage 的候选关键字，
表中的唯一非关键字段为数量，它是符合第三范式的。但是，由于存在如下决定关系：
(仓库 ID) → (管理员 ID)
(管理员 ID) → (仓库 ID)
即存在关键字段决定关键字段的情况，所以其不符合 BCNF 范式。它会出现如下异常情况：
(1) 删除异常：
当仓库被清空后，所有”存储物品 ID”和”数量”信息被删除的同时，”仓库 ID”和”管理员 ID”信息也
被删除了。
(2) 插入异常：
当仓库没有存储任何物品时，无法给仓库分配管理员。
(3) 更新异常：
如果仓库换了管理员，则表中所有行的管理员 ID 都要修改。
把仓库管理关系表分解为二个关系表：
仓库管理：StorehouseManage(仓库 ID, 管理员 ID)；
仓库：Storehouse(仓库 ID, 存储物品 ID, 数量)。
这样的数据库表是符合 BCNF 范式的，消除了删除异常、插入异常和更新异常。
17. ******Optimization table design 数据库优化
用 PreparedStatement
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Foreign Key will affect the performance of inserting and delete. Do not use they as possible.
Allow property redundancy. Eg: one message’s reply number and time can be existed in several tables.
Using index
18. ******Union 和 Union All 区别
UNION：The UNION command is used to select related information from two tables, much like the
JOIN command. However, when using the UNION command all selected columns need to be of the
same data type. With UNION, only distinct values are selected.在进行表链接后会筛选掉重复的记录，
所以在表链接后会对所产生的结果集进行排序运算，删除重复的记录再返回结果。实际大部分应
用中是不会产生重复的记录，最常见的是过程表与历史表 UNION。
UNION ALL：The UNION ALL command is equal to the UNION command, except that UNION
ALL selects all values.只是简单的将两个结果合并后就返回。这样，如果返回的两个结果集中有
重复的数据，那么返回的结果集就会包含重复的数据了。
A UNION statement effectively does a SELECT DISTINCT on the results set. If you know that all the
records returned are unique from your union, use UNION ALL instead, it gives faster results.从效率上
说，UNION ALL 要比 UNION 快很多，所以，如果可以确认合并的两个结果集中不包含重复的
数据的话，那么就使用 UNION ALL，
19. ******Several ways for Pagination
取出 sql 表中第 31 到 40 的记录（以自动增长 ID 为主键）
sql server 方案：select top 10 * from t where id not in (select top 30 id from t order by id ) orde by id
oracle 方案：select * from (select rownum r,* from t where r<=40) where r>30
20. Inner Join vs. Left Outer Join vs. Right Outer Join vs. Full Outer Join

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left join right

join

Inner
join

Full out
join

十、 Hibernate Interview Questions

1. ******What is ORM ?
ORM stands for object/relational mapping. ORM is the automated persistence of objects in a Java
application to the tables in a relational database.
2. What is Hibernate?
Hibernate is a pure Java object-relational mapping (ORM) and persistence framework that allows
you to map plain old Java objects to relational database tables using (XML) configuration files. Its
purpose is to relieve the developer from a significant amount of relational data persistence-related
programming tasks.
3. ******What are the Instance states in Hibernate? 就是 Hibernate session 的生命周期 life cycle
 Transient: The instance is not, and has never been associated with any persistence context. It has no persistent
identity (primary key value). 使用 new 操作符初始化的对象不是立刻就持久的。它们的状态是瞬时的，也就
是说它们没有任何跟数据库表相关联的行为，只要应用不再引用这些对象（不再被任何其它对象所引用） ，
它们的状态将会丢失，并由垃圾回收机制回收。
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 Persistent: The instance is currently associated with a persistence context. It has a persistent identity (primary
key value) and, perhaps, a corresponding row in the database. For a particular persistence context, Hibernate
guarantees that persistent identity is equivalent to Java identity (in-memory location of the object). 持久实例是
任何具有数据库标识的实例。它有持久化管理器 Session 统一管理，持久实例是在事务中进行操作的——它
们的状态在事务结束时同数据库进行同步。当事务提交时，通过执行 SQL 的 INSERT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 语
句把内存中的状态同步到数据库中。
 Detached: The instance was once associated with a persistence context, but that context was closed, or the
Instance was serialized to another process. It has a persistent identity and, perhaps, a corresponding row in the
database. For detached instances, Hibernate makes no guarantees about the relationship between persistent
dentity and Java identity. Session 关闭之后，持久化对象就变为离线对象。离线表示这个对象不能再与数据
库保持同步，它们不再受 Hibernate 管理。

4. ******What is the advantage of Hibernate over jdbc? (这里可以说是 Hibernate 的优点)

Hibernate Vs. JDBC :-
1) Hibernate is data base independent, your code will work for all ORACLE,MySQL ,SQLServeretc.
JDBC query must be data base specific.
2) As Hibernate is set of Objects , you don’t need to learn SQL language. You can treat TABLE as a
Object . Only Java knowledge is need. JDBC you need to learn SQL.
3) Don’t need Query tuning in case of Hibernate. If you use Criteria Quires in Hibernate then
hibernate automatically tuned your query and return best result with performance. In case of JDBC you
need to tune your queries.
4) You will get benefit of Cache. Hibernate support two level of cache. First level and 2nd level. So
you can store your data into Cache for better performance. In case of JDBC you need to implement your
java cache .
5) Hibernate supports Query cache and It will provide the statistics about your query and database
status. JDBC Not provides any statistics.
6) Development fast in case of Hibernate because you don’t need to write queries
7) No need to create any connection pool in case of Hibernate. You can use c3p0. In case of JDBC
you need to write your own connection pool
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8) In the xml file you can see all the relations between tables in case of Hibernate. Easy readability.
9) You can load your objects on start up using lazy=false in case of Hibernate. JDBC Don’t have
such support.
10 ) Hibernate Supports automatic versioning of rows but JDBC Not
5. ******What is the general flow of Hibernate communication with RDBMS? 与远程数据库交互的工作流
The general flow of Hibernate communication with RDBMS is :
 Load the Hibernate configuration file and create configuration object. It will automatically load all hbm mapping
files
 Create session factory from configuration object
 Get one session from this session factory
 Create HQL Query
 Execute query to get list containing Java objects

6. ******Difference between getCurrentSession() and openSession() in Hibernate ?

 getCurrentSession() : A Session is opened when getCurrentSession() is called for the first time and closed when
the transaction ends. It is also flushed automatically before the transaction commits. You can call
getCurrentSession() as often and anywhere you want as long as the transaction runs.如果有 session 就用这个存
在的 session，如果没有就新建一个 session
 openSession() : If you decide to use manage the Session yourself the go for sf.openSession() , you have to flush()
and close() it. It does not flush and close() automatically.

7. Why do you need ORM tools like hibernate?

The main advantage of ORM like hibernate is that it shields developers from messy SQL. Apart from
this, ORM provides following benefits:
Improved productivity, High-level object-oriented API , Less Java code to write , No SQL to write ,
Improved performance, Sophisticated caching , Lazy loading , Eager loading , Improved maintainability,
A lot less code to writej , Improved portability, ORM framework generates database-specific SQL for
you ,
8. What is the need for Hibernate xml mapping file?

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Hibernate mapping file tells Hibernate which tables and columns to use to load and store objects.
Typical mapping file look as follows:

9. What are the most common methods of Hibernate configuration?

The most common methods of Hibernate configuration are:
 Programmatic configuration
 XML configuration (hibernate.cfg.xml)

10. What are the important tags of hibernate.cfg.xml?

Following are the important tags of hibernate.cfg.xml:

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11. What are the Core interfaces are of Hibernate framework?
The five core interfaces are used in just about every Hibernate application. Using these interfaces, you
can store and retrieve persistent objects and control transactions.
Session interface, SessionFactory interface , Configuration interface , Transaction interface , Query and
Criteria interfaces
12. What role does the Session interface play in Hibernate?
The Session interface is the primary interface used by Hibernate applications. It is a single-threaded,
short-lived object representing a conversation between the application and the persistent store. It allows
you to create query objects to retrieve persistent objects.Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Session interface role:
Wraps a JDBC connection
Factory for Transaction
Holds a mandatory (first-level) cache of persistent objects, used when navigating the object graph or
looking up objects by identifier
13. What role does the SessionFactory interface play in Hibernate?
The application obtains Session instances from a SessionFactory. There is typically a single
SessionFactory for the whole application during application initialization. The SessionFactory caches
generate SQL statements and other mapping metadata that Hibernate uses at runtime. It also holds
cached data that has been read in one unit of work and may be reused in a future unit of work
SessionFactorysessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
14. What is Hibernate Query Language (HQL)?
Hibernate offers a query language that embodies a very powerful and flexible mechanism to query,
store, update, and retrieve objects from a database. This language, the Hibernate query Language
(HQL), is an object-oriented extension to SQL.
15. How do you map Java Objects with Database tables?
First we need to write Java domain objects (beans with setter and getter).
Write hbm.xml, where we map java class to table and database columns to Java class variables.
16. ******What’s the difference between load() and get()? 这个问题经常问
load() vs. get() :-
load() get()
Only use the load() method if you are sure that the If you are not sure that the object exists,
object exists. then use one of the get() methods.

load() method will throw an exception if the unique get() method will return null if the unique
id is not found in the database. id is not found in the database.

load() just returns a proxy by default and database

get() will hit the database immediately.
won’t be hit until the proxy is first invoked.

17. What is the difference between merge and update ?

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Use update() if you are sure that the session does not contain an already persistent instance with the
same identifier, and merge() if you want to merge your modifications at any time without consideration
of the state of the session.
18. Define cascade and inverse option in one-many mapping?
 cascade - enable operations to cascade to child
entities.cascade="all|none|save-update|delete|all-delete-orphan"
 inverse - mark this collection as the "inverse" end of a bidirectional
association.inverse="true|false" Essentially "inverse" indicates which end of a relationship should be ignored,
so when persisting a parent who has a collection of children, should you ask the parent for its list of children, or
ask the children who the parents are?

19. What are the benefits does HibernateTemplate provide?

The benefits of HibernateTemplateare :
 HibernateTemplate, a Spring Template class simplifies interactions with Hibernate Session.
 Common functions are simplified to single method calls.
 Sessions are automatically closed.
 Exceptions are automatically caught and converted to runtime exceptions.

20. How do you switch between relational databases without code changes?
Using Hibernate SQL Dialects , we can switch databases. Hibernate will generate appropriate hql
queries based on the dialect defined.
21. What are derived properties?
The properties that are not mapped to a column, but calculated at runtime by evaluation of an
expression are called derived properties. The expression can be defined using the formula attribute of the
element.
22. What is component mapping in Hibernate?
A component is an object saved as a value, not as a reference
A component can be saved directly without needing to declare interfaces or identifier properties
Required to define an empty constructor
Shared references not supported
Example:

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23. What is the difference between sorted and ordered collection in hibernate?
sorted collection vs. order collection :-
sorted collection order collection
A sorted collection is sorting a collection by
utilizing the sorting features provided by the Java
Order collection is sorting a collection by
collections framework. The sorting occurs in the
specifying the order-by clause for sorting this
memory of JVM which running Hibernate, after
collection when retrieval.
the data being read from database using java
comparator.

If your collection is not large, it will be more If your collection is very large, it will be more
efficient way to sort it. efficient way to order it .

24. What are the Collection types in Hibernate ?

Bag ; Set ; List ; Array ; Map
25. What is Hibernate proxy?
The proxy attribute enables lazy initialization of persistent instances of the class. Hibernate will
initially return CGLIB proxies which implement the named interface. The actual persistent object will
be loaded when a method of the proxy is invoked.
26. How can Hibernate be configured to access an instance variable directly and not through a setter method ?
By mapping the property with access="field" in Hibernate metadata(元数据). This forces hibernate to
bypass the setter method and access the instance variable directly while initializing a newly loaded
object.
27. How can a whole class be mapped as immutable（不变的）?
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Mark the class as mutable="false" (Default is true),. This specifies that instances of the class are (not)
mutable. Immutable classes, may not be updated or deleted by the application.
28. What is the use of dynamic-insert and dynamic-update attributes in a class mapping?
Criteria（标准） is a simplified API for retrieving entities by composing（组成） Criterion objects. This
is a very convenient approach for functionality like "search" screens where there is a variable number of
conditions to be placed upon the result set.
dynamic-update (defaults to false): Specifies that UPDATE SQL should be generated at runtime and
contain only those columns whose values have changed
dynamic-insert (defaults to false): Specifies that INSERT SQL should be generated at runtime and
contain only the columns whose values are not null.
29. What do you mean by fetching（抓取） strategy（策略） ?
A fetching strategy is the strategy Hibernate will use for retrieving associated objects if the
application needs to navigate the association. Fetch strategies may be declared in the O/R mapping
metadata, or over-ridden by a particular HQL or Criteria query.
30. What is automatic dirty checking?
Automatic dirty checking is a feature that saves us the effort of explicitly asking Hibernate to update
the database when we modify the state of an object inside a transaction.
31. What is transactional write-behind?
Hibernate uses a sophisticated algorithm to determine an efficient ordering that avoids database
foreign key constraint violations but is still sufficiently predictable to the user. This feature is called
transactional write-behind.
32. What are Callback interfaces?
Callback interfaces allow the application to receive a notification when something interesting
happens to an object—for example, when an object is loaded, saved, or deleted. Hibernate applications
don't need to implement these callbacks, but they're useful for implementing certain kinds of generic
functionality.
33. What are the differences between EJB 3.0 & Hibernate
Hibernate Vs EJB 3.0 :-
Hibernate EJB 3.0
Persistence Context-Set of entities that can be
Session–Cache or collection of loaded objects
managed by a given EntityManager is defined
relating to a single unit of work
by a persistence unit

XDoclet Annotations used to support Attribute Java 5.0 Annotations used to support Attribute
Oriented Programming Oriented Programming

Defines HQL for expressing queries to the

Defines EJB QL for expressing queries
database

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Supports Entity Relationships through mapping Support Entity Relationships through Java 5.0
files and annotations in JavaDoc annotations

Provides a Persistence Manager API exposed via Provides and Entity Manager Interface for
the Session, Query, Criteria, and Transaction API managing CRUD operations for an Entity

Provides callback support through lifecycle, Provides callback support through Entity
interceptor, and validatable interfaces Listener and Callback methods

Entity Relationships are unidirectional.

Entity Relationships are bidirectional or
Bidirectional relationships are implemented by
unidirectional
two unidirectional relationships

34. ******Difference between session.save() , session.saveOrUpdate() and session.persist()?

 session.save() : Save does an insert and will fail if the primary key is already persistent.
 session.saveOrUpdate() : saveOrUpdate does a select first to determine if it needs to do an insert or an update.
Insert data if primary key not exist otherwise update data.
 session.persist() : Does the same like session.save().
But session.save() return Serializable object but session.persist() return void. session.save() returns
the generated identifier (Serializable object) and session.persist() doesn't.
35. ******What is lazy fetching in Hibernate? 就是延迟加载
Lazy fetching decides whether to load child objects while loading the Parent Object. You need to do
this setting respective hibernate mapping file of the parent class. Lazy = true (means not to load child)
By default the lazy loading of the child objects is true. This make sure that the child objects are not
loaded unless they are explicitly invoked in the application by calling getChild() method on parent. 延
迟加载就是当在真正需要数据的时候，才真正执行数据加载操作
36. How to prevent concurrent update in Hibernate?
version checking used in hibernate when more then one thread trying to access same data. Hibernate
autumatically create/update the version number when you update/insert any row in the table
37. What are the general considerations or best practices for defining your Hibernate persistent classes?
1) You must have a default no-argument constructor(非参数构造函数) for your persistent classes and there should
be getXXX() (i.e accessor/getter) and setXXX( i.e. mutator/setter) methods for all your persistable instance
variables.
2) You should implement the equals() and hashCode() methods based on your business key and it is important not
to use the id field in your equals() and hashCode() definition if the id field is a surrogate key (i.e. Hibernate
managed identifier). This is because the Hibernate only generates and sets the field when saving the object.
3） It is recommended to implement the Serializable interface. This is potentially useful if you want to migrate
around a multi-processor cluster.
4）The persistent class should not be final because if it is final then lazy loading cannot be used by
creating proxy objects.
38. Difference between session.update() and session.lock() in Hibernate ?

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 Both of these methods and saveOrUpdate() method are intended for reattaching a detached object.
The session.lock() method simply reattaches the object to the session without checking or updating the
database on the assumption that the database in sync with the detached object. It is the best practice to
use either session.update(..) or session.saveOrUpdate()（上面情况用 update）. Use session.lock() only
if you are absolutely sure that the detached object is in sync with your detached object or if it does not
matter because you will be overwriting all the columns that would have changed later on within the
same transaction.
39. Difference between list() and iterate() in Hibernate?
If instances are already be in the session or second-level cache iterate() will give better performance.
If they are not already cached, iterate() will be slower than list() and might require many database hits
for a simple query.
40. What does session.refresh() do
It is possible to re-load an object and all its collections at any time, using the refresh() method. This is
useful when database triggers are used to initialize some of the properties of the object
41. What is the main difference between Entity Beans and Hibernate （可以看做是 Hibernate 和 EJB 的区别）
1) In Entity Bean at a time we can interact with only one data Base. Where as in Hibernate we can able to
establishes the connections to more than One Data Base. Only thing we need to write one more configuration file.
2) EJB need container like Weblogic, WebSphare but hibernate don't need. It can be run on tomcat.
3） Entity Beans does not support OOPS concepts where as Hibernate does.
4) Hibernate supports multi level caching, where as Entity Beans doesn't.
5) In Hibernate C3P0 can be used as a connection pool.
6) Hibernate is container independent. EJB not.

十一、 EJB Interview Questions & Answers

1. ******What are Enterprise Java Beans? 什么是 EJB

Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) is a specification which defines component architecture for developing
distributed systems. Applications written using the Enterprise JavaBeans architecture are reusable,
scalable, transactional, and secure. Enterprise Java Bean's allow the developer to only focus on
implementing the business logic of the application.
2. ******How many types of Enterprise beans are there and what are they?
There are 2 types EJB's and they are:
1. Session Bean's
2. Message Driven Bean's(MDB's)
3. How many types of Entity beans are there and what are they?
There are 2 types Entity bean's and they are:
1. Container Managed Persistence(CMP) Entity Bean's
2. Bean Managed Persistence(BMP) Entity Bean's

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4. ******How many types of Session beans are there and what are they? 还有 stateless sessionbean 和 stateful
sessionbean 的区别
There are 2 types Session bean's and they are:
1. Statefull Session Bean's
2. Stateless Session Bean's
a) Stateful beans are also Persistent session beans. They are designed to service business processes that
span multiple method requests or transactions.
Stateless beans are designed to service business process that last only for a single method call or
request.

b) Stateful session beans remembers the previous requests and reponses.

Stateless session beans do not remember the previous request and responses.

c)Stateful session beans does not have pooling concept.

Stattless session bean instances are pooled.

d) Stateful S.Beans can retain their state on behave of an individual client.

Stateless S.Beans donot maintain states.

e) Stateful S.Beans can be passivated and reuses them for many clients.
Stateless S.Beans, client specific data has to be pushed to the bean for each method invocation which
result in increase of network traffic.

Session Bean 还可以再细分为 Stateful Session Bean 与 Stateless Session Bean ，这两种的
Session Bean 都可以将系统逻辑放在 method 之中执行，不同的是 Stateful Session Bean 可以记
录呼叫者的状态，因此通常来说，一个使用者会有一个相对应的 Stateful Session Bean 的实体。
Stateless Session Bean 虽然也是逻辑组件，但是他却不负责记录使用者状态，也就是说当使用者
呼叫 Stateless Session Bean 的时候，EJB Container 并不会找寻特定的 Stateless Session Bean 的
实体来执行这个 method。换言之，很可能数个使用者在执行某个 Stateless Session Bean 的
methods 时，会是同一个 Bean 的 Instance 在执行。从内存方面来看， Stateful Session Bean 与
Stateless Session Bean 比较， Stateful Session Bean 会消耗 J2EE Server 较多的内存，然而
Stateful Session Bean 的优势却在于他可以维持使用者的状态。
******The life cycle of EJB 这个就是 ejb 所有的生命周期
5. The Life Cycle of a Stateful Session Bean
a) The client initiates the life cycle by obtaining a reference to a stateful session bean. B)The container
performs any dependency injection and then invokes the method annotated with @PostConstruct, if any. c)
The bean is now ready to have its business methods invoked by the client. d) While in the ready stage,
the EJB container may decide to deactivate, or passivate, the bean by moving it from memory to
secondary storage. E)The EJB container invokes the method annotated @PrePassivate, if any,
immediately before passivating it. f) If a client invokes a business method on the bean while it is in the
passive stage, the EJB container activates the bean, calls the method annotated @PostActivate, if any, and
then moves it to the ready stage. g)the client invokes a method annotated @Remove, and the EJB
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container calls the method annotated @PreDestroy, if any. The bean’s instance is then ready for garbage
collection.

The Life Cycle of a Stateless Session Bean

a)The client initiates the life cycle by obtaining a reference to a stateless session bean. B) The
container performs any dependency injection and then invokes the method annotated @PostConstruct, if
any. C)The bean is now ready to have its business methods invoked by the client. D)the EJB container
calls the method annotated @PreDestroy, if any. The bean’s instance is then ready for garbage collection.

The Life Cycle of a Message-Driven Bean

a)The EJB container usually creates a pool of message-driven bean instances. For each instance, the
EJB container performs these tasks: b)If the message-driven bean uses dependency injection, the
container injects these references before instantiating the instance. c)The container calls the method
annotated @PostConstruct, if any.
Like a stateless session bean, a message-driven bean is never passivated, and it has only two states:
nonexistent and ready to receive messages. D) the container calls the method annotated @PreDestroy, if
any. The bean’s instance is then ready for garbage collection.

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6. ******How is a enterprise bean different from a java bean?

Both the enterprise bean and the java bean are designed to be highly reusable. But other than being
reusable there is no similarity between them. Java bean is mostly a simple client-side component
whereas enterprise bean is a complex server side component.
What's difference between httpsession and EJB session bean ?
A session in a Servlet, is maintained by the Servlet Container through the HttpSession object, that is
acquired through the request object. You cannot really instantiate a new HttpSession object, and it
doesn't contains any business logic, but is more of a place where to store objects.
A session in EJB is maintained using the SessionBeans. You design beans that can contain business
logic, and that can be used by the clients. You have two different session beans: Stateful and Stateless.
The first one is somehow connected with a single client. It maintains the state for that client, can be used
only by that client and when the client "dies" then the session bean is "lost".
7. How many java files should a developer code to develop a session bean?
3 java files has to be provided by the developer. They are:
1) an Home Interface
2) a Remote Interface
3) And a Session Bean implementation class.
8. Explain the role of Home Interface.
Home interface contains factory methods for locating, creating and removing instances of EJB's.

9. Explain the role of Remote Interface.

Remote interface defines the business methods callable by a client. All methods defined in the remote interface must
throw RemoteException.

10. What is the need for a separate Home interface and Remote Interface. Can't they be defined in one
interface?
EJB doesn't allow the client to directly communicate with an enterprise bean. The client has to use home
and remote interfaces for any communication with the bean. The Home Interface is for communicating
with the container for bean's life cycle operations like creating, locating,removing one or more beans.
While the remote interface is used for remotely accessing the business methods.
11. What are callback methods?
Callback methods are bean's methods, which are called by the container. These are called to notify the bean, of it's
life cycle events.

12. How will you make a session bean as stateful or stateless?

We have to specify the it in the deployment descriptor(ejb-jar.xml) using tag.
13. What is meant by Activation?
The process of transferring an enterprise bean from secondary storage to memory.
14. What is meant by Passivation?
The process of transferring an enterprise bean from memory to secondary storage.
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15. What is a re-entrant Entity Bean?
An re-entrant Entity Bean is one that can handle multiple simultaneous, interleaved, or nested
invocations which will not interfere with each other.
16. What is an EJBContext?
EJBContext is an object that allows an enterprise bean to invoke services provided by the container
and to obtain the information about the caller of a client-invoked method.
17. Explain the role of EJB Container?
EJB Container implements the EJB component contract of the J2EE architecture. It provides a runtime
environment for enterprise beans that includes security, concurrency, life cycle management,
transactions, deployment, naming, and other services. An EJB Container is provided by an EJB Server.
18. What are Entity Bean's?
Entity Bean is an enterprise bean that represents persistent data maintained in a database. An entity bean
can manage its own persistence or can delegate this function to its container. An entity bean is identified
by a primary key. If the container in which an entity bean is hosted crashes, the entity bean, its primary
key, and any remote references survive the crash.
19. What is a Primary Key?
Primary Key is an object that uniquely identifies an entity bean within a home.
20. What is a Deployment Descriptor?
Deployment Descriptor is a XML file provided with each module and application that describes how
they should be deployed. The deployment descriptor directs a deployment tool to deploy a module or
application with specific container options and describes specific configuration requirements that a
deployer must resolve.
21. ******What are the difference's between a Local Interface and a Remote Interface?
Local Interfaces are new mechanism introduced in EJB 2.0 specification which enables components in the same
container to bypass RMI and call each other's methods directly. In general, direct local method calls are faster than
remote method calls. The downside is a loss of flexibility: because bean and client must run in the same container, the
location of the bean is not transparent to the client (as it is with remote interfaces). remote interfaces pass
parameters by value, while local interfaces pass them by reference.

22. What is a transaction?

A transaction is a sequence of operations that must all complete successfully, or leave system in the
state it had been before the transaction started.
23. ******Explain about ACID properties of a transaction?
ACID is the acronym for the four properties guaranteed by transactions: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and
durability.
Atomic : All or nothing. If a transaction is interrupted, all previous steps within that transaction are
undone.
Consistent : The state of objects and/or the state of tables within a database move from one consistent
state to another consistent state.
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Isolated : What happens within one transaction should not affect or be visible within another transaction.
Durable : The effects of a transaction are persistent.
24. What are container managed transactions?
In an enterprise bean with container-managed transactions, the EJB container sets the boundaries of
the transactions. You can use container-managed transactions with any type of enterprise bean:
session, entity, or message-driven. Container-managed transactions simplify development because the
enterprise bean code does not explicitly mark the transaction's boundaries. The code does not include
statements that begin and end the transaction.
25. What are bean managed transactions?
For bean-managed transactions, the bean specifies transaction demarcations using methods in the
javax.transaction.UserTransaction interface. Bean-managed transactions include any stateful or stateless
session beans with a transaction-type set to Bean. Entity beans cannot use bean-managed transactions.
For stateless session beans, the entering and exiting transaction contexts must match. For stateful session
beans, the entering and exiting transaction contexts may or may not match. If they do not match, EJB
container maintains associations between the bean and the nonterminated transaction. Session beans
with bean-managed transactions cannot use the setRollbackOnly and getRollbackOnly methods of the
javax.ejb.EJBContext interface.
26. What is the difference between container managed and bean managed transaction?
In container-managed transaction, the transaction boundaries are defined by the container while in
bean managed transaction, the transaction boundaries are defined by the bean. Entity Beans
transactions are always container managed.
27. What is the difference between Container-Managed Persistent (CMP) bean and Bean-Managed
Persistent(BMP) ?
Container-managed persistence(CMP) beans are the simplest for the bean developer to create and the
most difficult for the EJB server to support. This is because all the logic for synchronizing the bean's
state with the database is handled automatically by the container. This means that the bean developer
doesn't need to write any data access logic, while the EJB server is supposed to take care of all the
persistence needs automatically. With CMP, the container manages the persistence of the entity bean. A
CMP bean developer doesn't need to worry about JDBC code and transactions, because the
Container performs database calls and transaction management instead of the programmer. Vendor
tools are used to map the entity fields to the database and absolutely no database access code is written
in the bean class. All table mapping is specified in the deployment descriptor.
The bean-managed persistence (BMP) enterprise bean manages synchronizing its state with the
database as directed by the container. The bean uses a database API to read and write its fields to the
database, but the container tells it when to do each synchronization operation and manages the
transactions for the bean automatically. Bean-managed persistence gives the bean developer the
flexibility to perform persistence operations that are too complicated for the container or to use a data
source that is not supported by the container. BMP beans are not 100% database-independent, because
they may contain database-specific code, but CMP beans are unable to perform complicated DML

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(data manipulation language) statements. EJB 2.0 specification introduced some new ways of querying
database (by using the EJB QL - query language).
28. Why entity bean's transaction can't be managed by the bean?
Entity bean's represent the data and responsible for the integrity of the data. Entity bean's doesn't
represent business operations to manage transactions. So there is no requirement for an entity bean
managing it's transaction.
29. How many types of transaction attributes are available in EJB and what are they?
There 6 types of Transaction Atributes defined in EJB. They are as follows:
1. NotSupported : If the method is called within a transaction, this transaction is suspended during the
time of the method execution.
2. Required : If the method is called within a transaction, the method is executed in the scope of this
transaction; otherwise, a new transaction is started for the execution of the method and committed before
the method result is sent to the caller.
3. RequiresNew : The method will always be executed within the scope of a new transaction. The new
transaction is started for the execution of the method, and committed before the method result is sent to
the caller. If the method is called within a transaction, this transaction is suspended before the new one is
started and resumed when the new transaction has completed.
4. Mandatory: The method should always be called within the scope of a transaction, else the container
will throw the TransactionRequired exception.
5. Supports : The method is invoked within the caller transaction scope; if the caller does not have an
associated transaction, the method is invoked without a transaction scope.
6. Never : The client is required to call the bean without any transaction context; if it is not the case, a
java.rmi.RemoteException is thrown by the container.
30. Can a client program directly access an Enterprise bean?
No. EJB Clients never access an EJB directly. The container insulates the beans from direct access from
client applications. Every time a bean is requested, created, or deleted, the container manages the whole
process.
31. When is an application said to be distributed?
An application is distributed when its components are running in separate runtime environments(JVM's),
usually on different platforms connected via a network.Distributed applications are usually of 3 types.
They are :
1. two tier (client and a server)
2.three tier (client and a middleware and a server)
3. multitier (client and multiple middleware and multiple servers).
32. ******What is an EAR file?
EAR is Enterprise Archive file. A archive file that contains a J2EE application.

33. What do mean by business method?

A method of an enterprise bean that implements the business logic or rules of an application.
34. What is a finder method?
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A method defined in the home interface and invoked by a client to locate an entity bean.
35. What is the difference between find and select methods in EJB?
A select method can return a persistent field (or a collection thereof) of a related entity bean. A finder
method can return only a local or remote interface (or a collection of interfaces).Because it is not
exposed in any of the local or remote interfaces, a select method cannot be invoked by a client. It can be
invoked only by the methods implemented within the entity bean class. A select method is usually
invoked by either a business or a home method.A select method is defined in the entity bean class. For
bean-managed persistence, a finder method is defined in the entity bean class, but for container-managed
persistence it is not.
36. Explain about setEntityContext method in Entity bean?
The setEntityContext() method is used to set the EntityContext interface for that bean. The
EntityContext contains information about the context under which bean is operating. EntityContext
interface gives security information about caller. The EntityContext is set only once in the life time of an
entity bean instance.
37. What is the use of unsetEntityContext in Entity Bean?
The unsetEntityContext() method is called at the end of a beans life cycle before the instance is
unloaded from memory. It is used to dereference EntityContext and to perform any clean up operations
if required.
38. Explain ejbLoad and ejbStore methods of Entity Bean?
ejbLoad method is primarily used for data retrievals(检索). ejbStore is used for updating data. Typically
the container invokes ejbLoad before the first business method in a transaction and the ejbStore is
invoked at the end of the transaction. ejbStore method will be invoked when any values of the entity are
changed as part of the transaction.
39. Difference between SessionBean remove() and EntityBean remove() method?
SessionBean remove() : inform the container of your loss of interest in this bean. Container will
remove the instance.
EntityBean remove() : delete an entity bean without first instantiating it. Delete the row of the table
using mentioned primary key.
40. What is the difference between a Coarse Grained Entity Bean and a Fine Grained Entity Bean?
A fine grained entity bean is pretty much directly mapped to one relational table, in third normal form.
A coarse grained entity bean is larger and more complex, either because its attributes include values or
lists from other tables, or because it owns one or more sets of dependent objects. Note that the coarse
grained bean might be mapped to a single table or flat file, but that single table is going to be pretty
ugly, with data copied from other tables, repeated field groups, columns that are dependent on non-key
fields, etc.
Fine grained entities are generally considered a liability in large systems because they will tend to
increase the load on several of the EJB servers subsystems (there will be more objects exported through
the distribution layer, more objects participating in transactions, more skeletons in memory, more EJB
Objects in memory,etc.)
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41. What are the ways for a client application to get an EJB object?
1) The client has the JNDI name of the EJB object; this name is used to get the EJB object.
2) The client has the JNDI name of the Home object, this is a more usual case; this name is used to get
the Home object, then a finder method is invoked on this Home to obtain one or several entity bean
objects. The client may also invoke a "create" method on the Home object to create a new EJB object
(session or entity).
3) The client has got a handle on an EJB object. A handle is an object that identifies an EJB object; it
may be serialized, stored, and used later by a client to obtain a reference to the EJB Object, using the
getEJBObject method().
4)The client has got a reference to an EJB object, and some methods defined on the remote interface of
this Enterprise Bean return EJB objects.
42. What is handle and why it is used in EJB?
The handle mechanism allows a client application to maintain a reference to an EJB object. A
handle object may be obtained by calling the getHandle() method on the reference to an EJB object.
The main interest is that the handle class implements java.io.serializable interface, which means that a
handle may be serialized. This allows the client to store the handle, or to pass it to another process. The
handle may then be deserialized and used to obtain the reference to the EJB object, by calling the
getEJBObject() method. Handles on session bean objects are valid until the session bean object exists.
Handles on entity bean objects are valid during the complete life time of
the entity bean object; this means that such handles may be used by different clients and stored for a
long time; the EJB server holding the entity bean objects may be stopped and restarted, the handle will
still be valid.

十二、 WEB SERVICE Interview

1. ******WEB SERVICE 名词解释。JSWDL 开发包的介绍。JAXP、JAXM 的解释。SOAP、UDDI,WSDL 解释。

Web Service:Web Service 是基于网络的、分布式的模块化组件，它执行特定的任务，遵守具体的
技术规范，这些规范使得 Web Service 能与其他兼容的组件进行互操作。
 JAXP(Java API for XML Parsing) 定义了在 Java 中使用 DOM, SAX, XSLT 的通用的接口。这样在你的程序中你只
要使用这些通用的接口，当你需要改变具体的实现时候也不需要修改代码。
 JAXM(Java API for XML Messaging) 是为 SOAP 通信提供访问方法和传输机制的 API。
 WSDL 是一种 XML 格式，用于将网络服务描述为一组端点，这些端点对包含面向文档信息或面向过程信息
的消息进行操作。这种格式首先对操作和消息进行抽象描述，然后将其绑定到具体的网络协议和消息格式
上以定义端点。相关的具体端点即组合成为抽象端点（服务）。
 SOAP 即简单对象访问协议(Simple Object Access Protocol)，它是用于交换 XML 编码信息的轻量级协议。
 UDDI 的目的是为电子商务建立标准；UDDI 是一套基于 Web 的、分布式的、为 Web Service 提供的、信息
注册中心的实现标准规范，同时也包含一组使企业能将自身提供的 Web Service 注册，以使别的企业能够
发现的访问协议的实现标准。
 A web service is a kind of software that is accessible on the Internet. It makes use of the XML messaging system
and offers an easy to understand, interface for the end users.

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2. ******Define Web Service?
 Web services are application components
 Web services communicate using open protocols
 Web services are self-contained and self-describing
 Web services can be discovered using UDDI
 Web services can be used by other applications
 XML is the basis for Web services
3. ******Benefits of web services? Web services 的优点
The biggest advantage of web service is that is supported by wide variety of platforms.

4. ******What is WSDL?
 WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language
 WSDL is written in XML 说白了就是 WSDL 是个 XML
 WSDL is an XML document
 WSDL is used to describe Web services
 WSDL is also used to locate Web services
5. ******What is SOAP?
 SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol
 SOAP is a communication protocol
 SOAP is for communication between applications
 SOAP is a format for sending messages
 SOAP communicates via Internet
 SOAP is platform independent
 SOAP is language independent
 SOAP is based on XML
 SOAP is simple and extensible
 SOAP allows you to get around firewalls
6. What is UDDI?
 UDDI is a directory service where companies can register and search for Web services.
 UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration
 UDDI is a directory for storing information about web services
 UDDI is a directory of web service interfaces described by WSDL
 UDDI communicates via SOAP
 UDDI is built into the Microsoft .NET platform
7. ******What is REST?
REST stands for Representational State Transfer. REST itself is not a standard, while it uses various standards such as
HTTP, URL, XML/HTML/GIF/JPEG (Resource Representations) and text/xml, text/html, image/gif, image/jpeg, etc
(MIME Types).

8. ******The difference between SOAP and REST

 SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. REST stands for Representational State
Transfer.
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 SOAP is a XML based messaging protocol and REST is not a protocol but an architectural style.
 SOAP has a standard specification but there is none for REST.
 Even SOAP based web services can be implemented in RESTful style. REST is a concept that
does not tie with any protocols.
 SOAP is distributed computing style and REST is web style (web is also a distributed
computing model).
 REST messages should be self-contained and should help consumer in controlling the
interaction between provider and consumer(example, links in message to decide the next course
of action). But SOAP doesn’t has any such requirements.
 REST does not enforces message format as XML or JSON or etc. But SOAP is XML based
message protocol.
 REST follows stateless model. SOAP has specifications for stateful implementation as well.
 SOAP is strongly typed, has strict specification for every part of implementation. But REST
gives the concept and less restrictive about the implementation.
 Therefore REST based implementation is simple compared to SOAP and consumer
understanding.
 SOAP uses interfaces and named operations to expose business logic. REST uses (generally)
URI and methods like (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE) to expose resources.
 SOAP has a set of standard specifications. WS-Security is the specification for security in the
implementation. It is a detailed standard providing rules for security in application
implementation. Like this we have separate specifications for messaging, transactions, etc.
REST does not has dedicated concepts for each of these. REST predominantly relies on HTTPS.
就是 rest 无安全措施
 Above all both SOAP and REST depends on design and implementation of the application.
9. What kind of security is needed for web services?
The security level for web services should be more than that of what we say Secure Socket Layer (SSL). This level of security can
be only achieved from Entrust Secure Transaction Platform. Web services need this level of security to ensure reliable
transactions and secure confidential information .

10. ******What tools are used to test a web service?

I have used SoapUI for SOAP WS and Firefox poster plugin for RESTFul Services.

十三、 软件工程的问题

1.Agile development（敏捷开发）
敏捷开发是一种以人为核心、迭代、循序渐进的开发方法。在敏捷开发中，软件项目的构建被切分成多个
子项目，各个子项目的成果都经过测试，具备集成和可运行的特征。换言之，就是把一个大项目分为多个相互
联系，但也可独立运行的小项目，并分别完成，在此过程中软件一直处于可使用状态。

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Test-Driven Development，测试驱动开发。 (先写测试后写代码)

它是敏捷开发的最重要的部分。在 ThoughtWorks，我们实现任何一个功能都是从测试开 始，
首先对业务需求进行分析，分解为一个一个的 Story，记录在 Story Card 上。然后两个人同时坐在
电脑前面，一个人依照 Story，从业务需求的角度来编写测试代码，另一个人看着他并且进行思
考，如果有不同的意见就会提 出来进行讨论，直到达成共识，这样写出来的测试代码就真实反
映了业务功能需求。接着由另一个人控制键盘，编写该测试代码的实现。如果没有测试代码，就
不能 编写功能的实现代码。先写测试代码，能够让开发人员明确目标，就是让测试通过。
Continuous Integration，持续集成。 （一上来就是在一起的开发）
在以往的软件开发过程中，集成是一件很痛苦的事情，通常很长时间才会做一次集成，这样
的话，会引发很多问题，比如 build 未通过或者单元测试失败。敏捷开发中提倡持续集成，一天
之内集成十几次甚至几十次，如此频繁的集成能尽量减少冲突，由于集成很频繁，每一次集成
的改变也很少，即使集成失败也容易定位错误。一次集成要做哪些事情呢？它至少包括：获得所
有源代码、编译源代码、运行所有测试，包括单元测试、功能测试 等；确认编译和测试是否通
过，最后发送报告。当然也会做一些其它的任务，比如说代码分析、测试覆盖率分析等等。在我
们公司里，开发人员的桌上有一个火山灯 用来标志集成的状态，如果是黄灯，表示正在集成；
如果是绿灯，表示上一次集成通过，开发人员在这时候获得的代码是可用而可靠的；如果显示为
红灯，就要小心 了，上一次集成未通过，需要尽快定位失败原因从而让灯变绿。在持续集成上，
我们公司使用的是自己开发的产品 CruiseControl。
Refactoring，重构。 （每次检查代码也是重构的过程）
但是在敏捷开发中，重构贯穿于整个开发流程，每一次开发者 check in 代码之前，都要对所
写代码进行重构，让代码达到 clean code that works。值得注意的是，在重构时，每一次改变要尽
可能小，用单元测试来保证重构是否引起冲突，并且不只是对实现代码进行重构，如果测试代码
中有重复， 也要对它进行重构。
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（两人一组）
Pair-Programming，结对编程。
在敏捷开发中，做任何事情都是 Pair 的，包括分析、写测试、写实现代码或者重构。Pair 做
事有很多好处，两个人在一起探讨很容易产 生思想的火花，也不容易走上偏路。在我们公司，
还有很多事都是 Pair 来做，比如 Pair 学习，Pair 翻译，Pair 做 PPT，关于这个话题，钱钱同学 有
一篇很有名的文章对它进行介绍，名为 Pair Programming (结对编程)。
Stand up，站立会议。 （每天都要进行简短的会议讨论碰到的问题和进度）
每天早上，项目组的所有成员都会站立进行一次会议，由于是站立的，所以时间不会很长，
一般来说是 15-20 分钟。会议的内容并不是需求 分析、任务分配等，而是每个人都回答三个问
题：1. 你昨天做了什么？2. 你今天要做什么？ 3. 你遇到了哪些困难？站立会议让团队进行交
流，彼此相互熟悉工作内容，如果有人曾经遇到过和你类似的问题，那么在站立会议后，他就会
和你进行讨论。
Frequent Releases，小版本发布。 （频繁的发布版本，根据客户需求随时更改）
在敏捷开发中，不会出现这种情况，拿到需求以后就闭门造车，直到最后才将产品交付给客
户，而是尽量多的产品发布，一般以周、月为单位。 这样，客户每隔一段时间就会拿到发布的
产品进行试用，而我们可以从客户那得到更多的反馈来改进产品。正因为发布频繁，每一个版本
新增的功能简单，不需要复 杂的设计，这样文档和设计就在很大程度上简化了。又因为简单设
计，没有复杂的架构，所以客户有新的需求或者需求进行变动，也能很快的适应。
Minimal Documentation，较少的文档。 （文档跟着测试走，测试变了文档才变）
其实敏捷开发中并不是没有文档，而是有大量的文档，即测试。这些测试代码真实的反应了
客户的需求以及系统 API 的用法，如果有新人加入团队，最快的熟悉项目的方法就是给他看测
试代码，而比一边看着文档一边进行 debug 要高效。如果用书面文档或者注释，某天代码变 化
了，需要对这些文档进行更新。一旦忘记更新文档，就会出现代码和文档不匹配的情况，这更加
会让人迷惑。而在敏捷中并不会出现，因为只有测试变化了，代码 才会变化，测试是真实反应
代码的。这时有人会问：代码不写注释行吗？一般来说好的代码不是需要大量的注释吗？其实简
单可读的代码才是好的代码，既然简单可 读了，别人一看就能够看懂，这时候根本不需要对代
码进行任何注释。若你觉得这段代码不加注释的话别人可能看不懂，就表示设计还不够简单，需
要对它进行重 构。
Collaborative Focus，以合作为中心，表现为代码共享。 （互相熟悉对方的代码）
在敏捷开发中，代码是归团队所有而不是哪些模块的代码属于哪些人，每个人都有权利获得
系统任何一部分的代码然后修改它，如果有人看到某 些代码不爽的话，那他能够对这部分代码
重构而不需要征求代码作者的同意，很可能也不知道是谁写的这部分代码。这样每个人都能熟悉
系统的代码，即使团队的人 员变动，也没有风险。
Customer Engagement ，现场客户。 （与客户一起工作）
敏捷开发中，客户是与开发团队一起工作的，团队到客户现场进行开发或者邀请客户到团队
公司里来开发。如果开发过程中有什么问题或者产品经过一个迭代后，能够以最快速度得到客户
的反馈。
Automated Testing ，自动化测试。
为了减小人力或者重复劳动，所有的测试包括单元测试、功能测试或集成测试等都是自动化
的，这对 QA 人员提出了更高的要求。他们要熟悉开 发语言、自动化测试工具，能够编写自动
化测试脚本或者用工具录制。我们公司在自动化测试上做了大量的工作，包括 Selenium 开源项
目。

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Adaptive Planning，可调整计划。 （随时修改）
敏捷开发中计划是可调整的，并不是像以往的开发过程中，需求分析->概要设计->详细设计
->开发 ->测试->交付，每一个阶段都是有计划的进行，一个阶段结束便开始下一个阶段。而敏
捷开发中只有一次一次的迭代，小版本的发布，根据客户反 馈随时作出相应的调整和变化。
敏捷开发过程与传统的开发过程有很大不同，在这过程中，团队是有激情有活力的，能够适
应更大的变化，做出更高质量的软件。

2. Difference between Agile and waterfall and iterator

 对比 iterator 方法
相比迭代式开发两者都强调在较短的开发周期提交软件，Agile 方法的周期可能更短，并且更加
强调队伍中的高度协作。
 对比 waterfall
两者没有很多的共同点，waterfall 式是最典型的预见性的方法，严格遵循预先计划的需求、分析、
设计、编码、测试的步骤顺序进行。步骤成果作为衡量进度的方法，例如需求规格，设计文档，
测试计划和代码审阅等等。
waterfall 的主要的问题是它的严格分级导致的自由度降低，项目早期即作出承诺导致对后期需求
的变化难以调整，代价高昂。瀑布式方法在需求不明并且在项目进行过程中可能变化的情况下基
本是不可行的。
相对来讲，Agile 方法则在几周或者几个月的时间内完成相对较小的功能，强调的是能将尽早将
尽量小的可用的功能交付使用，并在整个项目周期中持续改善和增强。
有人可能在这样小规模的范围内的每次迭代中使用瀑布式方法，另外的人可能将选择各种工作并
行进行，例如极限编程。
3. Software Development Model
1. 边做边改模型（Build-and-Fix Model）；

这是一种类似作坊的开发方式，对编写几百行的小程序来说还不错，但这种方法对任何规模的开
发来说都是不能令人满意的，其主要问题在于：
（1） 缺少规划和设计环节，软件的结构随着不断的修改越来越糟，导致无法继续修改；
（2） 忽略需求环节，给软件开发带来很大的风险；
（3） 没有考虑测试和程序的可维护性，也没有任何文档，软件的维护十分困难。
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2. 瀑布模型（Waterfall Model）；

瀑布模型强调文档的作用，并要求每个阶段都要仔细验证。但是，这种模型的线性过程太理想化，
已不再适合现代的软件开发模式，几乎被业界抛弃，其主要问题在于：
（1） 各个阶段的划分完全固定，阶段之间产生大量的文档，极大地增加了工作量；
（2） 由于开发模型是线性的，用户只有等到整个过程的末期才能见到开发成果，从而增加了开
发的风险；
（3） 早期的错误可能要等到开发后期的测试阶段才能发现，进而带来严重的后果。
3. 快速原型模型（Rapid Prototype Model）；

快速原型模型的第一步是建造一个快速原型，实现客户或未来的用户与系统的交互，用户或客户
对原型进行评价，进一步细化待开发软件的需求。 快速原型通过逐步调整原型使其满足客户的
要求，开发人员可以确定客户的真正需求是什么；第二步则在第一步的基础上开发客户满意的软
件产品。显然，快速原型 方法可以克服瀑布模型的缺点，减少由于软件需求不明确带来的开发
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风险，具有显著的效果。快速原型的关键在于尽可能快速地建造出软件原型，一旦确定了客户的
真正需求，所建造的原型将被丢弃。因此，原型系统的内部结构并不重要，重要的是必须迅速建
立原型，随之迅速修改原型，以反映客户的需求。
4. 增量模型（Incremental Model）（演化模型(incremental model)）；

整个产品被分解成若干个构件，开发人员逐个构件地交付产品，这样做的好处是软件开发可以较
好地适应变化，客户可以不断地看到所开发的软件，从而降低 开发风险。但是，增量模型也存
在以下缺陷：（1） 由于各个构件是逐渐并入已有的软件体系结构中的，所以加入构件必须不破
坏已构造好的系统部分，这需要软件具备开放式的体系结构。（2） 在开发过程中，需求的变化
是不可避免的。增量模型的灵活性可以使其适应这种变化的能力大大优于瀑布模型和快速原型模
型，但也很容易退化为边做边改模型，从 而是软件过程的控制失去整体性。
；
5.螺旋模型（Spiral Model）

它将瀑布模型和快速原型模型结合起来，强调了其他模型所忽视的风险分析，特别适合于大型复
杂的系统。
螺旋模型沿着螺线进行若干次迭代，图中的四个象限代表了以下活动：
（1） 制定计划：确定软件目标，选定实施方案，弄清项目开发的限制条件；
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（2） 风险分析：分析评估所选方案，考虑如何识别和消除风险；
（3） 实施工程：实施软件开发和验证；
（4） 客户评估：评价开发工作，提出修正建议，制定下一步计划。
螺旋模型由风险驱动，强调可选方案和约束条件从而支持软件的重用，有助于将软件质量作为特
殊目标融入产品开发之中。但是，螺旋模型也有一定的限制条件，具体如下：
（1） 螺旋模型强调风险分析，但要求许多客户接受和相信这种分析，并做出相关反应是不容易
的，因此，这种模型往往适应于内部的大规模软件开发。
（2） 如果执行风险分析将大大影响项目的利润，那么进行风险分析毫无意义，因此，螺旋模型
只适合于大规模软件项目。
（3） 软件开发人员应该擅长寻找可能的风险，准确地分析风险，否则将会带来更大的风险
6.喷泉模型(fountain model)；

(也称面向对象的生存期模型, OO 模型) 喷泉模型与传统的结构化生存期比较，具有更多的增量

和迭代性质，生存期的各个阶段可以相互重叠和多次反复，而且在项目的整个生存期中还可以嵌
入子生存期。
7.智能模型(四代技术（4GL）)；

智能模型拥有一组工具（如数据查询、报表生成、数据处理、屏幕定义、代码生成、高层图形功
能及电子表格等），每个工具都能使开发人员在高层次上定义软件的某些特性，并把开发人员定
义的这些软件自动地生成为源代码。
这种方法需要四代语言（4GL）的支持。4GL 不同于三代语言，其主要特征是用户界面极端友好，
即使没有受过训练的非专业程序员，也能用它编写程 序；它是一种声明式、交互式和非过程性
编程语言。4GL 还具有高效的程序代码、智能缺省假设、完备的数据库和应用程序生成器。目前

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市场上流行的 4GL（如 Foxpro 等）都不同程度地具有上述特征。但 4GL 目前主要限于事务信息
系统的中、小型应用程序的开发。
8.混合模型（hybrid model）
过程开发模型又叫混合模型（hybrid model），或元模型（meta-model）,把几种不同模型组合成一
种混合模型，它允许一个项目能沿着最有效的路径发展，这就是过程开发模型（或混合模型）。
各种模型的优点和缺点
瀑布模型 文档驱动 系统可能不满足客户的需求 快速原型模型 关注满足客户需求 可能导致系
统设计差、效率低，难于维护 增量模型 开发早期反馈及时，易于维护 需要开放式体系结构，
可能会设计差、效率低 螺旋模型 风险驱动 风险分析人员需要有经验且经过充分训练
4. Design Patterns
这个另看保存的文件
5. RAD
Rapid Application development。
In rapid application development, structured techniques and prototyping are especially used to define
users' requirements and to design the final system. The development process starts with the
development of preliminary data models and business process models using structured techniques. In
the next stage, requirements are verified using prototyping, eventually to refine the data and process
models. These stages are repeated iteratively; further development results in "a combined business
requirements and technical design statement to be used for constructing new systems".

Requirements Planning phase – combines elements of the system planning and systems analysis
phases of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Users, managers, and IT staff members discuss
and agree on business needs, project scope, constraints, and system requirements. It ends when the team
agrees on the key issues and obtains management authorization to continue.（需求分析阶段，所有人员
一起敲定大致关键点）
User design phase – during this phase, users interact with systems analysts and develop models and
prototypes that represent all system processes, inputs, and outputs. The RAD groups or subgroups
typically use a combination of Joint Application Development (JAD) techniques and CASE tools to
translate user needs into working models. User Design is a continuous interactive process that allows
users to understand, modify, and eventually approve a working model of the system that meets their
needs.（协助 client 简历合适的系统模型）
Construction phase – focuses on program and application development task similar to the SDLC. In
RAD, however, users continue to participate and can still suggest changes or improvements as actual
screens or reports are developed. Its tasks are programming and application development, coding,
unit-integration and system testing.（主要是 coding，但是 user 任然能修改需求，并根据需求进行
code 直到整合测试）
Cutover phase – resembles the final tasks in the SDLC implementation phase, including data
conversion, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training. Compared with traditional
methods, the entire process is compressed. As a result, the new system is built, delivered, and placed in
operation much sooner. Its tasks are data conversion, full-scale testing, system changeover, user training.
（最后的转换，user trainning，final testing）
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6. Dependency, association, aggregation, composition, realization, generalization,

依赖关系 dependency

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关联关系 association
聚合关系 aggregation
组合关系 composition
实现 realization
泛化 （就
是 generalization
inheritance
association ：连接模型元素及链接实例，用一条实线来表示；
dependency：表示一个元素以某种方式依赖于另一个元素，用一条虚线加箭头来表示；
aggregation：表示整体与部分的关系，用一条实线加空心菱形来表示；
composition：表示整体与部分的有一关系，用一条实线加实心菱形来表示；
generalization（inheritance）：表示一般与特殊的关系，用一条实线加空心箭头来表示；
realization：表示类与接口的关系，用一条虚线加空心箭头来表示；
注意：generalization 关系和 realization 关系又统称为一般关系；
总之：一般关系表现为 inheritance 或 realization(is a)，association 关系、aggregation 关系、合成
/composition 表现为成员变量(has a)，dependency 关系表现为函数中的参数(use a)；
UML 中的 6 大关系详细说明：
1、association 关系：
含义：类与类之间的连结，association 关系使一个类知道另外一个类的属性和方法；通常
含有“知道”，“了解”的含义
体现：在 C#中，association 关系是通过成员变量来实现的；
方向：双向或单向；
图示：实线 + 箭头；箭头指向被关联的类；
举例：“渔民”需要知道“天气”情况才能够出海
//公司关联雇员
public class Company
{
private Employee employee;
public Employee GetEmployee()
{
return employee;
}
public void SetEmployee(Employee employee)
{
this.employee = employee;
}
//公司运作
public void Run()
{
employee.StartWorking();
}

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}

//A 关联 B
class A
{
B b = new B();
}
class B
{
}
2、dependency 关系：
含义：是类与类之间的连接，表示一个类依赖于另外一个类的定义；dependency 关系仅仅描
述了类与类之间的一种使用与被使用的关系；
体现：在 C#中体现为局部变量、方法/函数的参数或者是对静态方法的调用；
方向：单向；
图示：虚线 + 箭头；
举例：人依赖于水和空气；汽车依赖汽油
//人划船，人依赖于船
public class Person
{
//划船
public void Oarage(Boat boat)
{
boat.Oarage();
}
}

//A 依赖于 B
class A
{
public void Function(B b)
{}
}
class B
{
}

3、aggregation 关系：
含义：是 association 关系的一种，是一种强关联关系；aggregation 关系是整体和个体/部分
之间的关系；association 关系的两个类处于同一个层次上，而 aggregation 关系的两个类处于不同
的层次上，一个是整体，一个是个体/部分；在 aggregation 关系中，代表个体/部分的对象有可能
会被多个代表整体的对象所共享；
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体现：C++中，aggregation 关系通过将被聚合者的（数组）指针作为内部成员来实现的；
方向：单向；
图示：空心菱形 + 实线 + 箭头；箭头指向被聚合的类，也就是说，箭头指向个体/部分；
举例：鸭群与鸭子具有 aggregation 关系；汽车由引擎、轮胎以及其它零件组成，因为汽车坏掉了，
没有坏掉的引擎，轮胎和其他零件还可以继续使用。
4、composition：
含义：它也是 association 关系的一种，但它是比 aggregation 关系更强的关系.composition 要
求 aggregation 关系中代表整体的对象要负责代表个体/ 部分的对象的整个生命周期；composition
不能共享；在 composition 中，如果代表整体的对象被销毁或破坏，那么代表个体/部分的对象也
一定会被销毁或破坏，而聚在合 关系中，代表个体/部分的对象则有可能被多个代表整体的对象
所共享，而不一定会随着某个代表整体的对象被销毁或破坏而被销毁或破坏；
体现：在 C#中，composition 是通过成员变量来实现的；
方向：单向；
图示：实心菱形 + 实线 + 箭头；箭头指向代表个体/部分的对象，也就是被组合的类的对象；
举例：一个人由头、四肢、等各种器官组成，因为人与这些器官具有相同的生命周期，人死了，
这些器官也挂了；
5、generalization 关系：
含义：它表示一个更 generalization 的元素和一个更具体的元素之间的关系；也就是通常所说
的类的 inheritance 关系；
体现：在 C#中，generalization 关系通过类的 inheritance 来实现的；
方向：单向；子类 inheritance 父类；
图示：空心箭头 + 实线；箭头指向父类；
举例：动物下面可以分为哺乳动物，脊椎动物，爬行动物等
6、realization 关系：
含义：它指定了两个实体之间的一份合同；即：一个实体定义一份合同，另外一个实体则保
证履行该合同；
体现：在 C#中，realization 关系通过类实现接口来实现的，即：一个类实现某个接口；
方向：单向；子类实现接口；
图示：空心箭头 + 虚线；箭头指接口向接口；
举例：唐老鸭（对象）会说话（接口），因为一般鸭子不会说话，所以不会将说话这个方法给一
般的鸭子带上；超人（对象）会飞（接口）

十四、 Junit Interview

1. JUnit 是什么
JUnit 是一个开发源代码的 Java 测试框架，用于编写和运行可重复的测试。他是用于单元测试框架体系 xUnit 的
一个实例（用于 java 语言）。它包括以下特性：
1、用于测试期望结果的断言（Assertion）
2、用于共享共同测试数据的测试工具
3、用于方便的组织和运行测试的测试套件
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4、图形和文本的测试运行器
要说明的是 junit 一般是用来进行单元测试的，因此需要了解被测试代码的内部结构（即所谓的白盒测试），另
外 junit 是在 xp 编程和重构 （refactor）中被极力推荐使用的工具，因为在实现自动单元测试的情况下可以大
大的提高开发的效率，但是实际上编写测试代码也是需要耗费很多的时间 和精力的，那么使用这个东东好处到
底在哪里呢？笔者认为是这样的：
1、对于 xp 编程而言，要求在编写代码之前先写测试，这样可以强制 你在写代码之前好好的思考代码（方法）
的功能和逻辑，否则编写的代码很不稳定，那么你需要同时维护测试代码和实际代码，这个工作量就会大大增
加。因此在 xp 编程中，基本过程是这样的：构思－》编写测试代码－》编写代码－》测试，而且编写测试和
编写代码都是增量式的，写一点测一点，在编写以后的代码中如果 发现问题可以较块的追踪到问题的原因，减
小回归错误的纠错难度
2、对于重构而言，其好处和 xp 编程中是类似的，因为重构也是要求改一点测一点，减少回归错误造成的时间
消耗。
3、 对于非以上两种情况，我们在开发的时候使用 junit 写一些适当的测试也是有必要的，因为一般我们也是需
要编写测试的代码的，可能原来不是使用的 junit，如果使用 junit，而且针对接口（方法）编写测试代码会减少
以后的维护工作，例如以后对方法内部的修改（这个就是相当于重构的工作了）。另 外就是因为 junit 有断言
功能，如果测试结果不通过会告诉我们那个测试不通过，为什么，而如果是想以前的一般做法是写一些测试代
码看其输出结果，然后再 由自己来判断结果使用正确，使用 junit 的好处就是这个结果是否正确的判断是它来
完成的，我们只需要看看它告诉我们结果是否正确就可以了，在一般情况下 会大大提高效率。

2. JUnit 入门
cherami 整理
安装 JUnit
安装很简单，先到以下地址下载一个最新的 zip 包：
http://download.sourceforge.net/junit/
下载完以后解压缩到你喜欢的目录下，假设是 JUNIT_HOME，然后将 JUNIT_HOME 下的 junit.jar 包加到你的系统
的 CLASSPATH 环境变量中，对于 IDE 环境，对于需要用到的 junit 的项目增加到 lib 中，其设置不同的 IDE 有不
同的设置，这里不多讲。
如何使用 JUnit 写测试？
最简单的范例如下：
1、创建一个 TestCase 的子类:
package junitfaq;
import java.util.*;
import junit.framework.*;
public class SimpleTest extends TestCase {
public SimpleTest(String name) {
super(name);
}
2、写一个测试方法断言期望的结果：
public void testEmptyCollection() {
Collection collection = new ArrayList();
assertTrue(collection.isEmpty());
}
注意：JUnit 推荐的做法是以 test 作为待测试的方法的开头，这样这些方法可以被自动找到并被测试。
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3、写一个 suite()方法，它会使用反射动态的创建一个包含所有的 testXxxx 方法的测试套件：
public static Test suite() {
return new TestSuite(SimpleTest.class);
}
4、写一个 main()方法以文本运行器的方式方便的运行测试：
public static void main(String args[]) {
junit.textui.TestRunner.run(suite());
}
}
5、运行测试：
以文本方式运行：
java junitfaq.SimpleTest
通过的测试结果是：
.
Time: 0
OK (1 tests)
Time 上的小点表示测试个数，如果测试通过则显示 OK。否则在小点的后边标上 F，表示该测试
失败。
每次的测试结果都应该是 OK 的，这样才能说明测试是成功的，如果不成功就要马上根据提示信
息进行修正了。
如果 JUnit 报告了测试没有成功，它会区分失败（failures）和错误（errors）。失败是你的代码中
的 assert 方法失败引起的；而错误则是代码异常引起的，例如
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException。
以图形方式运行：
java junit.swingui.TestRunner junitfaq.SimpleTest
通过的测试结果在图形界面的绿色条部分。
以上是最简单的测试样例，在实际的测试中我们测试某个类的功能是常常需要执行一些共同的操
作，完成以后需要销毁所占用的资源（例如网络连接、数据库连接，关闭打开的文件等），
TestCase 类给我们提供了 setUp 方法和 tearDown 方法，setUp 方法的内容在测试你编写的
TestCase 子类的每个 testXxxx 方法之前都会运 行，而 tearDown 方法的内容在每个 testXxxx 方法
结束以后都会执行。这个既共享了初始化代码，又消除了各个测试代码之间可能产生的相互影
响。 JUnit 最佳实践
Martin Fowler 说过：“当你试图打印输出一些信息或调试一个表达式时，写一些测试代码来替代那
些传统的方法。”一开始，你会发现你总是要创建一些新的 Fixture，而且测试似乎使你的编程速
度慢了下来。然而不久之后，你会发现你重复使用相同的 Fixture，而且新的测试通常只涉及添
加一个新的测试 方法。
你可能会写许多测试代码，但你很快就会发现你设想出的测试只有一小部分是真正有用的。你所
需要的测试是那些会失败的测试，即那些你认为不会失败的测试，或你认为应该失败却成功的测
试。
我 们前面提到过测试是一个不会中断的过程。一旦你有了一个测试，你就要一直确保其正常工
作，以检验你所加入的新的工作代码。不要每隔几天或最后才运行测试， 每天你都应该运行一

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下测试代码。这种投资很小，但可以确保你得到可以信赖的工作代码。你的返工率降低了，你会
有更多的时间编写工作代码。
不要认为压力大，就不写测试代码。相反编写测试代码会使你的压力逐渐减轻，应为通过编写测
试代码，你对类的行为有了确切的认识。你会更快地编写出有效率地工作代码。
3. 下面是一些具体的编写测试代码的技巧或较好的实践方法：
1. 不要用 TestCase 的构造函数初始化 Fixture，而要用 setUp()和 tearDown()方法。
2. 不要依赖或假定测试运行的顺序，因为 JUnit 利用 Vector 保存测试方法。所以不同的平台会按
不同的顺序从 Vector 中取出测试方法。
3. 避免编写有副作用的 TestCase。例如：如果随后的测试依赖于某些特定的交易数据，就不要
提交交易数据。简单的会滚就可以了。
4. 当继承一个测试类时，记得调用父类的 setUp()和 tearDown()方法。
5. 将测试代码和工作代码放在一起，一边同步编译和更新。（使用 Ant 中有支持 junit 的 task.）
6. 测试类和测试方法应该有一致的命名方案。如在工作类名前加上 test 从而形成测试类名。
7. 确保测试与时间无关，不要依赖使用过期的数据进行测试。导致在随后的维护过程中很难重
现测试。
8. 如果你编写的软件面向国际市场，编写测试时要考虑国际化的因素。不要仅用母语的 Locale
进行测试。
9. 尽可能地利用 JUnit 提供地 assert/fail 方法以及异常处理的方法，可以使代码更为简洁。

10.测试要尽可能地小，执行速度快。
JUnit 和 ant 结合
cherami 转贴
ant 提供了两个 target ： junit 和 junitreport
运行所有 测试用例 ，并生成 html 格式的报表
具体操作如下：
1.将 junit.jar 放在 ANT_HOME/lib 目录下
2.修改 build.xml ，加入如下 内容：
<property name="report" value="report" /> <target name="junitreport" depends="clean, compile">
<junit printsummary="on" fork="true" haltonfailure="false" failureproperty="tests.failed"
showoutput="true"> <classpath refid="myclasspath"/> <formatter type="xml"/> <batchtest
todir="${report}"> <fileset dir="${build}"> <include name="**/*Test.*"/> </fileset> </batchtest>
</junit> <junitreport todir="${report}"> <fileset dir="${report}"> <include name="TEST-*.xml"/>
</fileset> <report format="frames" todir="${report}"/> </junitreport> <fail if="tests.failed">
--------------------------------------------------------- One or more tests failed, check the report for detail...
--------------------------------------------------------- </fail> </target>
运行 这个 target ，ant 会运行每个 TestCase
在 report 目录下就有了 很多 TEST*.xml 和 一些网页
打开 report 目录下的 index.html 就可以看到很直观的测试运行报告，一目了

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十五、 XML Interview

1. XML 文档定义有几种形式？它们之间有何本质区别？解析 XML 文档有哪几种方式？

a: 两种形式 dtd（Document Type Definition）and schema。
b: 本质区别:schema 本身是 xml 的，可以被 XML 解析器解析(这也是从 DTD 上发展 schema 的根
本目的)，c:有 DOM,SAX,STAX 等
 DOM:处理大型文件时其性能下降的非常厉害。这个问题是由 DOM 的树结构所造成的，这种结构占用的内
存较多，而且 DOM 必须在解析文件之前把整个文档装入内存,适合对 XML 的随机访问
 SAX:不同于 DOM,SAX 是事件驱动型的 XML 解析方式。它顺序读取 XML 文件，不需要一次全部装载整个文
件。当遇到像文件开头，文档结束，或者标签开头与标签结束时，它会触发一个事件，用户通过在其回调
事件中写入处理代码来处理 XML 文件，适合对 XML 的顺序访问
 STAX:Streaming API for XML (StAX)

十六、 JSP Interview Questions & Answers

1. What is a JSP Page?

A JSP page is a text document that contains two types of text: static data, which can be expressed in any
text-based format (such as HTML,WML,XML,etc), and JSP elements, which construct dynamic
content.JSP is a technology that lets you mix static content with dynamically-generated content.
2. What is meant by implicit objects? And what are they?
Implicit objects are those objects which are available by default. These objects are instances of classes
defined by the JSP specification. These objects could be used within the jsp page without being declared.
The following are the implicit jsp objects:
1. application
2. page
3. request
4. response
5. session
6. exception
7. out
8. config
9. pageContext
request 表示 HttpServletRequest 对象。它包含了有关浏览器请求的信息，并且提供了几个用于获
取 cookie, header, 和 session 数据的有用的方法。
response 表示 HttpServletResponse 对象，并提供了几个用于设置送回 浏览器的响应的方法（如
cookies,头信息等）
out 对象是 javax.jsp.JspWriter 的一个实例，并提供了几个方法使你能用于向浏览器回送输出结
果。

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pageContext 表示一个 javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext 对象。它是用于方便存取各种范围的名字空间、
servlet 相关的对象的 API，并且包装了通用的 servlet 相关功能的方法。
session 表示一个请求的 javax.servlet.http.HttpSession 对象。Session 可以存贮用户的状态信息
applicaton 表示一个 javax.servle.ServletContext 对象。这有助于查找有关 servlet 引擎和 servlet 环
境的信息
config 表示一个 javax.servlet.ServletConfig 对象。该对象用于存取 servlet 实例的初始化参数。
page 表示从该页面产生的一个 servlet 实例
3. What is the difference between forward and sendRedirect?
Both requestDispatcher.forward() and response.sendRedirect() is used to redirect to new url. Forward is
an internal redirection of user request within the web container to a new URL without the knowledge of
the user(browser). The request object and the http headers remain intact. sendRedirect is normally an
external redirection of user request outside the web container. sendRedirect sends response header back
to the browser with the new URL. The browser send the request to the new URL with fresh http headers.
sendRedirect is slower than forward because it involves extra server call.
4. What's the Difference between Forward and Include?
 The <jsp:forward> action enables you to forward the request to a static HTML file, a servlet, or another JSP.
<jsp:forward page="url" /> The JSP that contains the <jsp:forward> action stops processing, clears its buffer, and
forwards the request to the target resource. Note that the calling JSP should not write anything to the response
prior to the <jsp:forward> action. 是页面跳转，就是从一个页面跳转到另外一个页面。
 To "include" another resource with a JSP, you have two options: the include directive and the include action.
The include directive executes when the JSP is compiled, which parses any JSP elements in the included file for a
static result that is the same for every instance of that JSP. The syntax for the include directive is <@ include
file="some-filename" %>. The include action, on the other hand, executes for each client request of the JSP,
which means the file is not parsed but included in place. This provides the capability to dynamically change not
only the content that you want to include, but also the output of that content. The syntax for the include action is
<jsp:include page="some-filename" flush="true" />. Note that the flush attribute must always be included (in JSP
1.1) to force a flush of the buffer in the output stream. 是动态包含，就是在一个主页面中包含另外一个页面，
是包含。

5. How does JSP handle run-time exceptions?

You can use the errorPage attribute of the page directive to have uncaught runtime exceptions
automatically forwarded to an error processing page
6. What are the implicit objects?
Implicit objects are objects that are created by the web container and contain information related to a
particular request, page, or application. They are:
Request --response --pageContext --session --application --out --config
--page --exception

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十七、 Applets Interview Questions & Answers

1. What is an Applet?
Applet is a java program which is included in a html page and executes in java enabled client browser.
Applets are used for creating dynamic and interactive web applications.
2. Explain the life cycle of an Applet?
The following methods implement the life cycle of an Applet: init : To initialize the applet each time it's
loaded (or reloaded). start : To start the applet's execution, such as when the applet's loaded or when the
user revisits a page that contains the applet.stop : To stop the applet's execution, such as when the user
leaves the applet's page or quits the browser. destroy : To perform a final cleanup in preparation for
unloading.
3. What happens when an applet is loaded?
The following sequence happens when an applet is loaded: a) An instance of the applet's controlling
class (an Applet subclass) is created. b) The applet initializes itself. c) The applet starts running.
4. How to make my class as an applet?
Your class must directly or indirectly extend either Applet or JApplet.
5. What is AppletContext?
AppletContext is an interface which provides information about applet's environment.
6. What is the difference between an Applet and a Java Application?
The following are the major differences between an Applet and an Application:a. Applets execute within
a java enabled browser but an application is a standalone Java program outside of a browser. Both
require a JVM (Java Virtual Machine). b. Application requires main() method to trigger execution but
applets don't need a main() method. Applets use the init(),start(),stop() and destroy() methods for their
life cycle. c. Applets typically use a fairly restrictive security policy. In a standalone application,
however, the security policy is usually more relaxed.
7. What happens when a user leaves and returns to an applet's page?
When the user leaves the page, the browser stops the applet and when the user returns to the page, the
browser starts the applet and normally most browser's dont initialize the applet again..
8. What are the restrictions imposed on an applet?
Due to Security reasons, the following restriction are imposed on applets: a. An applet cannot load
libraries or define native methods. b. It cannot ordinarily read or write files on the host that's executing it.
c. It cannot make network connections except to the host that it came from. d. It cannot start any
program on the host that's executing it. e. It cannot read certain system properties.
9. What are untrusted applets?
By default, all downloaded applets are untrusted. Untrusted Applets are those applets which cannot
access or execute local system files.
10. How can an applet open a network connection to a computer on the internet?

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Applets are not allowed to open network connections to any computer,except for the host that provided
the .class files. This is either the host where the html page came from, or the host specified in the
codebase parameter in the applet tag, with codebase taking precendence.
11. Can an applet start another program on the client?
No, applets loaded over the net are not allowed to start programs on the client. That is, an applet that you
visit can't start some rogue process on your PC. In UNIX terminology, applets are not allowed to exec or
fork processes. In particular, this means that applets can't invoke some program to list the contents of
your file system, and it means that applets can't invoke System.exit() in an attempt to kill your web
browser. Applets are also not allowed to manipulate threads outside the applet's own thread group.
12. What is the difference between applets loaded over the net and applets loaded via the file system?
There are two different ways that applets are loaded by a Java system. The way an applet enters the
system affects what it is allowed to do. If an applet is loaded over the net, then it is loaded by the applet
classloader, and is subject to the restrictions enforced by the applet security manager. If an applet resides
on the client's local disk, and in a directory that is on the client's CLASSPATH, then it is loaded by the
file system loader. The most important differences are :a. applets loaded via the file system are allowed
to read and write files b. applets loaded via the file system are allowed to load libraries on the clientc.
applets loaded via the file system are allowed to exec processes d. applets loaded via the file system are
allowed to exit the virtual machinee. applets loaded via the file system are not passed through the byte
code verifier
13. What is the applet class loader, and what does it provide?
Applets loaded over the net are loaded by the applet class loader. For example, the appletviewer's applet
class loader is implemented by the class sun.applet.AppletClassLoader. The class loader enforces the
Java name space hierarchy. The class loader guarantees that a unique namespace exists for classes that
come from the local file system, and that a unique namespace exists for each network source. When a
browser loads an applet over the net, that applet's classes are placed in a private namespace associated
with the applet's origin. Thus, applets loaded from different network sources are partitioned from each
other. Also, classes loaded by the class loader are passed through the verifier. The verifier checks that
the class file conforms to the Java language specification - it doesn't assume that the class file was
produced by a "friendly" or "trusted" compiler. On the contrary, it checks the class file for purposeful
violations of the language type rules and name space restrictions. The verifier ensures that : a. There are
no stack overflows or underflows. b. All register accesses and stores are valid. c. The parameters to all
bytecode instructions are correct. d. There is no illegal data conversion. e. The verifier accomplishes that
by doing a data-flow analysis of the bytecode instruction stream, along with checking the class file
format, object signatures, and special analysis of finally clauses that are used for Java
14. What is the applet security manager, and what does it provide?
The applet security manager is the Java mechanism for enforcing the applet restrictions described above.
The appletviewer's applet security manager is implemented by sun.applet.AppletSecurity. A browser
may only have one security manager. The security manager is established at startup, and it cannot
thereafter be replaced, overloaded, overridden, or extended. Applets cannot create or reference their own
security manager.
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15. If other languages are compiled to Java bytecodes, how does that affect the applet security model?
The verifier is independent of Sun's reference implementation of the Java compiler and the high-level
specification of the Java language. It verifies bytecodes generated by other Java compilers. It also
verifies bytecodes generated by compiling other languages into the bytecode format. Bytecodes
imported over the net that pass the verifier can be trusted to run on the Java virtual machine. In order to
pass the verifier, bytecodes have to conform to the strict typing, the object signatures, the class file
format, and the predictability of the runtime stack that are all defined by the Java language
implementation.

十八、 RMI Interview Questions & Answers

1. What is RMI?
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is the process of activating a method on a remotely running object.
RMI offers location transparency in the sense that it gives the feel that a method is executed on a locally
running object.
2. What is the basic principle of RMI architecture?
The RMI architecture is based on one important principle: RMI allows the code that defines the behavior
and the code that implements the behavior to remain separate and to run on separate JVMs.
3. What are the layers of RMI Architecture?
The RMI is built on three layers.
a. Stub and Skeleton layerThis layer lies just beneath the view of the developer. This layer intercepts
method calls made by the client to the interface reference variable and redirects these calls to a remote
RMI Service.
b. Remote Reference Layer. This layer understands how to interpret and manage references made from
clients to the remote service objects. The connection is a one-to-one (unicast) link.
c. Transport layer This layer is based on TCP/IP connections between machines in a network. It provides
basic connectivity, as well as some firewall penetration strategies.
4. sWhat is the role of Remote Interface in RMI?
The Remote interface serves to identify interfaces whose methods may be invoked from a non-local
virtual machine. Any object that is a remote object must directly or indirectly implement this interface.
Methods that are to be invoked remotely must be identified in Remote Interface. All Remote methods
should throw RemoteException.
5. What is meant by binding in RMI?
Binding is a process of associating or registering a name for a remote object that can be used at a later
time to look up that remote object. A remote object can be associated with a name using the
Namingclass's bind or rebind methods.
6. What is the difference between using bind() and rebind() methods of Naming Class?
bind method(String name) binds the specified name to a remote object while rebind(String name)
method rebinds the specified name to a new remote object,any existing binding for the name is replaced.

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7. What are the steps involved to make work a RMI program?
a. Compile the source files.
b. Generate the stubs using rmic.
c. Start the rmiregistry.
d. Start the RMIServer.
e. Run the client program.
8. What is the role of stub in RMI?
A stub for a remote object acts as a client's local representative orproxy for the remote object. The caller
invokes a method onthe local stub which is responsible for carrying out the method all on the remote
object. When a stub's method is invoked, it does the following:
a. initiates a connection with the remote JVM containing the remote object.
b. marshals (writes and transmits) the parameters to the remote JVM.
c. waits for the result of the method invocation
d. unmarshals (reads) the return value or exception returned
e. returns the value to the caller.
9. What is a skeleton in RMI?
Skeleton was the server side component of stub. But skeleton has been deprecated from JDK1.2
onwards and its not required anymore.
10. What is the difference between Pass By Value and Pass By Reference?
When an Object is "Passed by Value", it means a copy of the object is passed. So even if changes are
made to that Object/datatype, it doesn't affect the original value. When an Object is "Passed by
Refernce", it means the object is not passed but a reference of the object is passed. so any changes made
in the external method gets reflected in all places.
11. What are marker interfaces?（这个要记住）
A so-called marker interface is a Java interface which doesn't actually define any fields or methods. It is
just used to "mark" Java classes which support a certain capability -- the class marks itself as
implementing the interface. For example, the java.rmi.Remote and java.lang.Cloneable interface.
12. What is meant by Serialisation and Deserialisation?(这题很重要，serialisation 是什么很重要)
Serialization is a way of "flattening", "pickling" or "freeze-drying" objects so that they can be stored on
disk, and later read back and reconstituted, with all the links between objects intact. Deserialisation is
the reverse process of converting a object from flattened state to live object.
13. What is the protocol used by RMI?
JRMP(java remote method protocol)

十九、 JSF Interview Questions & Answers

1. Explain about JSF?

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JSF server side user interface component framework for Java technology-based web applications. Java
Server Faces (JSF) is an industry standard and a framework for building component-based user
interfaces for web applications.JSF contains an API for representing UI components and managing their
state; handling events, server-side validation, and data conversion(转变); defining page navigation;
supporting internationalization and accessibility; and providing extensibility for all these features.
2. What are the advantages of JSF? JSF 的好处，有点
The major benefits of JavaServer Faces technology are:
Java Server Faces architecture makes it easy for the developers to use. In JavaServer Faces technology,
user interfaces can be created easily with its built-in UI component library, which handles most of the
complexities of user interface management.
Offers a clean separation between behavior and presentation.
Provides a rich architecture for managing component state, processing component data, validating user
input, and handling events.
Robust event handling mechanism.
Events easily tied to server-side code.
Render kit support for different clients
Component-level control over statefulness
Highly pluggable - components, view handler, etc
JSF also supports internationalization and accessibility
Offers multiple, standardized vendor implementations
3. What are differences between struts and JSF?
In a nutshell, Faces has the following advantages over Struts:
Eliminated the need for a Form Bean
Eliminated the need for a DTO Class
Allows the use of the same POJO on all Tiers because of the Backing Bean
The primary advantages of Struts as compared to JavaServer Faces technology are as follows:

Because Struts is a web application framework, it has a more sophisticated controller architecture than
does JavaServer Faces technology. It is more sophisticated partly because the application developer can
access the controller by creating an Action object that can integrate with the controller, whereas
JavaServer Faces technology does not allow access to the controller. In addition, the Struts controller
can do things like access control on each Action based on user roles. This functionality is not provided
by JavaServer Faces technology.
Struts includes a powerful layout management framework, called Tiles, which allows you to create
templates that you can reuse across multiple pages, thus enabling you to establish an overall
look-and-feel for an application.
The Struts validation framework includes a larger set of standard validators, which automatically
generate both server-side and client-side validation code based on a set of rules in a configuration file.
You can also create custom validators and easily include them in your application by adding definitions
of them in your configuration file.

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The greatest advantage that JavaServer Faces technology has over Struts is its flexible, extensible UI
component model, which includes:[list]
state and behavior of a wide range of components,
including simple components, such as input fields, and more complex components, such as scrollable
data tables. Developers can also create their own components based on these APIs, and many third
parties have already done so and have made their component libraries publicly av
4. What are the available implementations of JavaServer Faces?
The main implementations of Java Server Faces are:
Reference Implementation (RI) by Sun Microsystems.
Apache MyFaces is an open source JavaServer Faces (JSF) implementation or run-time.
ADF Faces is Oracle’s implementation for the JSF standard.
5. What does a typical JSF application consists of?
A typical JSF application consists of the following parts:
JavaBeans components for managing application state and behavior.
Event-driven development (via listeners as in traditional GUI development).
Pages that represent MVC-style views; pages reference view roots via the JSF component tree.
6. What Is a JavaServer Faces Application?
JavaServer Faces applications are just like any other Java web application. They run in a servlet
container, and they typically contain the following:

JavaBeans components containing application-specific functionality and data.

Event listeners.
Pages, such as JSP pages.
Server-side helper classes, such as database access beans.
In addition to these items, a JavaServer Faces application also has:

A custom tag library for rendering UI components on a page.

A custom tag library for representing event handlers, validators, and other actions.
UI components represented as stateful objects on the server.
Backing beans, which define properties and functions for UI components.
Validators, converters, event listeners, and event handlers.
An application configuration resource file for configuring application resources.
7. What is Managed Bean?
JavaBean objects managed by a JSF implementation are called managed beans. A managed bean
describes how a bean is created and managed. It has nothing to do with the beans functionalities.
8. What is Backing Bean?
Backing beans are JavaBeans components associated with UI components used in a page. Backing-bean
management separates the definition of UI component objects from objects that perform
application-specific processing and hold data.The backing bean defines properties and handling-logics
associated with the UI components used on the page. Each backing-bean property is bound to either a
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component instance or its value. A backing bean also defines a set of methods that perform functions for
the component, such as validating the components data, handling events that the component fires and
performing processing associated with navigation when the component activates.
9. What is the different between getRequestParameterMap() and getRequestParameterValuesMap()?
getRequestParameterValuesMap() method is similar to getRequestParameterMap(), but it returns
multiple values for the parameters with the same name. This method is useful when using components
such as &lt;h:selectMany&gt;
10. Explain JSF Architecture?
JSF was developed using MVC (a.k.a Model View Controller) design pattern so that applications can be
scaled(刮去) better with greater maintainability. It is driven by Java Community Process (JCP) and has
become a standard. The advantage of JSF is that its both a Java Web user a interface and a framework
that fits well with the MVC. It provides clean separation between presentation and behavior. UI (a.k.a
User Interface) can be created by page author using reusable UI components and business logic part can
be implemented using managed beans.

二十、 Ajax Interview Question

1. What is AJAX? （异步）

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML. AJAX is not a new programming technology but
a concept which makes use of existing technologies. AJAX is based on JavaScript, XML and HTTP
requests.
2. Is AJAX a client side technology or a server side technology?
AJAX is a browser based client side scripting technology.
3. How is AJAX different from other browser based technologies?
AJAX allows to refresh smaller portion of a webpage without reloading the entire webpage. This makes
an AJAX application faster and more interactive. AJAX uses asynchronous data transfer (HTTP requests)
between the browser and the web server, allowing web pages to request small bits of information from
the server instead of whole pages.
4. How does AJAX acheive partial page refreshals?
AJAX uses XMLHttpRequest object of Javascript to communicate asynchronously with webserver.
5. Which programming concepts are used by AJAX?
Javascript,XML,HTML and CSS.
6. How will you send data to server using AJAX?
open() and send() methods are used to send data to a web server.open() method takes 3 arguments:
First argument specifies GET or POST method.
Second argument sepcifies the url to be invoked.
Third argument specifies if the request is asynchronous are not.send() method sends the request to the
server.
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7. Should I use an HTTP GET or POST for my AJAX calls?
AJAX requests should use an HTTP GET request when retrieving data where the data will not change
for a given request URL. An HTTP POST should be used when state is updated on the server. This is in
line with HTTP idempotency recommendations and is highly recommended for a consistent web
application architecture.
8. How to decide on a synchronous request versus an asynchronous request?
AJAX is basically an asyncronous processing concept. A synchronous request would block in page
event processing and there are not many cases where a synchronous request is required.
9. Explain about onreadystatechange property of XMLHttpRequest?
onreadystatechange event listening property of XMLHttpRequest which is mapped to a user defined
function. The mapped function will be automatically processed after the server response event.
10. Explain about readyState property of XMLHttpRequest?
The readyState is a read only property which holds the status of the server’ s response. Each time the
readyState changes, the onreadystatechange function will be executed.
11. Explain about responseText property of XMLHttpRequest?
The responseText property holds the text returned from the web server for the specific request.
12. Explain about responseXML property of XMLHttpRequest?
While responseText returns the HTTP response as a string, responseXML returns the response as XML.
The responseXML property returns an XML document object, which can be examined and parsed.
13. How to abort（终止） a XMLHttpRequest?
Call the abort() method on the request object.
14. Can i have multiple AJAX requests to the server? If so, how to handle simultaneous requests?
You can make more than one simultaneous AJAX request. The response may not in the same order as
request sequence. Internet Explorer allows only two requests at a time, others browsers may allow up to
5 simultaneous requests. （看浏览器）
15. Are there any security issues with AJAX?
AJAX is mostly driven by Javascript and Javascript is loosely built based on Java conventions.
JavaScript can not access the local filesystem without the user’s permission. An AJAX interaction can
only be made with the servers-side component from which the page was loaded, etc makes AJAX pretty
safe.
16. What are the different AJAX based frameworks?
The prominant AJAX frameworks (actually Javascript libraries) are DWR, Dojo toolkit, Prototype,
GWT and Yahoo UI.
17. Explain about DWR?
DWR stands for Direct Web Reporting. DWR allows Javascript in a browser to interact with Java on a
server and helps you manipulate web pages with the results. On the server side DWR uses a Servlet to

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interact with the Java objects and returns object representations of the Java objects or XML documents.
DWR is also sometimes referred as Reverse-Ajax.
18. Explain about Dojo Toolkit?
The following are the features of Dojo Toolkit:
- Powerful AJAX-based I/O abstraction (remoting).
- Graceful degradation.
- Backward, forward, bookmarking support.
- Aspect-oriented event system.
- Markup-based UI construction through widgets.
- Widget prototyping.
- Animation
19. Explain about Prototype?
Prototype JavaScript library contains a set of JavaScript objects for representing AJAX requests and
contains utility functions for accessing in page components and DOM manipulations.
20. Explain about GWT?
With Google Web Toolkit (GWT), you write your AJAX front-end in the Java programming language
which GWT then cross-compiles into optimized JavaScript that automatically works across all major
browsers.

二十一、 JMS Interview

1. What is Messaging?
Messaging is a method of communication between software components or applications
2. What is JMS?
Java Message Service is a Java API that allows applications to create, send, receive, and read
messages.
3. What are the features of JMS?
The following are the important features of JMS:
 Asynchronous Processing.
 Store and forwarding.
 Guaranteed Delivery.
 Provides location transparency.
 Service based Architecture.

4. What is poison messages? And how to handle poison messages?

Poison messages, messages the application can never successfully process. A badly-formatted message
arrives on a queue. Such a message might make the receiving application fail and back out the receipt
of the message. In this situation, such a message might be received, then returned to the queue,

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repeatedly. These messages are known as poison messages. The ConnectionConsumer must be able to
detect poison messages and reroute them to an alternative destination.
5. What are the steps to send and receive JMS message ?
1) lookup the ConnectionFactory : A connection factory is the object a client uses to create a connection to a
provider. A connection factory encapsulates a set of connection configuration parameters that has been defined
by an administrator. Each connection factory is an instance of the ConnectionFactory, QueueConnectionFactory, or
TopicConnectionFactory interface
2) lookup the destination: A destination is the object a client uses to specify the target of messages it produces and
the source of messages it consumes.
3) Create the Connection: Connection connection = connectionFactory.createConnection();
4) Session session = connection.createSession(false, Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE);
5) Create Message Producers: You use a Session to create a MessageProducer for a destination.
6) Create message and send message
7) create Message Consumers and receive message

6. What are two messaging models or messaging domains?

The two messaging models are :
Point-to-Point Messaging domain.
Publish/Subscribe Messaging domain
7. Explain Point-to-Point Messaging model
A point-to-point (PTP) product or application is built around the concept of message queues, senders,
and receivers. Each message is addressed to a specific queue, and receiving clients extract messages
from the queue(s) established to hold their messages. Queues retain all messages sent to them until the
messages are consumed or until the messages expire. Point-to-Point Messaging has the following
characteristics:
Each Message has only one consumer.
The receiver can fetch the message whether or not it was running when the client sent the message.
The receiver acknowledges the successful processing of a message.
8. Explain Pub/Sub Messaging model.
In a publish/subscribe (pub/sub) product or application, clients address messages to a topic.
Publishers and subscribers are generally anonymous and may dynamically publish or subscribe to the
content hierarchy. The system takes care of distributing the messages arriving from a topic's multiple
publishers to its multiple subscribers. Topics retain messages only as long as it takes to distribute them
to current subscribers. Pub/sub messaging has the following characteristics:
Each message may have multiple consumers.
Publishers and subscribers have a timing dependency. A client that subscribes to a topic can consume
only messages published after the client has created a subscription, and the subscriber must continue to
be active in order for it to consume messages.
9. What are the two types of Message Consumption?（消耗）

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Synchronous Consumption :A subscriber or a receiver explicitly fetches the message from the
destination by calling the receive method. The receive method can block until a message arrives or can
time out if a message does not arrive within a specified time limit.
Asynchronous Consumption : A client can register a message listener with a consumer. A message
listener is similar to an event listener. Whenever a message arrives at the destination, the JMS provider
delivers the message by calling the listener's onMessage method, which acts on the contents of the
message.
10. What is a connection factory?
A connection factory is the object a client uses to create a connection with a provider. A connection
factory encapsulates a set of connection configuration parameters that has been defined by an
administrator.Each connection factory is an instance of either the QueueConnectionFactory or the
TopicConnectionFactory interface.
11. What is a destination?
A destination is the object a client uses to specify the target of messages it produces and the source of
messages it consumes. In the PTP messaging domain, destinations are called queues and in the pub/sub
messaging domain, destinations are called topics.
12. What is a message listener?
A message listener is an object that acts as an asynchronous event handler for messages. This object
implements the MessageListener interface, which contains one method, onMessage. In the onMessage
method, you define the actions to be taken when a message arrives.
13. What is a message selector?
Message selector filters the messages received by the consumer based on a criteria. Message selectors
assign the work of filtering messages to the JMS provider rather than to the application. A message
selector is a String that contains an expression. The syntax of the expression is based on a subset of the
SQL92 conditional expression syntax. The message consumer then receives only messages whose
headers and properties match the selector.
14. What are the parts of a JMS message?
A JMS message has three parts:
header ;Properties (optional) ; body (optional)
15. What is a message header?
A JMS message header contains a number of predefined fields that contain values that both clients and
providers use to identify and to route messages. Each header field has associated setter and getter
methods, which are documented in the description of the Message interface.
16. Name few message headers which are automatically assigned during message creation?
Following headers are automatically assigned:
JMSDestination; JMSDeliveryMode; JMSMessageID; JMSTimestamp; JMSExpiration;
JMSRedelivered; JMSPriority
17. Name few subclasses of JMSException.

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MessageFormatException; MessageEOFException; InvalidClientIDException;
InvalidDestinationException; InvalidSelectorException
18. How many types of Messages are there in JMS and What are they?
There are 5 types of Messages. They are:
TextMessage : A java.lang.String object (for example, the contents of an Extensible Markup Language
file).
MapMessage : A set of name/value pairs, with names as String objects and values as primitive types in
the Java programming language. The entries can be accessed sequentially by enumerator or randomly by
name. The order of the entries is undefined.
BytesMessage : A stream of uninterpreted bytes. This message type is for literally encoding a body to
match an existing message format.
StreamMessage: A stream of primitive values in the Java programming language, filled and read
sequentially.
ObjectMessage: A Serializable object in the Java programming language.
19. Explain about JMS Client, Producer, Consumer, Provider.
Java applications that use JMS are called JMS clients, and the messaging system that handles routing
and delivery of messages is called the JMS provider. A JMS client that sends a message is called a
producer, while a JMS client that receives a message is called a consumer. A single JMS client can be
both a producer and a consumer.
20. What is a Message Driven Bean?
Message-driven beans (MDBs) are stateless, server-side, transaction-aware components for processing
asynchronous JMS messages. MDBs were introduced as part of EJB 2 specification. Message-driven
beans process messages delivered via the Java Message Service. A message-driven bean is an enterprise
bean that allows J2EE applications to process messages asynchronously. It acts as a JMS message
listener, which is similar to an event listener except that it receives messages instead of events. The
messages may be sent by any J2EE component--an application client, another enterprise bean, or a Web
component or by a JMS application or system that does not use J2EE technology.
21. Why do MDB's dont have component interfaces or JNDI?
MDB's are only for internal processing. You cannot look up a MDB from client. If you want to access
MDB you rather send a message to the Queue. Hence MDB's doesnt have a JNDI name. And for the
same reason they dont have component interfaces.
22. How are MDBs different from Session and Entity Beans?
The most visible difference between message-driven beans and session and entity beans is that clients
do not access message-driven beans through interfaces. Unlike a session or entity bean, a
message-driven bean has only a bean class.
What is the difference between Message Driven Beans and Stateless Session beans? 可以看做是
MDB 和 stateless session 的区别
In several ways, the dynamic creation and allocation of message-driven bean instances like the
behavior of stateless session EJB instances, which exist only for the duration of a particular method call.

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However, message-driven beans are different from stateless session EJBs (and other types of EJBs) in
several significant ways:
Message-driven beans process multiple JMS messages asynchronously, rather than processing a
serialized sequence of method calls.
Message-driven beans have no home or remote interface, and therefore cannot be directly accessed by
internal or external clients. Clients interact with message-driven beans only indirectly, by sending a
message to a JMS Queue or Topic.
Note: Only the container directly interacts with a message-driven bean by creating bean instances and
passing JMS messages to those instances as necessary.
The Container maintains the entire lifecycle of a message-driven bean; instances cannot be created or
removed as a result of client requests or other API calls
created or removed as a result of client requests or other API callsWhat are the two parts of a message
and explain them?
A message basically has two parts : a header and payload(负载). The header is comprised of special
fields that are used to identify the message, declare attributes of the message, and provide information
for routing. Payload is the type of application data the message contains.
23. What are the two types of delivery modes?
JMS delivery mode are of two types Non-Persistent and Persistent. Non-Persistent messages do not
need to be stored in persistent storage in case of client failure. A JMS provider must deliver this kind of
message at-most-once, i.e., the message can be lost, but can only be delivered once. Persistent
messages are stored in persistent storage to be delivered at a later date if a client is unavailable. A JMS
provider must deliver this kind of message once-and-only once, i.e., it cannot be lost and cannot be
delivered more than once.
What is the different between JMS and RPC?
RPC : Remote procedure Call-----In RPC the method invoker waits for the method to finish execution
and return the control back to the invoker. Thus it is completely synchronous in nature.
JMS : Java Messaging System----- While in JMS the message sender just sends the message to the
destination and continues it's own processing. The sender does not wait for the receiver to respond.
This is asynchronous behavior.

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